Januwari 27 - ngosuku ukususwa nokuvinjelwa Leningrad. Indlela Yokuphila ukuvinjelwa Leningrad

Ngo-January 27, usuku ukususwa nokuvinjelwa Leningrad, kuyinto eyodwa ekhethekile emlandweni wezwe lakithi. Namuhla, ngalolu suku, Suku Military Inkazimulo ngonyaka. Umuzi impela eLeningrad (manje eyiSt Petersburg) babethola-May 1, 1945 isihloko Hero-City. Meyi 8, 1965 inhlokodolobha enyakatho waklonyeliswa ngendondo "Gold Star" futhi Order of Lenin. Medal of Leningrad futhi wathola izakhamuzi eziyizigidi 1,496 nalo muzi.

"Leningrad avinjezelwe" - iphrojekthi anikezelwe izenzakalo isikhathi

Imemori zalezi zenzakalo nobuqhawe yezwe aye wasigcina kuze kube yilolu suku. Ngo-January 27 (bephakamisa usuku nokuvinjelwa Leningrad) ngo-2014 - lokhu weminyaka engu engu-angamashumi ayisikhombisa yokukhululwa edolobheni. Petersburg iKomiti Ingobo yomlando ethulwa iphrojekthi ebizwa ngokuthi "Leningrad avinjezelwe." portal Inthanethi "Archives Petersburg" sadalwa embukisweni olubonakalayo imibhalo ehlukahlukene archival eziphathelene umlando edolobheni ngesikhathi iJerusalema livinjezelwe. It yanyatheliswa okwangempela mayelana 300 zomlando wesikhathi. Lezi zincwadi zihlelwe zaba izingxenye eziyishumi ehlukene, iyinye okuyinto kuhambisana amazwana wezazi. Bonke ezibonisa izici ezihlukahlukene zokuphila kweLeningrad phakathi nokuvinjelwa.

Ukwakhiwa kabusha impi isikhathi isikhundla

Namuhla akulula ukukubona ngeso lengqondo konke abasha St Petersburg, ukuthi omangalisayo yedolobha Museum, bahlalaphi, yena ligwetshwe ekubhujisweni ngokuphelele amaJalimane ngo-1941. Nokho, akazange sokunikela, lapho wayezungezwe izigaba Finnish futhi isiJalimane, futhi wakwazi ukunqoba, nakuba kwaba ezibonakala awusona afe. Ukuze isizukulwane samanje izakhamuzi zedolobha kwadingeka umbono walokho wadabula omkhulu-omkhulu wabo futhi omkhulu ngaleyo minyaka (zazo izakhamuzi lokusinda kweLeningrad ovinjezelwe ukukhunjulwa njengombulali isikhathi okubi), omunye ezitaladini yesimanje komuzi, isiNtaliyane futhi Manezhnaya endaweni abangu "ibuyise" kuya iminyaka engu-iminyaka engu-70 ebusika 1941-1944. Lo msebenzi okuthiwa "Life Street".

Ezindaweni oshiwo ngenhla Petersburg izikhungo ezehlukene zamasiko, kanye yeshashalazi, okuyinto ngisho kwaleyo minyaka enzima nokuvinjelwa abayekanga nemisebenzi yabo. Nazi iziphambano ngci amawindi yezindlu, njengoba ngaleso sikhathi eLeningrad, senziwe ukuvikela ukuhlaselwa emoyeni, eyakhiwa kabusha ngothango isihlabathi izikhwama emigwaqweni, baletha izibhamu anti-aircraft, amaloli lempi konke ukuma ukukhiqizwa kabusha ngesikhathi. Ngakho ayisikhombisa esenzeka nokuvinjezelwa kweLeningrad waklonyeliswa. Kulinganiselwa ngu amagobolondo ngesikhathi izenzakalo yaleyo minyaka lachithwa izindlu mayelana 3000 futhi ngaphezu 7000 abangu kakhulu ezilimele. Izakhamuzi Leningrad ovinjezelwe ukuze azivikele ezihlukahlukene shelling izinqaba bazakha. Bazakha ezindlini ezingaphansi komhlaba kungathi izinkulungwane 4 futhi pillboxes, ifakwe angaba yizinkulungwane 22 ezahlukene labadubuli amaphuzu e izakhiwo wamisa emigwaqweni 35 amakhilomitha of anti-tank izithiyo nemigoqo okwakuvinjwe ngayo.

Isikhathi eside impela eLeningrad: izenzakalo ezinkulu kanye nezibalo

Olwaqala ngo-1941, September 8, bevikela umuzi yayithatha izinsuku 900 yaphela ngo-1944. Januwari 27 - Usuku Lifting ka nokuvinjelwa Leningrad. Yonke leminyaka, indlela kuphela lapho edolobheni ovinjezelwe waletha imikhiqizo ezidingekayo, kanye ukuthekelisa abalimele sina futhi izingane kwenziwa ebusika phezu eqhweni yeLake Ladoga. Kwakuyindlela zokuphila kweLeningrad wavinjezelwa. On ke sizokutshela kabanzi kulesi sihloko.

