Izici nokwakheka kwezicubu kokuqhuba izitshalo. Ukuqhuba izicubu zezitshalo: isakhiwo

Njengoba e izilwane, izitshalo ahlukene izindlela zokuhamba ukuthi banesibopho ukulethwa izakhamzimba amangqamuzana ngamanye nezicubu. Namuhla sizoxoxa izici isakhiwo nezicubu Umqhubi izitshalo.

Kuyini lokhu?

izindwangu conductive yilezo okuyiwona kukhona izixazululo ukunyakaza izakhi adingekayo ukukhula nokuthuthuka umzimba isitshalo. Isizathu sokuba nesenzakalo yabo ekhishwa izitshalo kuqala ezweni. Kusukela impande amahlamvu, njengoba kulula ukuqagela, ihamba ukugeleza lwaphezulu izixazululo nosawoti kanye nezinye izakhi. Ngakho-ke, wamanje phansi ageleza kule isiqondiso reverse.

ezokuthutha phezulu kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa izitsha ku izicubu ukhuni (xylem) phansi ukulethwa efanayo - usebenzisa phloem ngesihlungo izakhiwo e cortex (the phloem). Ngokuvamile, ukuma sifana nalolo imithambo Xylem ezilwaneni. Amaseli side, isimo sabo oblong eshiwo. Yini enye izici isakhi kokuqhuba izicubu izitshalo?

Yiziphi?

You azi ukuthi kukhona indwangu zamabanga aphansi naphezulu yalolu hlobo. Ake uzinike ngezigaba ejwayelekile, kusukela ukubonakala impahla kuthuthukisa ukumuncwa yayo. Ngakho, lapha isakhiwo esilula kwezicubu kokuqhuba izitshalo, okwethulwa ifomu tabular.

Njengoba ungase uqonde, xylem futhi phloem awuhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi, njengoba ngenxa isakhiwo yayo heterogeneous futhi ongenza ibanga kangaka okudingeka imisebenzi.

Njengoba ubona, isakhiwo kwezicubu kokuqhuba izitshalo ezinye eyinkimbinkimbi kwemvelo alihlukile. Noma kunjalo, kulula kakhulu kunezinye ephakeme ezincelisayo amaseli.

Xylem. izakhi conductive

Izakhi omdala lonke uhlelo semithambo kukhona tracheids. Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i izinhlobo ezithile amaseli nge ethize, wakhomba kuphelile. Kukithi kubo kamuva iphutha ezivamile ukhuni fibre Indwangu. Sinenkosi eside esintamo odongeni ukujiya. Ifomu tracheids zingase zishintshe kakhulu:

• O-ring.
• Kuvunguza.
• Ngesimo amachashazi.
• I spore.

Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ekudluliseleni isixazululo izakhi is elicwengekileyo ngokusebenzisa ikhule ezimbotsheni amaningi, ngakho-ke zabo isivinini ukunyakaza kakhulu. Lezi zici ezibalulekile isakhi kwezicubu kokuqhuba izitshalo bavame ukhohliwe.

Kwezinye izitshalo ungahlangana element kwesakhiwo?

Tracheids ingatholakala sporophytes cishe yonke ephakeme. gymnosperms Lower anesizotha nangokuphila isakhiwo sabo lezi timphawu tesakhiwo, ngisho badlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu. Iqiniso ukuthi izindonga eziqinile tracheids, okuyinto thina kakade okukhulunywe ngaye ngenhla, ubavumele ukuba afeze umsebenzi kokuqhuba ngqo hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi ukubasekela, isakhiwo lokukhanda. Lena - izici ezibaluleke kakhulu isakhi kwezicubu kokuqhuba zezitshalo, okuvela kulo kangaka kuncike.

Ngokuvamile bayindlu ukwesekwa uhlaka olulodwa kuphela, onikeza umzimba amandla adingekayo simila. Kwenzeka inqaba, zonke (!) Ngaphezu izinkuni AmaConifers bengekho ngokuphelele noma yikuphi ekhethekile izicubu mechanical, nangamandla esiwanikezwa kuphela yithi okuxoxwe tracheids. Ubude lezi zinto isimanga conductive kungaba lisukela amamilimitha angu ambalwa ambalwa ngamasentimitha.

