Old idolobha Russian: incazelo, izici. Dolobha lasendulo Russian: igama

Kusukela yaqala ukuba khona eRussia wayedume nemizana ezinabantu abaningi, ibiyelwe. Wayengumuntu abadumile ngokwanele ukuthi amaViking, kamuva owaba wakhe esivame ukubizwa ngokuthi amazwe Slavic "Gardariki" - emadolobheni. Scandinavians wamshaya eqinisa lwamaSlav, njengoba nabo ngokwabo bachitha iminyaka eminingi yokuphila kwabo kolwandle. Manje singakwazi ukuqonda ukuthi yini umuzi Russian lasendulo futhi lokho idume.

izimbangela

Akusiyo imfihlo ukuthi indoda - isidalwa nomphakathi. Ukuze uthole amathuba okuba basinde kubalulekile ukuhlangana ngamaqembu. Futhi uma ngaphambi "isikhungo wokuphila" enjalo yaba isizwe, ngaleso sikhathi-ke kwadingeka ukuba uthole esikhundleni ophucukile ngokushiya amasiko ngesihluku.

Eqinisweni, ukuvela emadolobheni ezimpilweni zabantu ngakho ngokwemvelo ukuthi Akunakwenzeka ukuba kube ngenye indlela. Kusukela emzaneni noma sonke isigodi ukudla yabo ingafani esicini esisodwa esibalulekile - nezivikelo eyavikela zokuhlala. Uma sikubeka kalula, izindonga. Kuyinto kusukela elithi "umuzi" (oluqinisayo) wahamba igama elithi "umuzi".

Ukwakheka imizi yasendulo kungenxa ngokuyinhloko isidingo sokuvikela ngokumelene izitha futhi udale i-sokuqondisa ngokuba ubukhulu. Phela, nabo basuke avame kwaba "igazi blue" yeRussia. Ukuze laba bantu, kwakubalulekile ukuba nomuzwa wokulondeka nenduduzo. Zathuthelekela lapha bonke abahwebi nezazi zobungcweti, turning zokuhlala zibe nokuphila esibilayo nasemihlangeni ka Novgorod, Kiev, Lutsk.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imizana okudalwe baba kakhulu eziyinxanxathela, lapha kungaba zithuthelekela abathengisi abavela emhlabeni jikelele, ethola isithembiso ngaphansi kwesivikelo iqembu lezempi. Ngenxa edolobheni Amazing ukubaluleka ukuhweba eRussia esakhiwe loMfula imifula (ezifana iVolga noma Dnieper), ngoba ngaleso sikhathi kwale misele babe ngendlela ephephile futhi esheshayo ukuletha izimpahla. Kutholwe loMfula imizana emfuleni yavama kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili.

labantu

Okokuqala, idolobha ayikwazanga khona ngaphandle umbusi. Kwaba noma isikhulu noma iphini lakhe. Lesi sakhiwo ayephila kuso, kwaba abacebe yokukhosela wokuziphilisa, kwaba maphakathi zokuhlala. Yena zilungiswa ezihlukahlukene izindaba ezingokomthetho futhi umthetho.

Ingxenye yesibili edolobheni lasendulo - Lokhu izicukuthwane - abantu eduze isikhulu, futhi bakwazi ukuthonya ngokuqondile izwi labo. Bathatha ezikhundleni ezehlukene bureaucratic futhi wahlala ezindaweni ezifana bacebe kakhulu bonke, ngaphandle ukuthi abathengisi, kodwa labo eside endaweni eyodwa hhayi ukuhlala. Ngesikhathi impilo yabo uhambo engapheli.

Ngaphezu kwalokho okudingeke ukuba ukhumbule artisan ahlukahlukene ngabe ngumuphi umsebenti kungenzeka, ezisukela abadwebi futhi kokuqeda ngensimbi. Njengomthetho, izindawo zabo zezindlu babe ngaphakathi komuzi, futhi workshop - ngemuva izindonga ngaphandle.

Futhi zakamuva isitebhisi yezenhlalakahle abanengi gade babalimi, abazange baphile kuleyandawo, futhi sahlala ezweni aphathwa. Emzini Russian lasendulo ithambekele iwe kuphela ukuhweba noma izindaba zomthetho.

lombhishobhi

Maphakathi nedolobha lasendulo - esontweni. Leli thempeli, elise phambi esigcawini main, inhlamvu yangempela. I omkhulu kakhulu futhi ecebile isakhiwo ehlotshisiwe, ithempeli laliyisikhungo emandla akamoya.