Phula nokuvinjelwa kwaba Januwari 18, 1943, futhi kusulwe Leningrad ngokuphelele 27 Januwari. Kwathi kuze ngonyaka olandelayo - ngo-1944. Ngakho, izakhamuzi kwadingeka alinde isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba idolobha kweLeningrad ukuvinjelwa kwazo kwasuswa ngokuqondile. Babulawa phakathi nale nkathi, ngokusho kombiko ezihlukahlukene, kusukela abakhileyo 400 ayizinkulungwane. Abayizigidi ezingu-1.5. Sasisuke ngesikhathi eNuremberg izilingo ezilandelayo inombolo - 632 000 efile. 3% kuphela kubo - kusuka amabhomu kanye ngamabhomu. Zonke ezinye izakhamuzi abafela kuyo ngenxa yendlala.

Qala umcimbi

Namuhla, izazi-mlando sezempi ukholwa ukuthi alikho idolobha emhlabeni emlandweni impi akakunikanga ukuphila kwabantu abaningi kangaka ngenxa yalokhu kunqoba, kodwa ngaleso sikhathi Leningrad. Ngosuku lapho ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe (1941, June 22), kuleli dolobha, futhi kuyo yonke le ndawo, kube khona ngokushesha ukubeka labuswa umthetho. WamaFascist zezindiza German ngobusuku 22 ngoJuni 23, okokuqala wazama ahlasele Leningrad. Lo mzamo yaphela kwanhlanga zimuka nomoya. Lo muzi akuvumelekile noyedwa izindiza isitha.

Ngosuku olulandelayo, Juni 24, Leningrad lempi wesifunda uguqulwe ube phambi enyakatho. Kronstadt ehlanganiswa edolobheni osuka olwandle. Kwakungesinye lezisekelo ke ekhona khona oLwandle iBaltic. Nge ukuqala amabutho esitha endaweni kusukela ngoJulayi 10, waqala ukuzivikela nobuqhawe, okungaba yokuziqhenya ngayo umlando Leningrad. Septhemba 6, uphonse amabhomu yokuqala edolobheni amaNazi, okwathi ngemva kwalokho waba ehlelekile ngaphansi air kuphangwa. Ngemva kwezinyanga ezintathu nje, kusukela ngo-September kuya ku-November 1941, umoya kugasela isexwayiso kwathiwa izikhathi 251.

ILoudspeakers kanye Metronome abadumile

Nokho, esinamandla ukusukuma phambi komuzi-hero of the usongo, kulapho united abakhileyo Leningrad babe ekulweni nesitha. Ukuvimbela Leningrad uzibophezele emoyeni Kuye kwatholakala ezitaladini emhlabeni 1,500 izipikha ezinyangeni zokuqala. Population ikhangiswe emsakazweni emoyeni kugasela. I Metronome edumile, wehlela emlandweni njengoba lesikhumbuzo yamasiko ukumelana isikhathi ukusakaza ngokusebenzisa le nethiwekhi. isigqi Quick kwakusho ukuthi ngazimemezela isexwayiso wezempi, futhi kancane - ukuhoxa. Michael Melaned, le ummemezeli, ngokumemezela alamu. Kwakungekho wesifunda olulodwa edolobheni, lapho i igobolondo isitha akakwazanga fly. Ngakho-ke, ezitaladini nezindawo kwabalwa, lapho kwaba ingozi ukuchayeka enkulu. Lapha, abantu bathumele izimpawu noma upende wabhala ukuthi le ndawo iyona ayingozi kakhulu lapho shelling.

Idolobha uhlelo-Adolf Hitler sika lalizobhujiswa ngokuphelele, futhi sivikele amabutho akhe - Kushone. AmaJalimane nangemva kokuba ezamile wahluleka ngaleso kwemizamo eminingana ukuze ifohle ekumeleleni Leningrad, wanquma ukuba azibulale ke.

Amabhomu lokuqala edolobheni

Njalo isakhamuzi, kuhlanganise izingane nasebekhulile, baba abavikeli kweLeningrad. ibutho Special kwamiswa Yabantu Militia, lapho izinkulungwane zabantu ziye basekela amayunithi engabandlululi balwa isitha ngesikhathi izimpi, iqhaza ekwakhiweni imigqa ukuzivikela. Yaqala kuhlengwe labantu omuzi, kanye namasiko eminyuziyamu ahlukahlukene kanye imishini industrial ezinyangeni zokuqala zempi. amabutho esitha sahlala komuzi ngo-August 20 Chudovo, ekuvimbeni ujantshi bebheke Leningrad naseMoscow.

