Karl Kautsky - Economist isiJalimane, isazi-mlando sefilosofi

Ezweni theory kwezomnotho ibekwe ezindaweni ezikhethekile zezomnotho isiJalimane, zefilosofi. Omunye wala madoda ube eziphawuleka kakhulu isikhathi sakhe Karl Kautsky. Imisebenzi yakhe kuningi esifana ngemisebenzi Marx, kodwa kwadingeka inombolo yezici ekhethekile ezenza ukubukwa wesazi sefilosofi German ngendlela yakhe eyingqayizivele. Wakwazi ukuheha abalandeli abaningi futhi ngeminye yemisebenzi yakhe namanje efanele. Futhi manje abaholi Kwesokudla iphiko encwadini yabo isebenzisa imibono ezashiwo Karl Kautsky.

biography

Impilo ka-Economist esizayo iqala ePrague lasendulo ukuthi yilapho lo muntu omkhulu wazalwa ngo-1854. Ngaleso sikhathi, eYurophu Ephakathi kwaholela ekuphileni sasivumela ethule, futhi izikhungo sako sokufundisa ligcwaliswe amanyuvesi bodumo British. Karl Kautsky wathola imfundo yekhethelo e-University of Vienna. Nakuba usengumfundi, yaxoxela imibono Socialists futhi simazi kangcono emibhalweni Marx. Kusukela ekupheleni kwawo-1870, le ndoda yabonisa ukuhlobanisa imibono ka Marxists eziningi. Ikakhulukazi, okuthiwa umbuzo wezolimo iqala isithakazelo sakhe kanye izici of ukunyakaza ukusebenza nokulawula revisionism. umhleli Isikhundla zithandwa umagazini «Die Neue Zeit» kunomthelela ukusabalala kwemibono sezenhlalo eCentral naseNtshonalanga Yurophu, nakuba abafundi bakhe waveza ezinye pedantry yomsebenzi wakhe kanye Ukuthanda scholasticism ngokwesayensi.

inkulumo-ze Marxism

Ngo 1885 -1888, uKarl Kautsky wahlala e-London, lapho eseneminyaka sisondelene Engels nabasekeli Marxism. Kusukela 1890, wathuthela eJalimane, lapho aqhubeka khona ukushicilela amaphepha ku ezicini ezihlukahlukene Marxism. Uthisha ithalente kanye virtuosity wenza umsebenzi esifushane Kautsky kuyinto zithandwa phakathi Abasekeli ukunyakaza sezenhlalo kanye olukhulu. Phakathi imisebenzi yakhe ukuhlaziywa Thomas More wayesebenzisa futhi dystopia yakhe (1888), "Amazwana ukuba Eksfurtskoy Uhlelo" (1892), "Antecedents Sokusebenzela Ukuba (1895).

Kautsky nobuKristu

Omunye imisebenzi yakhe, Economist German sefilosofi enikelwe ukuvela nokuthuthukiswa kakhulu emikhulu ukunyakaza benkolo bangesikhathi sakhe - ubuKristu. Encwadini yakhe ethi, Kautsky uthi ngezimbangela zezomnotho nezenhlalo ukuthi ukunquma isidingo umphakathi ukuze ukholo olusha, uchaza ukubaluleka ezingokoqobo emlandweni kanye monotheism abangamaJuda, sibonga ngalo ubuKristu kwavela njengendlela inkolo ehlukile. Umsebenzi "The Origin of ubuKristu" kuyancomeka bangesikhathi sakhe, nakuba, futhi manje kubangela eziningi impikiswano phakathi kwamakholwa futhi phakathi abangakholelwa ukuthi uNkulunkulu ukhona.

umsebenzi kwezomnotho

A analysis eningiliziwe nobudlelwano kwezomnotho sasinikwa kuye ngo-1887. "I-Economic Izimfundiso ka noKarla Marksa" kuyinto umsebenzi edume kakhulu lokhu usosayensi mhlawumbe. Kuyo ulimi kufinyeleleke futhi kuyaqondakala ubeka amaphuzu ayinhloko edumile "Capital". Izindawo lapho Kautsky uchaza imfundiso yokuziphendukela dolobha, unikeze izithombe ezicacile yobuciko sitholwe yibo bonke abantu zisekude imfundo kwezomnotho.