Ezinkudlwana edolobheni, amasonto zalandela ngaphakathi kwalo. Kodwa akekho kubo wayenelungelo lokwenqaba ukuba kunanoma kwamakhamera ocingo ithempeli lokuqala, okuyinto samuntu wonke yokukhokha. Knyazhye ababhishobhi, lesifunda esontweni nekhaya - bonke wabonakala yokwelula enkabeni ezingokomoya main.

A indima ekhethekile kukhala ngu zezindela, ngezinye izikhathi baba ngokoqobo idolobha elakhiwe phakathi edolobheni. Ngokuvamile ebiyelweyo isiphetho nhlobo kungaba isiseduze yokuhlala izindela. Khona-ke, ithempeli eyinhloko yesigodlo ikhonye ekuphileni okungokomoya komuzi.

Amasonto ababhishobhi ngenkuthalo ehlotshisiwe futhi domes eyayibhalwe uvele ngesizathu: babengabonakala kusuka amakhilomitha amaningana kude, futhi Babeyimbangela "ukukhanya eqondisa" zabahamba nemiphefumulo elahlekile. Ithempeli Ubukhosi bakhe kwakuwukukhumbuza kubantu ukuphila emhlabeni - lutho, futhi kungenziwa kubhekwe wobuhle beqiniso kuphela kaNkulunkulu, owawungumnyaka isonto.

esangweni

Isango, okuyinto kwaqinisa emizaneni kuze kufinyelele amayunithi ezine (ukhadinali), sakhokhwa, Isimanga siwukuthi, umehluko omkhulu. Njengoba ukudlula kuphela edolobheni Russian lasendulo besenkolweni value okukhulu ongokomfanekiso: "ukuvula isango" azihloselwe ukunikeza edolobheni nesitha.

Amasango wazama ngangokunokwenzeka ukuhlobisa wenze okuhle kakhulu we okungenani eyodwa eyinhloko yokungena lapho begibele isikhulu nabantu ohloniphekile. Bakhandwa ngokushesha ukwethusa isivakashi futhi ukuba ngifakazele ukuchuma nenjabulo bendawo. Esihle sekugcineni esangweni kokululama imali noma amandla, ngokuvamile kwalungisa wonke umuzi wabo.

Kwathiwa kubhekwa uhlobo endaweni engcwele ukuvikela hhayi kuphela amabutho lasemhlabeni, kodwa futhi ongcwele. Ezindaweni ngenhla amasango ngokuvamile behlaliswe imifanekiso eminingi, futhi eduze kwabo kwaba indlwana encane, inhloso okwakunzima ukuvikela emnyango Intando KaNkulunkulu.

endalini

Indawo encane, ngokuvamile eduze komfula (mayelana nokuthi iziphi izinhlelo iningi nemizana zazisekelwe) kwakuyingxenye yeqoqo zokuphila kwezomnotho. amadolobha Old Russian Russia ayengayisebenzisa ukuphila ngaphandle ukuhweba, lapho uthishanhloko babe ngokwenani elalisetshenziswa abathengisi.

Lapha, khona-auction, bona babekwa kanye zithululwe izimpahla zabo lapha kuthengiselana main. Ngokuvamile, kakade angesabi, kwabonakala emakethe. Akekho noyedwa lapho abalimi ithengiswe, abacebile, esidalelwe edolobheni endaweni elite nge eziningi izimpahla ezivela kwamanye amazwe, ubucwebe obubizayo. Wayemelela hhayi "izinga uphawu" nemizana ukufanekisa ngezimpawu kanye namanye weqiniso. Lokho ukuhlabana kwakunokwenzeka ukuba baqonde indlela komnikazi unothile, ngoba umthengisi ngeke ume kokungenzi lutho uma kungekho inzuzo.

inxuluma

Esivelele neziphathimandla abangu Ezezindlu isikhulu noma umbusi. Kwakungekhona kuphela endaweni yokuhlala umbusi, kodwa futhi isakhiwo zokuphatha. Lapha ukuxazulula izindaba ezingokomthetho ezihlukahlukene ecaleni, kwakuzoba impi ngaphambi kokuya. Kwaba ingxenye kwendawo enezivikelo eziqinile kakhulu emzini, okuyinto has a egcekeni okuvikelwe, lapho kwakufanele beze egijima bonke abakhileyo uma kwenzeka usongo lempi.