Nokho, Ayikwazi, Ezigabeni ibutho ngaphansi kwegama "North" ukuzobhidliza eLeningrad sendleleni, nakuba ngaphambili wasondela eduze edolobheni. amabhomu izinhlelo waqala kusukela ngo-September 4. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezine, isitha ashaqe edolobheni Shlisselburg, okuholela zokuxhumana izwe Big Leningrad komhlaba sanqamuka.

Lesi senzakalo saphawula ukuqala Ukuvinjezelwa komuzi. Kwatholakala ukuba abantu abangaphezu kuka-2.5 million, okubalwa nezingane ezingu-400,000. Edolobheni kuya phezulu nokuvinjelwa akudingekanga sokudla. Ziyakwazi ngo-Septhemba 12 ziye ibalwa kuphela izinsuku 30-35 (isinkwa), izinsuku ezingu-45 (okusanhlamvu) kanye nezinsuku ezingu-60 (inyama). Ngisho amalahle austerity kungaba okwanele nje ukuba Novemba, kanye nophethiloli uketshezi - ngaphambi nje kokuphela kwesimiso samanje. amazinga ukudla okuye onikezwe ohlelweni edamu, waqala kancane kancane ukunqaba.

Indlala abandayo

Okwenza isimo sibe sibi ngenxa yokuthi nobusika 1941 kwakuyiBhayibheli lokuqala eRussia, futhi eLeningrad - abanolaka kakhulu. Ngokuvamile, izinga lokushisa waguqa uphawu -32 degrees. Kwashona izinkulungwane zabantu indlala abandayo. Isiqongo yokufa ivela Novemba 20 kuya 25 Disemba 1941, lokhu eziyinkimbinkimbi. Phakathi nale nkathi, amasosha izabelo lwesinkwa sebehlala kakhulu - kufike ku 500 amagremu ngosuku. Kulabo abasebenza ezitolo ashisayo, bona zaba amagremu 375 kuphela, futhi abanye abasebenzi onjiniyela - 250. Ukuze nezinye izingxenye labantu (izingane, abondliwa nabasebenzi) - 125 kuphela Grammian. Kwakukhona cishe akukho neminye imikhiqizo. Bafa yindlala nsuku zonke kubantu abangaphezu kuka-4 ayizinkulungwane. Lesi sibalo izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-100 pre-impi izinga lokufa kwabantu. Yibona ngenkathi ngokwempilo yangenyama wesilisa phezu zesifazane. I ubulili bubuhle ekupheleni kwempi wenza ingxenye eyinhloko abakhileyo Leningrad.

Iqhaza of Life Imigwaqo Ekunqobeni

Ixhunyiwe nge lizwe eyenziwa, njengoba kuye kwashiwo, The Road of Life ovinjezelwe Leningrad, edabula Lake Ladoga. Kwakuwusuku onguthelawayeka kuphela ezazikhona ngesikhathi kusuka September 1941 kuya ku-March 1943. Kwaba kulo mgwaqo lidlule kuhlengwe imishini industrial kanye labantu Leningrad, ukulethwa idolobha ukudla, kanye izikhali, izinhlamvu, amafutha kanye ukusekelwa. Konke lokhu ngendlela yiLeningrad zilethwe ezingaphezu kuka 1,615 amathani ayizigidi ezingu wezimpahla zabantu zathuthelwa kwezinye izindawo abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu 1.37. Ngo izimpahla ebusika kuqala ke yathola amathani angaba yizinkulungwane 360, nabakhileyo zabantu zathuthelwa kwezinye izindawo ukuze ayizinkulungwane 539,4. On echibini sendaba sabekwa ukuze bakwazi ukunikeza imikhiqizo uwoyela.

Ukuvikelwa Life Imigwaqo

Ilokhu ngebhomu futhi shelled Road amabutho Life kaHitler ukuba thwebula indlela okuwukuphela kwendlela yensindiso. Ukuze awuvikele emoyeni, kanye nokuqinisekisa ekusebenzeni izindlela amabutho bakulelo zwe babehileleke emoyeni ukuzivikela. Ngo nezikhumbuzo ahlukahlukene kanye izikhumbuzo manje immortalized le ubuqhawe babantu oye wenza kwenzeka ukuba ayeke ukuhamba kuwo. Into enkulu kunazo zonke iyona "Ring Broken" - laqanjwa eLake Ladoga, kanye ibhende elaziwa ngokuthi yi "Rumbolovskaya Intaba", etholakala Vsevolozhsk; "Imbali of Life" (isikhumbuzo edolobhaneni Kowalewo), okuyinto izinikele izingane, owayehlala eLeningrad kuleyo minyaka, kanye setha edolobhaneni negama Black River Memorial Complex, lapho amasosha Kushone endleleni Ladoga, wabeka bangabeki engcwabeni elikhulu.

