Umlando we-Civil Defense. Civil Defense of the USSR: umlando ekudalweni

Uma ulihlola ngokucophelela nenkathi emfushane komlando wesintu, isibonelo, kuphela kule minyaka eyizinkulungwane emihlanu edlule, kuba sobala ukuthi omunye ukuthula emhlabeni, waba ngukumkani sesisonke eminyaka okungenani ezintathu.

Izinsongo ekuphileni komuntu

abayizinkulungwane eziyishumi nanhlanu wasinda empini lwesintu, futhi ngamunye kubo bafa abantu hhayi kuphela abanesibindi (noma cha) amasosha, kodwa futhi abavamile neze labetibambile isikhali ezandleni zabantwana, abesifazane nabantu asebekhulile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zehlakalo ikakhulukazi okungahleliwe, ngaphandle amacala kohlanga ngamabomu. Ngaphandle izimpi, kwakukhona ukuzamazama komhlaba, izikhukhula, izifo, mass indlala izinhlupho izinto ezimbi. Khona-ke, njengoba ukuthuthukiswa isayensi, engineering kanye netheknoloji, kuba ayaphenduka izinhlekelele ezenziwe umuntu.

Ndawonye, izici oyinhlekelele esikhathini kwabulala abantu 3.5 billion. Ngemva ukubukeka izikhali zembubhiso (ekuqaleni kuphela chemical), kwaba sobala ukuthi impucuko kancane kodwa ngokuqinisekile ezihambayo endleleni kuboniswa Thomas Malthus, ngempumelelo sivikele iplanethi kusuka zokwanda okukhulu kwenani labantu by self-ukubhujiswa.

Izwe ngalinye ivame ukuvikela abantu balo kusuka izici ezilimazayo, futhi lokhu umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko. Ngo-1932 waqala umlando ukuthuthukiswa ukuzivikela yomphakathi ezweni lakithi. Lesi sakhiwo lwenzelwe zokudambisa imiphumela ithi ihlaselwe amazwe nobutha ku-USSR.

Citizen, wena ubuthi!

Izimfundiso ukuvikelwa nokusondelana ezikhali zamakhemikhali laphenya kwaze 1932. Omunye wabo, nomthelela ukubaleka isicebi komhlaba, ezichazwe encwadini yakhe edumile ethi "Ithole Legolide" Abalobi I. Ilf and Petrov. isitha kungenzeka kweSoviet Union ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona wonke amazwe isicebi, possesses ezithile ezikhali zamakhemikhali ukunqwabelana, ngakho ukugqoka buso bafunda ngokushesha konke, kusukela ezinganeni kuya abantu ngeminyaka, futhi sibasungule ngezindlela ezahlukene, ngisho nezilwane. Esikhathini namathathu banesifo esibi, usongo zangaphandle concretized, litholakala ukuma aphathekako ubuso amaNazi. Umlando ukuvikelwa civil sihlehlela emuva Okthoba 4, 1932, lapho amaNazi eJalimane sasingakafiki khona amandla okubusa. Kwakusobala ukuthi ingozi eziyinhloko lezakhamuzi amele Air Force yebutho isitha, okuyinto Yiqiniso, uma kwenzeka impi ngeke kuqhunyiswe edolobheni. Impi e-Spain, elaqala eminyakeni emine kamuva, baqinisekisa lezi ukwesaba.

Oku MoEHE ithimba

imisebenzi Civil Defense eminyakeni yokuqala yi-imizimba, ngokuthi lendawo emoyeni ukuzivikela (MoEHE). Imisebenzi yenhlangano, angaphansi Yabantu Commissariat Wezokuvikela nakakhulu, yayihlanganisa le ekuthuthukisweni kanye nasekuqalisweni kokusebenza izinyathelo eklanyelwe ukwehlisa umonakalo oye wenziwa Air Force lesitha uma kwenzeka ubutha. Inikeza ke izisebenzi nezisetshenziswa lobuchwepheshe, lesi sakhiwo kwakufanele ukwazisa umphakathi mayelana kuhlasela emoyeni, ukuze ulinike ukuhoxa, ukunikeza amathuba okuxoxa ephephile, ayisuse imiphumela yokuhlasela bezindiza isitha kanye nokusiza abongazimbi. Izitho kwamandla ophakeme (SNK), kwaba sobala ukuthi kuphela amabutho webutho lezempi yalomsebenti asikwazi ukwenziwa, futhi uma isimo sobudlova kwenzeka, iRed Army kuyoba omunye umgomo oyinhloko - ukunqotshwa lesitha. Ukugcina ezingaba yezimboni nezomnotho futhi isindisa ukuphila abantu baseSoviet kufanele kube imbangela kazwelonke. Ngakho-ke, ngokuya ukuzivikela yombango ukusebenzisa kokubili amayunithi lempi MoEHE, subordinated kuya District Command iRed Army futhi amayunithi zokuzithandela. Ngesikhathi amabhizinisi Kwamiswa amaqembu ukuze kuvikeleke izinto ngesikhathi zhilupravlenii ngamunye eziqhutshwa siqu iqembu layo ukuzivikela.

