Sayan ukuphakama ezintabeni. Iphuzu esiphezulu we Sayan Izintaba

Mhlawumbe, abaningi abahambi yesimanje okungenani kanye empilweni wacabanga ngalokho kuba ukuphakama Sayan Mountains. Kungani kungase kube nesithakazelo? Ngokuvamile, kuba khona abangaphezu koyedwa incazelo, ebaluleke kunazo zonke okungase kubhekwe ilukuluku evamile nesifiso esisuka ngaphakathi uvakashele kunazo zonke amaphuzu kungenzeka, uma kungekhona ukuthi emhlabeni wonkana, ezweni lethu ubuncane.

Le ndatshana ihlose ukunitshela ngaloNkulunkulu endaweni ezimangalisayo ezindawo yezwe, njengoba Sayan Mountains. Umfundi uyofunda okuningi kokwaziswa ewusizo ngale ngxenye kufanele ukuthi izwe lethu elikhulu.

ulwazi olujwayelekile

Sayan Izintaba isithombe, okuyinto ingatholakala cishe kunoma iyiphi incwadi izifunda Russian Federation, sakhiwe imibuso emibili kuncike entabeni izinhlelo eningizimu eSiberia ngaphakathi Irkutsk Region, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Republic of Tyva, Khakassia kanye Buryatia, kanye ezisenyakatho Mongolia akhelene Republic of zaseTuva kanye Buryatia.

Izintaba zihlukaniswe ngokwendawo ku aseNtshonalanga Kapa kanye naseMpumalanga Sayan, ngamunye ephethe eziningi izici eziyingqayizivele yayo.

Ngokwesibonelo, ingxenye yaso esentshonalanga edlelana wamkhomba emikhulu ngaphandle glaciations, esemgwaqweni phakathi umcengezi intermountain. Ukuze esempumalanga iziqongo Mid-ejwayelekile kanye nokuncibilika kwezinguzunga zeqhwa.

Sayan Izintaba unempahla eningi emifuleni okuqondene Yenisei soMfula.

Nemithambeka embozwe ehlathini sezintaba, wedlula emathafeni ase-alpine. Phakathi entabeni izinhlelo kuyinto sebuningini ayimigodi bunjwa ezahlukene kanye nokujula. Omunye futhi elalidume kunawo wonke - Minusinsk Basin, lapho has a inombolo enkulu zemivubukulo. Ngokuvamile kungase kuqashelwe ukuthi le amplitude isilinganiso eziphakemeyo Eastern Sayan sihluke kakhulu inkomba ezifanayo emikhulu entshonalanga.

Lapho igama

Ososayensi bathi igama kulezi zindawo babe yokudumisa eponymous isizwe Turkic ukuthi ngahlala eSiberia, e sifinyelela engenhla River Yenisei and Oka.

kamuva Sayan ihlanganiswe ne ezinye izizwe entabeni, ezaba yingxenye yemiBhalo Republic zaseTuva abantu. kakhulu efanayo Iqembu yobuhlanga kwakungekaNkulunkulu izizwe Samoyed, futhi abameleli bakhe ngokuthi izintaba "Kegmen", kuyilapho Buryats ngibanikile nzima endlebeni yomuntu igama yesimanje - "Sardyk".

Mayelana nalesi sizwe zemihla yabo watshela Russian Cossacks Tyumenets and Petrov, owayevakashela e 1615 e okwazalelwa kuyo Altyn Khan. Ngaphezu kwalokho kumarekhodi travel Russian kakade ezintabeni yabalwa ngaphansi kwegama Sayani, iphuzu esiphezulu eye wathola kamuva, kuba 3491 m.

Izici zemfundo

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi kusukela iphuzu Geological umbono, kuba ezintabeni ngokulinganiswa ayemncane, okuyinto, ngokusho ososayensi, kwakunabamemezeli abacishe babe yizigidi ezingu-400. Eminyakeni eminingi edlule.

Basuke kumiswa rocks emidala kuhlanganise mlilo. Ngaphambi kumiswa zokhahlamba kwakukhona ulwandle, njengoba kufakazelwa izinsalela ezitholakele ulwelwe omile.