Ukususwa kwezimiso nokuvinjezelwa kweLeningrad

Isikhathi eside impela eLeningrad lwaphuka okokuqala, njengoba sishilo, ngo-1943, ngo-January 18. Lokhu amabutho bafeza Volkhov naseLeningrad nezimpi, kanye Baltic Fleet. I amaJalimane esehlehlisa. Operation "Iskra" owawuse nangokucacile njengoba kusondela jikelele amabutho Army Soviet, okuyinto kabanzi ithuthukiswe nobusika 1942-1943, ngemva amabutho esitha sebephila at kwaseStalingrad. Army "North" isinyathelo ngokumelene amasosha aseSoviet. Januwari 12, waqhubeka amabutho okuhlaselayo we Volkhov naseLeningrad nezimpi, futhi bahlanganiswa ngezinsuku eziyisithupha. Januwari 18, udedelwe Shlisselburg futhi sisusiwe isitha coast osendaweni ezibalulekile oluseningizimu yeChibi Ladoga. Phakathi futhi emigqeni kwakhiwa umhubhe whose banzi kwaba 8-11 km. Ngalo izinsuku ezingu-17 (cabanga nje ngalesi sikhathi!) Road wesitimela amathrekhi avulwa. Ngemva kwalokho, ukunikezelwa edolobheni kuye kwaba ngcono kakhulu. Nokuvinjelwa isuswe ngokuphelele 27 Januwari. Usuku breaking nokuvinjelwa Leningrad kwaphawulwa iziqhumane eyashukumisa esibhakabhakeni kwalo muzi.

Ukuvinjezelwa Leningrad isibe emlandweni ahlaselwe kabi ubhadane lwesifo. Izakhamuzi eziningi owafa ngesikhathi, sangcwatshwa namuhla Piskarevskoe Memorial Amathuna. Ummeli eyathatha, ukuba enembile, izinsuku 872. Leningrad ngaphambi kwempi ngemva kwalokho engasekho. Idolobhana isishintshe kakhulu, kwakudingeka kabusha eziningi izakhiwo, abanye - ukwakha kabusha.

Diary of Tani Savichevoy

Kusukela zehlakalo ezimbi kunazo zonke ngalezo zikhathi ke washiya okuningi ubufakazi. Omunye wabo - idayari uTanya. Leningradka Savicheva Tatyana ekuqaleni zokuziphatha yakhe eneminyaka engu-12. Kwakungeyona eshicilelwe, ngoba siqukethe amarekhodi esabekayo ayisishiyagalolunye kuphela amalungu omndeni indlela abulala ngayo njalo ntombazane eLeningrad ngaleso sikhathi. futhi ehlulekile usinde uTanya kakhulu. Lokhu notebook njengephuzu lokuphikisa, isola wobushiqela, esethulwa emihlanganweni eNuremberg nokulingwa.

Ingabe lo mbhalo manje Museum lomuzi-iqhawe, futhi ikhophi kugcinwa ingilazi icala yesikhumbuzo eziphawulwe ngenhla okunzima Piskaryovsky emathuneni lapho bembela o-570.000 Leningrad ngesikhathi livinjezelwe abafela kuyo ngenxa yendlala noma ngamabhomu kusuka 1941 kuya 1943, futhi eMoscow ngo Poklonnaya Hill .

Ukulahlekelwa amandla ngenxa yokuswela isandla wabhala kancane ngendlela engavamile. Izingane abathintekayo ukuhlupheka umphefumulo wayengakwazi nemizwelo bukhoma. Girl kuphela baloba zehlakalo ezimbi zokuphila kwakhe - "ukuvakashelwa sokufa" endlini umndeni wakhe. Tanya wabhala ukuthi zonke Savichevs wafa. Nokho, ngoba wayengamazi, abafi naso sonke leso sizukulwane baqhubeka. Wayelethwa uyasinda futhi othathwe udade UNina. Wabuyela e-1945 eLeningrad, ekhaya lakhe, futhi kwatholakala phakathi usimende, doti wamzalela izindonga notebook Thani. UMfoweth 'Misha futhi walulama ngemva etholwe maphambili kabi. Girl wazithola ukukhonza ukuthuthwa kwendle amaqembu owawungezudlula ekhaya edolobheni. Equleka ngenxa yendlala. Wakhe, okumenza uyaphila, zabantu zathuthelwa kwezinye izindawo emijondolo engenamali. Lapha, izintandane eziningi baqina, kodwa uTanya asizange sitholakale. Odokotela walwa wokuphila kwakhe, kodwa yena namanje bafa ingakapheli iminyaka emibili. Washona ngo-1944, July 1.