Kwakuwukuthi NKVD

I eziyinkimbinkimbi isimo ngamazwe, umthwalo ongaphezu ngokucophelela Civil Defense Inhlangano. Izigidi izakhamuzi zaseSoviet Kwakuhileleke isakhiwo, ukukhiqiza ngamunye iyunithi ezinkulu noma izakhamuzi ezingaba yikhulu ezinhlanu esifundeni i ezindaweni zasemadolobheni noma yasemakhaya zaba amavolontiya angu-15. Ayefundisa zonke amakhono adingekayo, wezasemoyeni ukubhekwa kwezokulapha, kanye nenhlangano afanele zokukhosela udweshu emphakathini.

Vele ukuthi kubaluleke umbuzo kwaba ngobuholi Soviet Civil Defense Inhlangano, ukhuluma kufakazela iqiniso lokuthi uMbuso MoEHE kusukela 1940 ilawulwe Commissariat People onguMninimandla onke sika Wezangaphakathi wase-USSR. Imizamo party futhi uhulumeni iye yaba nemiphumela emihle. Ngu 1941, zonke ibhizinisi noma ipulazi kweSoviet Union, yonke imizi izifunda unecebo ezithile ukuzivikela civil, owawuthi uma impi kufanele enze okuthile. Sekube umzimba eziningi ezisetshenziswa umphakathi. Wadala amasevisi eziningi eziklanyelwe ngokubambisana neNhlangano iziphathimandla ukunikeza medical aid ukuthi abalimele, ekusebenzeni ezokuthutha, ezohwebo kanye ukudla sabantu, ukuxhumana kanye nezinye izinto eziningi.

Ngokushesha, la makhono singaba usizo kabi ...

impi

Ngo-June 1941 ngaphambili owawuse hhayi kuphela kwi emaphethelweni ehola. Engemuva basebenzile ukuba konke okusemandleni ukunikeza iRed Army konke okudingayo. umyalo German wayekwazi ukubaluleka imboni ngamunye, isitshalo ngasinye ukuze Defense of the USSR. Futhi sithumela ekuhlaseleni isigaba, efuna ukuba banikeze ukukhiqizwa kakhulu umonakalo.

Umlando ukuzivikela civil phakathi neMpi Yezwe II ifanelwe cwaningo ehlukile njengoba ithuba eliyingqayizivele wokunxusa bonke abantu ezenhlalo ukuvikela izwe lawo. amabhomu Incendiary ophahleni iqeda nabantu babo bonke ubudala, kanye kuphela ugesi kulandela Leso naleso sakhamuzi yendlu, futhi amacala uvalo ayembalwa kakhulu, ngisho ngalesiya sikhathi esinzima. MoEHE fighters kungavimbela izingozi ezingaphezu kuka 30,000 futhi izinhlekelele phezu amabhizinisi umnotho kazwelonke, iwukudambisa amakhulu ezinkulungwane amabhomu, welula imililo ayizinkulungwane 90, izinkulungwane ezingamashumi amathathu ngasinda kuphangwa emoyeni. Le mizamo, okulingana ubuqhawe mass, negalelo elibalulekile ukuba ukunqoba ezivamile. Civil Defense of the USSR uye wabonisa ukusebenza high, okufanelekelayo ukuba ababaze ukuvelela.

I post-yimpi ukuzivikela civil

Izikhali zenuzi wabonakala ngo-1945. Futhi ngokushesha isicelo. ESoviet Union awuzange olungiselwe usongo omusha futhi akazange abe nenombolo ledzingekako zokukhosela ezingamelana nezinselele lapho kuqhuma ibhomu lenyukliya. umnotho wezwe ebhekene nobunzima obukhulu elihlobene ne nokuvulwa ezingaba zezimboni wezoLimo emva umonakalo odalwe bempi kanye nomsebenzi we ingxenye enkulu zensimu. Nokho, inkinga entsha kubangele. Umlando we-Civil Defense of the Iminyaka yangemva kwempi waqhubeka emasikweni aqiniswa 30s.