Ngokuvamile, izifundo lezi zici isakhi izicubu kokuqhuba izitshalo Ibanga 5 yimuphi esikoleni esiphakeme, kodwa ngokuvamile lo mbuzo izitsha omude kunayo yonke e izitshalo bekhungathekile ngisho abafundi amandla begazi.

Izimpawu izitsha

Zimelela isici ehlukile kakhulu xylem ka angiosperms. Kunjengetshe eside, tube ozwakala. Ngamunye wabo Kumiswa yi confluence amaseli side kwi "Butt ngokuhlanganyela". Amazenge isitsha ngasinye libizwa ngokuthi ingqamuzana, okuyinto oyiyo obusebenzayo iyefana tracheids. Kufanele kuphawulwe nokho, ukuthi kumasegmenti kukhona ngobubanzi okuningi futhi mfushane kuka kubo.

Yikuphi isigaba abafundi kufanele bazazi lezi izici nokwakheka kwezicubu conductive izitshalo? 5 ikilasi, yona eyaqala ukwenza i ukuthatha wezitshalo kanye nesakhiwo umzimba isitshalo, kungaba kakade ukuqondiswa imibuzo kakhulu elula kulesi sihloko.

Inqubo isitsha ukwakheka

Lokho xylem, okuyinto okokuqala ivela inqubo yentuthuko zalesi sihlahla, ebizwa ngokuthi i-primary. ithebhu wakhe kwenzeka izimpande futhi ihamba of amahlumela abasha. Kulokhu, lo ahlukaniswe izitsha izingxenye xylem ikhule ngesikhathi distal uphela imicu prokambialnyh. Lo mkhumbi ngokwalo livela ngemva ekubumbaneni, ngenxa ukubhujiswa ngodonga yangaphakathi. Ungabona lokhu uma ubheka kubo ngaphansi nocezu isibonakhulu: nezinsimbi ngaphakathi agcinwe ukuthi kukhona nje kuyafana futhi kusemhlabeni izinsalela izindonga ubhujiswe.

Asikhumbule ukuthi kwesakhiwo izakhi sibonga izicubu kokuqhuba zezitshalo, futhi ezinye zazo zingabantu izimpande zezitshalo:

• Epidermal igobolondo.
• Cora.
• Protoderma ukuthi njalo ilungisa izingqimba elele engenhla.
• I meristem apical, okuyinto esemqoka impande indawo lalezi zimbali ezikhula.
• Ukulimala okuningi Indwangu obucayi ivikela cap impande.
• Ngaphakathi impande kahle izicubu ajwayelekile: xylem futhi phloem.
• bona akhiwa, ngokulandelana, kusukela protofloemy futhi protoksilemy.
• Endodermis.

Protoksilema (ie, isithombe sokuqala izitsha isitshalo) ubonakala uchonywe yabo bonke abasha Axial izitho. Ezemfundo senzeka ngqo ngaphansi ungqimba meristem, okungukuthi lapho amaseli ezizungezile imithambo yegazi bayaqhubeka bekhula ngokushesha futhi elula. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngisho ovuthiwe izitsha protoksilemy akazange bangalahlekelwa ukukwazi kwabo yokwelula, ngoba ngaphakathi kwezindonga zabo azikakabi zabhekana woodiness.

Ngokuvamile, izicubu conductive zezimbali uphawu enjalo wadalula kusenesikhathi, ngoba stem liyadingeka ukulondoloza imbali ngokwanele okukhulu futhi abasengozini.

Khumbula ukuthi unesibopho inqubo solidification? Lignin. Futhi nje efanayo zibekwe izindonga "izikhala" izitsha noma Kuvunguza noma isiqondiso annular. Lesi simo kungaphazamisi Icwele bomkhumbi yokwelula. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, le lignin inikeza impela amandla ehloniphekile imithambo abasha ezikulesi simila, okuyinto kuvimbela nokubhujiswa kwabo ngesenzo lokukhanda.

Yingakho kubalulekile ukuze izicubu kokuqhuba izitshalo. Figure, elitholakala kwi emakhasini lesi sihloko ngokuqinisekile ukukusiza ukuba uqonde kangcono ukuthi le nkinga, ubonisa njengoba ngokucacile yezingxenye esemqoka lendwangu wathi.