wemboni kokuLima

imibono capitalism kwezolimo abangu lolungenamaphutsa wembula encwadini Karl Kautsky, "Umbuzo nezokulima." Lapha uchaza Amathrendi main eziye kancane kancane ahlobene umhlaba ubunikazi isikhathi eside: kusukela isimiso sezomnotho izinduna ukuba enkathini yesimanje capitalism eziphambili. German-Economist ukwazi lula futhi achazayo impahla kwezibalo, okuyinto ngesikhathi zanqwabelana yisisindo esikhulu. Emsebenzini walo, Kautsky kusekelwe idatha sezikhulu survey ehlukahlukene ukubalwa olwenziwa e-England, France, e-USA, Germany. Ukugeleza abushelelezi indaba ekuqaleni ubudlelwane izinduna ukuba ezolimo yesimanje kubonisa ukuthi ezolimo ngesikhathi esifushane uye savela kusukela wezinzalamizi kuya emakilasini isayensi, ukufeza inzuzo esiphezulu. Zonke lezo zizathu zakhe amanga ngokuphelele izibalo of Marx no iziphakamiso zakhe zezomnotho.

Sisuka imicabango Marxism

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu kwathiwa kuyanda bayanda umqondo uMuammar yesigaba sabasebenzi. Umqondo ekushintsheni Isimo sezomnotho bakhalisa ngesikhathi II iCongress of the RSDLP, ezaqala ngo-1903 e-Brussels, bese waqhubeka esebenza e-London. Kautsky uye walandela eduze ezingxoxweni izithunywa, kodwa isahlulelo sakhe wathatha Mensheviks (anti-Iskrists). Kulesi senzakalo, uKarl Kautsky wanyathelisa eziningana abhalwe umoya Marxism. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona "Indlela ukuba Amandla", "amaSlav futhi Revolution." Economist imisebenzi isiJalimane uhlolisisa VI Lenin, abavame wawacaphuna izinkulumo zakhe. Isihloko Lenin amazwana Kautsky, ngokuvamile eyanyatheliswa kuyi "Iskra".

Ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe

rethinking kancane kancane imibono Marx kwenza Kautsky asuke imibono emzabalazweni izinguquko kanye ukunyakaza ukusebenza kwekilasi. Esingatha inqubomgomo wekubuyisana ne zokubukezwa ahlukahlukene. Noma kunjalo, lokhu akuzange kumyekise emsebenzini wakhe ukusekela ukuhamba Bendawo phakathi Russian Social-Democrats. Wabuye ophika izimiso kweQembu wefilosofi kaMarx, ekhokha intela kwabase-izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene bekhalaza neorganizatsionnym. nezimboni Scientific yomsebenzi wakhe ezama babambisane ezikhona nabantu imibono non-kaMarx zefilosofi. ukubukwa Kautsky sika ababhekene ushintsho oluphawulekayo. Ukuhambisa kude umbono mbuso ka Marxism, uzama ukuchaza futhi ukukhuthaza izimiso zomphakathi-chauvinists.

Kautsky ngo-1917

Ekuqaleni kuka-1917, Kautsky kuyinto ngqo iqhaza ekudaleni iqembu elisha, ogama ukubukwa ayebanika ngokugcwele. Kuyinto ezimele Social-Democratic Party yase Germany, okuyinto namanje emzuliswaneni wokuqala wokhetho idonse eziningi amavoti. Kodwa Okthoba Revolution, Kautsky akathandanga ukuba nimelane ukudluliswa abasebenzi amandla abalimi, ngenkathi sigcina nemigomo yentsandvo yelinyenti wobunxiwankulu.

Ngesikhathi kuneziyaluyalu zezombangazwe ezinkulu zezombangazwe eJalimane, walondoloza inkambo ukubuyisana phakathi ne-capitalism ne imibono sezenhlalo. Isikhundla usosayensi German endabeni sibuyekezwe ngokuningiliziwe futhi wagxeka VI Lenin, esihlokweni sakhe "I yesigaba sabasebenzi Revolution Kautsky ngamahlumela ezinga eliphansi omunye."

Njengoba ngokuvamile kwenzeka, imibono wesazi sefilosofi German ncane kumdlali. In post kwempi, iJalimane kwaba okuyizona uhlelo zama-Capitalist. ingane Izintandokazi Kautsky sika (Social Democratic Party) uthola izici okwesabisayo. Lapho wobushiqela eYurophu Ephakathi wabheka phezulu, Kautsky engakaze baqaphela ngokugcwele nalokho ebuhlungu lokhu kungadala. Ngo-1938, e Vienna yakhe ayithandayo amaNazi kwafika, uKarl Kautsky kwadingeka sithuthe ePrague bese Amsterdam, lapho eqeda inkambo yakhe.