Inkinga eziphuthuma kakhulu ukuvikela sabantu waqala maphakathi nekhulu XX, ngemva ukunwetshwa uhla izimoto ukulethwa. Izikhali zenuzi manje ukwazi ukukuthwala hhayi kuphela ekuhlaseleni, kodwa futhi imicibisholo, kokubili phansi ezisekelwe neselula. Umlando we-Civil Defense eU.SSR ngokusemthethweni iqala ngo-1961, kwaba khona-ke ukuthi le sevisi lithole leli gama esikhundleni MoEHE. Qamba kabusha kwakuwumyalezo ezifanele ngenxa ukunwetshwa imisebenzi uhlu isakhiwo. Isihloko "GO" ofundiswa ezikoleni zamabanga kanye ekhethekile, izikole abafundi ukuthola ulwazi oludingekayo ekilasini ngoba NVP (eziyisisekelo lezempi). Ngo-70-yalolucwaningo kwakhiwa amayunithi mobile ukwenza imisebenzi ukuvikela labantu. Ngo Balashikha kuvula esikoleni ukuthi izitimela izikhulu zomphakathi kunokuba aye empini.

Civil Defense e-United States

Esikhathini kwamashumi amahlanu, isayensi wethu esenze intuthuko ngokushesha, ngaphambi kwamanye amazwe, ababezibheka njengezazi isihambile nezobuchwepheshe. Lokhu kuvezwa obala, hhayi nje kuphela isikhala impumelelo ye-USSR, kodwa futhi endaweni ukuzivikela. AbaseSoviet Air Force uvele jet futhi turboprop Tu-95 futhi Tu-16, bakwazi ukufinyelela kweminye yemisebenzi esizibekele yona ezikude kakhulu ngesivinini. Kodwa isikhali esibi kakhulu kwaba InterContinental ezicitshwayo ballistic, kanye nobuholi obuphethe Soviet kuyi ukwakhiwa ngesikhathi sasingekho isidingo sokulalela sokungabaza. Melika elahlekile ngeke ilimale yayo enqamula phezu namabhilidi nasemapulazini lagubuzela usongo a "amakhowe" zenuzi. History of the United States Civil Defense waqala ngokungenaphutha amahlanu, ngokushesha bathola uhlamvu kazwelonke. Izwe lahlukaniswa laba izifunda eziyishumi, ngasinye ezifundazweni eziningana. Ngenhla edolobheni kwakhala ama-alamu ukuqeqeshwa, abafundi bafunda ngokushesha ukufihla ngaphansi amatafula yawo abaleka yokukhosela. Kube lonke umkhakha oveza silos ifakwe yini nokusekela ukuphila kwakhe izinhlelo kuwo wonke comers. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukufisa "nozakwethu" American ngenkuthalo ufunde kokuhlangenwe nakho kwakho Soviet, kokubili lwenhlangano lobuchwepheshe. Phakathi le-Cuban missile crisis inani zokukhosela e-United States kudlulwe ukuthi e-USSR, uma ingxabano, ukuze asindise abantu lapho engase ibe, kodwa umonakalo odalwe isimangalo se-zenuzi, yayisalokhu akwamukeleki nhlobo.

Israyeli

Akukho yesibili yezwe, obekungadala umlando okukhulu ngakho-Civil Defense. Kafushane ke lingachazwa ngamagama amabili: "londoloza zonke". Ngeshwa, lokhu akusebenzi njalo, kodwa ngokuqhubeka nokuhlasela ensimini ka the State of Israyeli nge micibisholo "Scud" nezikhali ezicitshwayo ezivamile "Grad" futhi izenzo eziningi amaphekula angabangela inombolo olukhudlwana lezakhamuzi ezafa, uma izinyathelo hhayi esophe zabo Ukuvikelwa. Ukuphumelela GO inkonzo kuzovumela uNgqongqoshe Civil Defence in 2012, ngisho ukwenza isitatimende mayelana inani elilinganisiwe izisulu phakathi kwabantu uma kwenzeka ngokugcwele impi ne-Iran Hamas ngesikhathi esifanayo. Ngokusho kwakhe, inani efile angeke idlule abantu abangamakhulu ayisihlanu. Abanye ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi Matan Vilnai amazwi ihaba kungenzeka Ministry eliholwa kuye, kodwa iqiniso ukuthi ukuzivikela lezakhamuzi e Israyeli into ihlelwe kahle, esobala. Kulokhu, muntu ezweni elithile laseMpumalanga Ephakathi akusho negate ukusetshenziswa isipiliyoni baseSoviet ukusungulwa yonke ingqalasizinda zomsebenzi.