Emhlabeni emakamelweni umbusi ungubani Knights kancane ocebile ekhaya. Ngokuvamile, baba zazenziwe ngokhuni, kunokusebenza indlu phezu kwesikhulu, abakwazi ukukhokhela le ezakhiweni zamatshe aqoshiwe. emadolobheni Old Russian babe architecturally sibonga ocebile ukuba izindlu kwamadoda asebukhosini, wona wazama ukuhlobisa indlu yakho ngangokunokwenzeka futhi ubonise ingcebo yezinto ezibonakalayo.

Abantu abavamile futhi ahlale ehlukile indaba nanye izindlu ezakhiwe ngokhuni noma eqoqene emabhalekisini, okuyinto ngokuvamile wema ngaso kanye emaphethelweni edolobha.

oluqinisayo

Njengoba sekushiwo, emzini isimo Russian lasendulo zadalwa, ngokuyinhloko ukuvikela abantu. Ukuze wenze lokhu, siye ihlelwe ukuqinisa.

Ekuqaleni, izindonga zazenziwe ngokhuni, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ezingasho njalo uvele izivikelo itshe. Kusobala ukuthi abanjalo 'Intando' ayenamandla okukwenza izikhulu abacebile kuphela. Ukuqinisa idaliwe kusuka ezisindayo phezulu pointy izingodo, ngokuthi harpoons. igama okunjalo okwakuhloswe idolobha ngolimi Old Russian.

Ngaphezu udonga, amaqembu, udonga zobumba evikelwe komnikazi. Ngokuvamile, iningi nemizana kwavela kakade e amaphuzu inzuzo zamasu. Edolobheni elisezansi ngabe esifushane (kufika ku ingxabano lokuqala lezempi), kodwa ngoba ngokuvamile zisekelwe ngamaphuzu okusezingeni eliphezulu. Singasho ukuthi asazi lutho mayelana nemizana ezimbi ezinezivikelo eziqinile ngoba kweso kwanyamalala ebusweni bomhlaba.

isakhiwo

Ukuze nemizana yesimanje, kunezinxushunxushu kakhulu futhi exakayo, lokhu isampula - umuzi Russian lasendulo. inqaba, okuyinto iyikhaya iningi labantu wayengubani ngempela ngekhono futhi ngokunembile zibekwe, njengoba bizela ngokwemvelo uqobo.

Eqinisweni, idolobha ngaleso sikhathi kwakuba ukuma oyindilinga. Kulo leli zwe, njengoba kuye kwashiwo, wavuka izikhungo ezimbili ezibalulekile: komoya wokuziphilisa. Lona Cathedral main futhi izindlu Nezikhulu. Elibazungezile ezimazombe Kuvunguza, waya ekhaya boyars ocebile. Ngakho, Ukugoqa, isibonelo, igquma, idolobha owehla njalonjalo kuze izindonga. Ngaphakathi, kwathiwa luhlukaniswe "Umgwaqo" ofanelekayo futhi "imikhawulo", okuyinto badabula izindikimba Kuvunguza wahamba kusukela kwelinye isango kuze kube maphakathi main.

Ngemva nje kancane kwalokho, ukuthuthukiswa nemizana workshop, okuyinto bona babedabuka ngaphandle izici eziyinhloko njengoba izindonga umngcele, udala ukuqinisa yesibili. Kancane kancane, ngosizo inkambo eminyaka landa edolobheni ke ngale ndlela.

Kiev

Yiqiniso, inhlokodolobha yesimanje Ukraine - umuzi odume kakhulu lasendulo Russian. Kungenzeka ukuthola isiqinisekiso zonke iziphakamiso kuboniswe ngenhla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele sithathwe ngokuthi esikhulu ngempela isiphetho kuqala ezinezivikelo eziqinile ensimini lwamaSlav.