Kumiswa impumuzo entabeni iphutha bedle sezulu. Phakathi izintaba zaphakade glacial zagqitshwa izinguzunga zeqhwa ukuthi shift washintsha komhlaba, ukwakha iziqongo eziqondile izigodi emithambekeni emaweni. Ngemva ukufudumala zamaqhwa elicibilikile, ukugcwalisa emigodini eziningi futhi ayimigodi wokukhululeka - kukhona amachibi Lokudabuka glacial.

isikhundla ezindawo

Abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ukuphakama Sayan Izintaba akuyona njengoba abalulekile, ngakho akufanele ukunakekelwa okukhethekile. Ake sibone ukuthi lokhu eqinisweni, uwazi kangcono izici khona ngekwendzawo.

Ngokuvamile, lokhu phambili egqumeni Altaiskaya uhlelo entabeni silokhu sikhonza njengamaphayona esikhathi umngcele phakathi eChina naseRussia.

Izintaba aqukethe parallel entabeni uchungechunge ISIZINDA sixhumene. Nge Altaiskaya uhlelo entabeni Sayans exhumene backbone Shabin davan. Ngasenyakatho futhi enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye wenabisela Kaltanovsky yokhalo okuyinto abuts le Itemsky yokhalo osuka empumalanga eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Yenisei River owumthelela. Esikhathini eningizimu Kaltanovsky yokhalo uxhuma yasehlanzeni Omaytura. Ohlangothini mpumalanga kusukela yokhalo Shabin davan Sayans ihlukaniswe ngamaketanga amabili. Northern Sayan eyaziwa ngokuthi Cours-ehlathini naseNingizimu - Tuna-ehlathini.

Kusukela enyakatho Sayan Sosnovka enhla Kyzyn-sous isuka entabeni sangaleso uhlukanisa Kantegir River kanye Yenisei. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokusebenzisa Yenisei ezintabeni Sayan kuthatha amaketanga eziningana e enyakatho-mpumalanga.

emfuleni Ngokubabazekayo Yenisei eSiberia udabula izintaba ngamakhono ahlukahlukene, ngokuthi eWestern Sayan, ukwakha iqoqo imibundu.

On ibhange kwesokudla Yenisey entabeni ezihambayo ngokushelela emaqeleni Minusinsk wesifunda. Sayan izifunda legatsha kukhona amagama ahlukene. Ngu eduze eduze Yenissey Kyzyrsuksky yokhalo udala ndima emincane waterfall ezinamandla ezibizwa ngokuthi ama embundwini elikhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho sidlule phakathi emifuleni Kyzyr-Suk futhi Big Ou kuya ogwini Yenissei lapho Biryusinsk wesifunda is sehliselwe ukuphakama 1600 izinyawo.

Ngaphezu amagatsha amabili abe Sayan Ukhahlamba ehlukanisa emfuleni futhi Kazyr Kizira. Okulandelayo Agul sangaleso eya enyakatho futhi enyakatho-ntshonalanga kanti lihlukana emfuleni futhi Tagul Agul.

Yayinjani eliphakeme entabeni Sayan: izinganekwane kanye izinganekwane we Sayan Izintaba

Amandla amadwala cishe abutting ezulwini, njalo abe yisisulu ugqozi kanye nenhlonipho ethile ezizweni abahlala kulezi zindawo. Yingakho ngo-Izinganekwane bendawo ungakwazi ukuhlangabezana ezinganekwaneni eziningi kangaka abazinikezele kuleli nje sihloko. Ake ukubazi nabanye babo.

Ezikhathini zasendulo, onkulunkulu basezulwini ethunyelwe emhlabeni indodana yakhe Gesar ukulwa okubi. Ngalezo zinsuku, bonke onkulunkulu namaqhawe wahlala ezintabeni, futhi isihlalo sobukhosi Gesar waba sentabeni eliphakeme. iqhawe waseZulwini wokuqeda ukungabi nabulungisa futhi izilo, wenziwa Izenzo eziningi. amaqhawe alo akwazi waphendukela itshe futhi zaphambukela ezintabeni. Manje bebizwa Sayan, futhi ophakeme kunabo bonke kubo, owawungumnyaka sakhe sobukhosi - Munch-Sardyk. Iziqongo Sayan Izintaba zinamagama lasendulo futhi izulu izinganekwane. Abaningi babo zazakhiwe ngamatshe futhi izingodo okuthiwa "ukunakekelwa", noma indawo yokukhulekela, sihlabele-ke onkulunkulu.

