Mughals. Mughal Empire

India - ingenye amazwe esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, njengoba sasinothando isiko eliyingqayizivele futhi umlando ezithakazelisayo. Ikakhulukazi, kule abacwaningi suku umbuzo indodana Emir of Ferghana, Babur kanjani, lasala ngaphandle kukababa eneminyaka engu-12 ubudala, hhayi kuphela akazange abe yisisulu ezombangazwe wafa, kodwa futhi bakwazi ukungena eNdiya futhi wadala omunye kwemibuso emikhulu Asian .

prehistory

Ngaphambi kulokho manje India kanti ezinye izifunda angomakhelwane anamandla Mughal Empire yasungulwa, izwe wahlukaniswa waba ingxenye principalities eziningi ezincane. Babehlale ngaphansi zamabhomu omakhelwane-abayimizulane. Ikakhulukazi, ekhulwini lesi-5 ensimini ka isimo Gupta ithatha ingxenye enyakatho ntshonalanga yezwekazi laseNdiya futhi eseduze ezweni lasenyakatho, izizwe Huns osendlini. Nakuba unyaka 528-th zaxoshwa, ngemva kokuba ayeyifake India uhlala zokwakheka esikhulu sikahulumeni. Ngemva kwekhulu leminyaka, principalities ezincane eziningana munye ngaphansi kobuholi umbusi onekhono futhi wemibono Harsha Nokho, ngemva kokufa kwakhe, kube umbuso omusha isihlakazeka, futhi ngekhulu le-11 ensimini ka-Hindustan esezingene amaSulumane ngaphansi kobuholi Mahmud ka Ghazni futhi wasungula Delhi Sultanate. Phakathi nekhulu le-13, ngalesi simo wakwazi ukumelana nokuhlaselwa amaMongol, kodwa ekupheleni the 14th ke waphela ngenxa ayehlasela izinkulungwane izindimbane Timur. Naphezu kwalokhu, ubukhulu ngobukhulu Delhi Sultanate wadonsa kwaze kwaba ngu-1526, unyaka. abanqobi yabo yaziwa nangabanye Mughal eholwa Babur - Timurid abeza India nebutho elikhulu ngamazwe. Ibutho lakhe ngaleso sikhathi kwaba anamandla esifundeni, futhi amabutho ka-Indian Raja ayikwazanga ukuvimbela ukuba bawine ezwekazini laseNdiya.

Biography of Babur

Eyokuqala Omkhulu Mogul waseNdiya wazalwa ngo-1483, unyaka endaweni Uzbekistan, emzini odumile kwezentengiselwano Andijan. Uyise wayengumGreki emir Fergana, owayeyizibulo umzukulu Tamerlane nonina wayevela inhlobo uGenghis. Lapho Babnuru eneminyaka engu-12 kuphela ubudala, wasala uyintandane, kodwa sekuphele iminyaka engu-2-ke uye wakwazi ukuba liyobamba Samarkand. Ngokuvamile, laba bacwaningi Biography of the umsunguli woMbuso Mughal, abonisa esemncane kwaba ukuphishekela okukhethekile kwamandla, futhi ngisho nangalesosikhathi wayekwazisa iphupho laba yinhloko isimo omkhulu. Triumph ngemva kokuqala akuzange kuhlale isikhathi eside, futhi ngemva 4 izinyanga ka Babur waxoshwa Samarkand Sheibani Khan, owayeneminyaka kathathu omdala kunawe kuye. sezombusazwe abanolwazi kuso ayizange wehlisa umoya futhi waqinisekisa ukuthi Timurid abasha waphoqeleka ukuba abalekele kanye namasosha akhe kuya e-Afghanistan. Kukhona inhlanhla wamomotheka ngale nsizwa, futhi wanqoba Kabul. Kodwa yokucasukela ngenxa yokuthi yakhe fiefdom - imithetho Samarkand ngizile umbusi Uzbek, wamnika ukuphumula, futhi wenzé imizamo ephindaphindiwe ukuze ubuyele kuleli dolobha. Bonke kushabalele, futhi, ngoba siqaphela ukuthi akukho ukubuyela emuva, Babur wanquma ukuba anqobe India futhi wasungula isimo esisha.

Njengoba Mughal isimo yasungulwa

Ngo 1519, unyaka Babur wahola uhambo kuya North-West India, futhi eminyakeni ethile kamuva 7 banquma uthwebule Delhi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wanqoba Rajput prince eyasungulwa isimo nge isikhungo e Agra. Ngakho, ngo-1529, ngonyaka wesishiyagalolunye wokuba wonke uMbuso Eastern kufakwe endaweni ka-Afghanistan, Punjab futhi iGanges esigodini phansi imingcele Bengal.

ukufa Babur

Ukufa lamfica le umsunguli woMbuso Mughal ngo-1530. Ngemva-kuya Hamayuna sobukhosi, Mughal Empire eNdiya wadonsa kwaze kwaba ngu-1539, unyaka lapho umkhuzi Pashtun Sher Shah axoshwe kuye eveni. Nokho, eminyakeni engu-16 kamuva Mughals babe ukwazi okwabo ukubuyela Delhi. Ekubona kusengaphambili ukuwa kwakhe osekuseduze, uMongameli ihlukaniswe umbuso phakathi amadodana akhe amane, esimisiwe yizinhloko zabo Hamayuna okumele uphathe hindustani. nezinye Babur ezintathu got Kandahar, Kabul futhi Punjab, kodwa baphindiselwa sibophekile ukuba silalele umfowabo omdala.