Idolobha eliyinhloko, sizungezwe ezivikelweni, elise entabeni, futhi Umphetho labetibambile workshop. Lapho, eduze Dnieper, kwaba bargaining. Eyinhloko yokungena Kiev, nomnyango walo main - Golden Gate owaziwa, okuyinto, njengoba kuye kwashiwo, kwadingeka hhayi kuphela esiwusizo, kodwa futhi value engcwele, kulapho ukuthi basuke ogama lakhe behlonipha waseConstantinople amasango.

I Hagia Sophia laliyisikhungo ezingokomoya komuzi. It zamhudulela lonke amathempeli namasonto, okuyinto ayehlakaniphile, nobuhle, ubukhulu.

Ngenxa yalesi Kiev kungenziwa kubhekwe njengendlela umfanekiso esiphelele sendlela idolobha wabheka Russian ubudala.

Veliky Novgorod

emadolobheni Old Russia akunakwenzeka uhlu, ngaphandle kokukhuluma Novgorod Omkhulu. Lokhu ubukhulu nendawo elinabantu abaningi ukhonza injongo eyinhloko: kwaba idolobha kakhulu "European". It is lapha zathuthelekela osomaqhinga kanye abahwebi kusukela Old World, njengoba Novgorod wawuphakathi kuyo imizila yohwebo e-Europe nomhlaba yeRussia.

Into eyinhloko esinazo manje sibonga Novgorod - kuyinto engenakuqhathaniswa lenqwaba izikhumbuzo ezihlukahlukene zomlando bokwakha Russia lasendulo. A ithuba eliyingqayizivele uwabone njengamanje, ukuthenga ithikithi lendiza khona ngoba Novgorod lachithwa futhi ezabanjwa phakathi ijoka Mongol, kodwa ukuba ikhokhe intela emba eqolo.

Njengoba baziwa okuthiwa "Novgorod ezibiyele" noma Novgorod Kremlin. Sekuyisikhathi eside Lezi izinqaba kube okunokwethenjelwa Fort umuzi omkhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingasaphathwa Court Yaroslav sika - endaweni enkulu Novgorod ku osebeni Volkhov, lapho kwakukhona khona eziningi bargaining futhi iyisonto ezihlukahlukene abathengisi kahle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kucatshangwa ukuthi kwaba khona futhi kwaba abode isikhulu, kodwa ukuze uyithole e Velikiy Novgorod behluleka ukuyixazulula, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuntula emlandweni komnikazi Princess lonke uhlelo njengoba enjalo.

Moscow

Umlando imizi yasendulo, yebo, angeke achazwe ngaphandle kobukhona uhlu omkhulu zasemizaneni, njengoba eMoscow. Yena kwakufanele ithuba zikhule futhi babe nendawo Russia yesimanje ngokusebenzisa indawo yayo esiyingqayizivele: Eqinisweni zonke umzila ezinkulu enyakatho ukuhweba lidlule kuye.

Yiqiniso, isici esikhanga kakhulu nge zomlando zomuzi iyona Kremlin. Kuyinto naye manje kukhona inhlangano yokuqala ngesikhathi kukhulunywa izwi, kodwa ekuqaleni kwakusho "inqaba". Ekuqaleni, njengazo zonke amadolobha, Ukuvikelwa eMoscow kwakungu lokhuni nokunye kamuva ithole ukubukeka ajwayelekile.

I ezibiyele futhi isonto eyinhloko eMoscow - Cathedral of kweNyuka, okuyinto kahle walondoloza kuze kube yilolu suku. Ukubonakala kwaso ngokoqobo kubonisa nesimo sesakhiwo esikhulu ngesikhathi sako.

yi

Abaningi amagama imizi yasendulo kungukuthi yayisibetha kodwa ungalokothi waphishekela umgomo ukwakha uhlu kubo. Three kwanele ukubonisa ukuthi olandelanayo babe abantu Russian e ebeka zokuhlala. Futhi angisho ukuthi izinga ababenakho unjustly hhayi ukubukeka ukuthi umuzi nje isuke ibangelwa sokusinda nemvelo. Iplani kwakungukuthi esiwusizo kakhulu futhi, ngaphezu, kwakheka uphawu maphakathi nesifunda, ngawo ebiyelweyo nemizana babe. Ubani onjengesilo ukwakhiwa amadolobha azisabalulekile, kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi mayelana izakhiwo zethu okuyophinde kawusho khona lokho.