Ngokuvamile, Geser - ungumuntu wasenganekwaneni, futhi abamkhulekela njengokuphela cishe zonke izizwe-Asia Ephakathi. Le nganekwane lokhu unkulunkulu iqukethe eziningi lelandzisako imijikelezo futhi ucasha cishe 22 000 imigqa. Lolu cwaningo uyaqhubeka nendumezulu iminyaka eyikhulu, kodwa kusekude phambili, ayikho idatha langempela. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi Geser kuyinto umlingiswa oqanjiwe, kanti abanye banombono wokuthi nendumezulu lunikezelwe uGenghis Khan. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi Gesar lihumusha ongumRoma "uKhesari" Isihloko (Caesar). Buryat Geseriade uhlola imfundiso yokuthi epics uvele ngaphambi kokuba azalwe. Kodwa abaningi oyikholelwayo ngokuthi isiko Geser isitshela indaba umholi wamasosha owaphila XI-XII eminyaka.

Izimfihlo nemikarisomraro ye igama

Okhokho Tuvan zanamuhla is a Turkic isizwe Soyots ukuthi wahlala esikhathini esidlule kanti ezintabeni sifinyelela engenhla emifuleni Yenisei and Oka. Ngokusho izazi zemvelaphi nenhlalo yabantu, "Soyot" libhekisela ubuningi igama elithi "Ngakho Yeon", futhi sinjalo lesi sizwe namanje ngokuthi Ngakho Yeon. Kamuva elithi ishintshe ibe Sayan. Izizwe okuthiwa entabeni "Kegmen", okusho ukuthi "isithiyo wasezulwini". Buryats lezi zintaba ngokuthi "Sardyk", okuyinto elihunyushwe ngokuthi "wezinhlamvu".

Ngokokuqala ngqá e-Sayan Izintaba watshela Russian Cossacks futhi Tyumenets Petrov, owayevakashela e 1615 ngesikhathi Altyn-Khan. Sayan kwaba umnqobi wokuqala Commissioner Okubelesela kokuhlola uhlu umngcele ezintabeni ophethe okuthunyelwe emngceleni kanye namamaki ku 1778-1780 biennium. ucwaningo Sayan owaqala ekhulwini XIX.

izici geological

West Sayan has a isakhiwo eligoqiwe futhi iyingxenye Caledonian yibhande Paleozoic Altai-Sayan esifundeni. It osuka eningizimu-ntshonalanga kuya enyakatho-mpumalanga ngesimo i lesiyingi, okuyinto iphahlwe nxazonke ngamaphutha. Isakhiwo sangaphakathi kungenxa eziyinkimbinkimbi ikhava-sharyazhnym uhlobo isakhiwo.

Uma zembula ndaba eyinkimbinkimbi futhi enezici, njengoba ukuphakama Sayan Izintaba, ingasaphathwa ukuthi uhlelo entabeni engxenyeni esentshonalanga ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye eziningana zomhlaba (North-Sayan, Tsentralnosayanskuyu, Boruss futhi Kurtushubinskuyu). ENyakatho Sayansky ibhande kuhlanganisa inhlabathi volcanosedimentary rocks Vendian-eCambria nge kwakwakhe ophiolite Melange esishintshashintshayo.