Ezemfundo metaxylem

Ngo inqubo yokukhula, imikhumbi, okuyinto babhekana ngaphambili kakhulu woodiness inqubo. Lapho ukuphela ukwakheka kwazo izingxenye elivuthiwe izitshalo, inqubo yokukhula usuphothuliwe metaxylem. kufanele kubhekwe kanjani esikoleni esiphakeme biology, isakhiwo kwezicubu kokuqhuba izitshalo? Class 5, ngokuvamile kungagcini kuphela yokuthi izicubu isitshalo khona izitsha. Uma uqhubeka utadisha likhona iprogramme abafundi amadala.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, yimikhumbi yokuqala kwakhiwa kusuka elula protoksilemy kuqala, bese phansi ngokuphelele. zokwakheka efanayo Mature kwesakhiwo ukuthi iphuma metaxylem esisuka nokukhula Ngeke isimiso. Empeleni, kuba sabafileyo, kunjengoba amashubhu eqinile eziyize.

Kulula cabanga zibheke begazi inqubo ukugeleza kulesi siqondiso. Uma lezi zitsha avele ngokushesha, babeyoqabuleka kakhulu ingathiyeki ukwakheka kwezicubu ezizungezile. Thanda tracheids, semithambo odongeni ukuqina zingahlukaniswa zibe amaqembu ezilandelayo (kuncike ifomu yabo):

• Annular.
• Kuvunguza.
• Ladder ukuma.
• Mesh.
• Ukungena nakwamanye amazwe.

Thina iphawule yakho yokuthi amashubhu eside futhi ozwakala xylem ukuthi babe namandla anele mechanical - uhlelo ekahle kwezidingo zamanzi nokumbiwa nosawoti izixazululo olude. egeleza izimbotshana yabo neze thiya ukulahleka okukhulu kwamanzi futhi cishe akukho izakhamzimba. Iziphi ezinye izici nokwakheka kwezicubu kokuqhuba izitshalo? Biology (grade 6 esikoleni esiphakathi) futhi ngokucabangela conductance mutual Xylem izindonga. Ake uchaze.

Ukuba efanayo kule maqondana tracheids, xylem avumele ukugeleza kwamanzi ngokusebenzisa ikhule ezimbotsheni ezindongeni. Njengoba Ziningi lignin, banayo okusezingeni eliphezulu amandla mechanical, futhi ngakho-ke musa deform, ngaphezu kwalokho, cishe akukho ingozi breaking ngaphansi ukucindezela uketshezi kwezokwelapha. Nokho, siye kakade wakhuluma ukubaluleka ephakeme izici esasenza xylitol, sibonga ngalo izinkuni kwezinhlobo eziningi isihlahla libhekene amandla okusezingeni eliphezulu futhi kuyaqina.

Kuyinto eqinile futhi xylem kanyekanye nokunwebeka osikweleta amandla emikhunjini yabo lasendulo. Invisible kodwa eqinile izicubu conductive izitshalo ekwazi ukumelana eliphezulu eside zikaphayini insika, okuyinto akuvamile waphula ngisho ku eziphephweni ezinamandla kakhulu.

Conductive isakhiwo phloem

Cabanga izinto conductive, olutholakalayo kwezicubu phloem.

Okokuqala, ngesihlungo isakhiwo. Material procambium incurred itholakala ku phloem eyinhloko. Phawula ukuthi ekukhuleni enyameni ezungezile protofloema welulela ngokushesha, futhi ngemva kwalokho uyafa wetakhiwo futhi ngokuphelele uyayeka esebenza ngayo. Metafloema uqeda nokuvuthwa kwawo ngemva (!) Of kanjani ukukhula plant liyaphela.

Ezinye izici

Ngabe yini okunye kufanele wazi izici nokwakheka kwezicubu kokuqhuba izitshalo? Ibanga 7 secondary school kufanele utadishe, ngaphezu kwawo wonke la mazwi angenhla, futhi izici izakhiwo ngesihlungo kanye yabo nabangane-cells. Ake ubhale le ndaba imininingwane kancane ngaphezulu.