Akbar Elikhulu

Ngo-1542, unyaka Hamayuna indodana. Wayelethwa okuthiwa Akbar, nokuthi lokhu umzukulu Babur kwadingeka benze umbuso eyasungulwa Mughals, wehlela emlandweni njengoba isibonelo isimo, lapho kwakungekho ukubandlululwa kwenkolo kanye kazwelonke. Yena ihlala esihlalweni sobukhosi, cishe ngokulinganayo esemncane, efana wakhe futhi eminyakeni engu-20 zokuphila ezibonakalayo kanye nesikhathi abasichitha nokucindezela izibhelu kanye nokuqinisa igunya central. Ngenxa yalokho, ngo-1574, ngonyaka wesishiyagalolunye yaqedwa ukwakhiwa isimo olulodwa uhlelo ecacile yokubusa ezingeni lendawo kanye nokuqoqwa kwentela. Ungumuntu ohlakaniphile kakhulu, Akbar Elikhulu ukwaba umhlaba ngezimali ukwakhiwa amathempeli hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi amaHindu kanye obuKristu, lapho izithunywa zevangeli zavunyelwa ukuba ukuvula Goa.

Jahangir

Umbusi esilandelayo umbuso wayeyindodana wesithathu Akbar Elikhulu - Selim. Ihlala esihlalweni sobukhosi ngemva kokushona kukayise, wayaleza ukuba bazibiza Jahangir, okuyinto elihunyushwe ngokuthi "umnqobi emhlabeni." Kwakuyisikhathi umbusi esifushane sekuqhamuke ngubani kuqala kunazo zonke kucitsa umthetho ku ukubekezelelana enkolweni kunasendaweni elihlukanisiwe amaHindu nabantu bezinye izizwe abangekho amaSulumane. Ngakho, Mughals ayisekho ujabulele ekusekeleni umphakathi ezindaweni eziningi, futhi baphoqwa ngezinye izikhathi ukucindezela ukuvukela nasezincekwini-Raja yabo.

Shah Jahan

Eminyakeni yokugcina wokubusa Jahangir, owaba umlutha kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe, baba nesikhathi lifiphele umbuso, eyasungulwa Mughals. Iqiniso lokuthi esigodlweni emzabalazweni e iqhaza nomfazi eyinhloko kombusi ngegama Nur Jahan. Phakathi nale nkathi, uyindodana yesithathu Jahangir, ogane le Umshana nosingamama wakhe, wanquma ukusizakala isimo futhi wenza isimemezelo yena njengongase abe yindlalifa ukundlula abazalwane asebekhulile. Ngemva kokufa kukayise, wafika kwesihlalo sobukhosi wabusa iminyaka 31. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi inhloko-dolobha Mughals - Agra isibe elinye lamadolobha amahle kakhulu e-Asia. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, nguye isinqumo, e-1648, unyaka ukwenza ikomkhulu lesizwe Delhi, Red Fort wamakhela khona uJehova. Ngakho, edolobheni waba inhloko-dolobha yombuso yesibili, futhi kwaba khona e 1858, unyaka amabutho British elathunjwa zokugcina Omkhulu Mogul, kanye eziseduze. Yaphela kanjalo-ke indaba yombuso okwathi ushiye ifa elikhulu.

Inhloko-dolobha ye Mughal

Njengoba sekushiwo, umuzi omkhulu wabantu umbuso 1528, unyaka Babur wenza Agra. Namuhla-ke ingenye izikhungo izivakashi edume kakhulu e-Asia, njengoba kukhona nezakhiwo eziningana bokwakha kwesikhathi Mughal. Ikakhulukazi, bonke baziwa abadumile Taj Mahal, ezakhiwe Shah Jahan umkakhe othandekayo. Lesi sakhiwo esiyingqayizivele kubhekwa esinye sezimangaliso zomhlaba futhi sithinta ukuphelela kanye nenkazimulo yawo.

Kuhlukile isiphetho Delhi isungule. Ngo-1911, kuye kwaba yokuhlala Viceroy yeNdiya, futhi kukhona yaseCalcutta wathutha bonke neminyango eyinhloko uhulumeni waseBrithani. Ngakusasa iminyaka engu-36 leli dolobha liye lakhula ngokushesha, futhi kwakukhona izindawo ukwakhiwa European. Ikakhulukazi, ngo-1931 kuvulwa wesifunda yalo entsha yokubambisana New Delhi, ngokuphelele yakhelwe British. Ngo-1947, yena ezamenyezelwa inhloko-dolobha ezimele Republic of India futhi uhlala kanjalo kuze kube namuhla.

Mughal Empire wawuqala engxenyeni yokuqala ka-ngekhulu le-16 kuya ngonyaka 1858 futhi iye yaba nendima ebaluleke kakhulu ukudalelwa kwabantu abanengi be-India.