Ku-Russia yeningi

Umlando ukuzivikela civil Russian waqala ngo-1991, ngesikhathi esisodwa ukudalwa zezikhungo, uhulumeni kanye nokuvikeleka amabutho wombuso omusha. GO Ukuphathwa wangena kwakhiwa iKomiti Yombuso Eziphuthumayo kanye Ukuqedwa Imiphumela Izinhlekelele Zemvelo (EMERCOM), eminyakeni emithathu kamuva ashintshwa aba Ministry of Izimo Eziphuthumayo (mes). ukuzivikela Civil uye waba yingxenye imisebenzi eyabelwe isakhiwo. uhla yabo ebanzi waphenduka.

Kuhlanganisa ngokuyinhloko ukubhekana izinhlekelele zemvelo yemvelo kanye eyenziwe futhi izingozi nokuziphatha navreno (eziphuthumayo wokutakula kanye nokusebenza yokutakula). Futhi, MOE ilungiselela izikhukhula noma ukungcoliswa ukuze nokuthuma ezikhethekile ezindaweni ukuhlukana, ukuthuthwa kwendle kubantu, imishini, amabhilidi kanye nezakhiwo, imisebenzi pyrotechnic, ukunikezwa izinyathelo ukuze kuphunywe kusukela esishintshashintshayo esiyingozi nezindawo, nokubuyiselwa ukuxhumana okhathazekile (imigwaqo, zezindiza, izintambo zikagesi kanye nezokuxhumana nokunye. ). Kunezinye izinyathelo zokuzivikela civil. imisebenzi yabo, uma kunesidingo, Ministry of Eziphuthumayo wenza kanye amayunithi Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Ngo-September 2011 kwafika Presidential Isimemezelo, owawuthi eMnyango Wezokuvikela wayala ukudalwa amayunithi ekhethekile lempi ukuze asize abantu ezindaweni okwakwenzeke kuzo izinhlekelele.

Okwamanje, i-Ministry of Izimo eziphuthumayo yinhlangano enamandla ezingeni federal, okuyinto unazo yayo imishini yesimanje kakhulu. ukwesekwa Technical wehlukile, enkonzweni ngisho izindiza zayo siqu, ne izindiza ezingaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu, kuhlanganise ezinophephela emhlane, kukhona izindiza ezincane nezinkulu ahlomele zokucisha emikhulu ihlathi imililo kanye flying izibhedlela.

On wonke amazwekazi futhi ekhaya

Umlando yakamuva Civil Defense of Russia njalo olusha kanye emakhasini ekhazimulayo. Abatakuli efanele usebenza nje kuphela kuleli zwe kodwa futhi phesheya. Eziphuthumayo Izimo Ministry izindiza zilethwe zosizo kwizingxenye ezahlukene iplanethi. Rescue okulungiselelwe imithwalo abahlaselwa ukuzamazama komhlaba, iziphepho, izikhukhula kanye nezinye izinhlekelele zemvelo. usizo olungenakuqhathaniswa inikezwe abahambisi bosizo futhi labo abanesifo imisebenzi yezempi. Ukulandela esesabisayo "uKatrina" isiphepho iye yabangela asemrarweni ngo-2005, umlando Civil Defense aluthola Eqinisweni omusha oyingqayizivele. Ngokokuqala ngqá emlandweni abatakuli Russian lasetshenziswa insimu yase-United States, ngisiza sabantu. Izimpahla zokusiza zazidilivwa US nalapho raged "Sandy" (2012), futhi phakathi tornado okushayile Oklahoma (2013).

Yiqiniso, kwamanye amazwe bangathembela abatakuli Russian. Kodwa kuqala eyinhloko izinhlelo zethu ukuvikela civil - ukuvikela izimpilo kanye impilo yezakhamuzi zalo siqu. Phakathi imisebenzi eyenziwa ngesikhathi Emashumini amabili eminyaka adlule, kungenzeka ukuze uthumele nezenzo Chechnya, futhi sisebenzela ukulahla lesi sifo zaseTuva, okuphambili kanye nempi yokulwa nobuphekula eMoscow nakwamanye amadolobha. Kwakukhona kuphahlazeka indiza nangomlilo Ostankino futhi Karmadon Gorge, ukuqhuma ongaphansi komhlaba. Futhi izikhukhula Krymsk neMpumalanga Ekude. Amakhulu Ochwepheshe iqedwe imiphumela le nhlekelele ngesikhathi Sayano-Shushenskaya amandla kagesi ngo-2009. Namuhla, ngohide zezenhlalakahle uyangena Luhansk futhi IDonetsk ezifundeni.

Zonke kunzima kubala. Futhi kuyo yonke indawo ephambili - Sekujutshwe amaphoyisa, izindlalifa enkazimulweni MoEHE futhi ezomvikela civil.