Ikakhulukazi isakhiwo isici ube izingxenye ngesihlungo izakhiwo. Okokuqala, umncane kakhulu cell izindonga, okuyinto zihlanganisa eziningi cellulose futhi pectin. Kulesi zinjalo kakhulu okusikhumbuza amaseli parenchyma. Okubalulekile! Ngokungafani yokugcina, ngesikhathi nokuvuthwa kula maseli singafi nucleus ngokuphelele futhi cytoplasm "Inciphisa", ekusatshalalisweni ungqimba elincanyana ohlangothini engaphakathi ulwelwesi cell. Isimanga siwukuthi kodwa ahlale ephila, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kuncike cell-nabangane (njengaleso phakathi sezinzwa astrocytes e ubuchopho izilwane).

Yiqiniso, lezi izici nokwakheka kwezicubu conductive izitshalo Libanga 6 ngokuvamile njengenkulumo, kodwa ziwusizo ukukwazi. Okungenani ukuze bamele okushiwo izinqubo ezenzeka emzimbeni isitshalo.

I ngesihlungo-amashubhu nomngane amaseli

Kanjalo. Izingxenye ngesihlungo isakhiwo kwakhiwa integrally, ngokuba ahlobene eduze. Companion cell uhlukile cytoplasm alo wakhe obukhulu kakhulu, iqukethe inqwaba mitochondria futhi ribosomes. Ungase usho ukuthi bake ukunikeza amandla nje kuphela ukuthi "umngane", kodwa futhi ingxenye ngesihlungo. Uma iseli kuyinto satellite ngasizathu simbe efa, kufa kanye wonke isakhiwo, okuyinto ehambisana nakho.

Sami ngesihlungo amashubhu zihlukaniswa kalula Ukwakheka yabo etholakala amapuleti ngesihlungo. Ngisho uma usebenzisa ababuthakathaka ukukhanya isibonakhulu bangakwazi uyobonakala kalula. Kukhona-ke endaweni lapho kwakhiwa isokhethi ngokuhlanganyela uphela zingxenye ezimbili. Kunengqondo ukuthi amarekhodi ncamashi inkambo ukukhula kakhulu kula masegmenti.

Nazi izinhlobo izinyanda semithambo

Ikhona yini ezinye izici isakhi kwezicubu kokuqhuba izitshalo? Izazi zezinto eziphilayo ukukholelwa labo ezinye zezici isakhiwo izinyanda semithambo, okuyinto thina chaza kafushane.

wathi izakhiwo zingatholakala kunoma yiziphi izitshalo ephakeme. Bayisibonelo uhlobo oluthile izintambo, okuyinto zitholakala kule izimpande, amahlumela amasha, kanye nezinye izingxenye, okuyinto ezikhulayo njalo. Isakhiwo lezi izinyanda zihlanganisa izitsha sekuxoxiwe izakhi ukwesekwa ngaphambili lokukhanda. iyunithi ngalinye kwesakhiwo inezingxenye ezimbili:

• Izinkuni Division. Siqukethe ukuqina semithambo yemisipha.
• Bast indawo. Siqukethe isakhiwo ngesihlungo futhi Imicu yotshani Bast.

Isikhathi esining impela imishayo kwakhiwa emhlabeni ungqimba zokuzivikela, esakhiwa ephilayo noma parenchymal efile amaseli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-isakhiwo yabo, zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili:

• Okugcwele - aqukethe xylem futhi phloem.
• Akuphelele - e isakhiwo yabo kuhlanganisa eyodwa kuphela yalezi kwezicubu.

Ukwahlukanisa izinyanda semithambo yeSiza

Okwamanje, akuve kuvamile ukuba yiyona ngezigaba esezingeni eziningi ukuthi uhlukanisa izinyanda semithambo e izinhlobo ezilandelayo:

• Ivaliwe, uhlobo eseduze.
• Ivaliwe, bikollateralnoy zilwane.
• uhlobo eyindilinga - engaphandle xylem.
• Enye umbono wangaphambili, lapho xylem - ngaphakathi.
• imishayo osabalalayo.

Ngokuvamile, kuba pheze lonke ulwazi kufanele wazi ekuhloleni izitshalo izindwangu conductive e yezifundo zezikole.