Ukuze Kurtushibinskogo futhi Boruss esishintshashintshayo ejwayelekile Lower Paleozoic quartzites futhi diabase nobumba-siliceous oluthambile futhi ultramafic amatshe. Lezi amadwala basonta Izingxube eziyinkimbinkimbi zomhlaba futhi sedimentary. Tsentralnosayansky ibhande siqukethe eziyinkimbinkimbi indlela okwakheke ngayo volcanogenic flyschoid Early egwadle Paleozoic enezingxenye eziningi. Ngenxa yalesi zone libhekene amaqoqo zomhlaba kanye nezinguquko okungajwayelekile yamadwala sedimentary. Liphinde ngezinye izikhathi isehlane eceleni Dzhebashskuyu zone kokuba ngaphezulu lasendulo (Riphean) umsuka esemgwaqweni engxenyeni esenyakatho West Sayans. It ubuswa ezishintshwe ezifakwa wentaba-mlilo nokubalela flysch.

Eastern Sayan lihlukaniswe kuncike eminyakeni yobudala bayo. Inyakatho-esempumalanga, elakhelene eningizimu-ntshonalanga endaweni yesikhulumi laseSiberia, kungokwalabo eminingi yasendulo (Precambrian) uhlobo, futhi eningizimu-ntshonalanga - kwencane (Caledonian) uthayipha. Eyokuqala siqukethe okushintshiwe rocks Precambrian, okuhlanganisa gneisses lasendulo futhi amphibolites. Central Derbinskoj anticline has a isakhiwo Encane rocks - schist, zemabula amphibolite. Southwest Sayans ingxenye yakhiwa amatshe mlilo kanye sedimentary. Enyakatho nasentshonalanga Eastern Sayan ayimigodi orogenic kwakhiwa, ehlanganisa wentaba-mlilo amatshe clastic.

Minerals ezintabeni

Uma ucabangela kabanzi inkolelo yokungafi ukuphakama, Sayan ayikwazi umelwe eyodwa isiqeshana into umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu. Kungani? Into wukuthi ingxenye yabo esisempumalanga eside futhi waphakama kunamazulu entshonalanga. Ngokwesibonelo, inani eliphakeme labangu-ingxenye yokuqala kunqoba kolwandle ukuba 3.491 m (iphuzu esiphezulu the Sayan Izintaba - Munch-Sardyk), kanti eyesibili -. 3121 kuphela m Yebo, futhi ubude empumalanga ngoba km 400 kunalawo atholakala ezihlalweni entshonalanga.

Nokho, naphezu kwalezi umehluko, ukubaluleka kwalesi afanayo ukuze umnotho wezwe lakithi kunzima overestimate. Iqiniso lokuthi isibalo sezinye izinhlobo ewusizo okwenzeka ukulandelanisa zabo, umxhwele ngempela.

E-West Sayan, kukhona idiphozithi yanoma iron, ithusi, igolide, asbestos chrysotile, molybdenum futhi tungsten imikhando. Umcebo eyinhloko yezimayini izidubedube - yensimbi kanye chrysotile asbestos. Nsimbi iphathelene hydrothermally metasomatic uhlobo ephathelene ne-gabbroides anda basicity futhi granites. asbestos Chrysotile lihlotshaniswa ultrabasites eCambria.

Eastern Sayan Izintaba, okuphakama kwawo evelele, imali ezaziwayo igolide, insimbi, aluminium, titanium ore nezinye izinsimbi ezingavamile, graphite, mica, Magnesite. Imali yensimbi emelelwa quartzite ferruginous, wentaba-mlilo-sedimentary hematite magnetite futhi magnetite imikhando. Aluminium imikhando ethulwa bauxite, sillimanite futhi urtite Proterozoic shales. Ngu agroores kukhona phosphate yesibili. Futhi lapha kukhona ezifakwa elincane contact-metasomatic phlogopite futhi pegmatite muscovite. Endaweni asebenza ngebhethri izinqolobane atholakala, graphite, jade, asbestos chrysotile limestone nezinto zokwakha.

Western Sayan

Le ndawo welula kuya enyakatho-mpumalanga e-Eastern Sayan, kusukela umthombo komfula Small Abakan kuya yizimbaxa emifula Kazyr futhi Uda. Iphuzu esiphezulu ugema kubhekwa Kyzyl ehlathini (3120 m) ukuthi kuyingxenye Sayansky Kwehlukanisa yokhalo.

Intaba landscape ejwayelekile sendawo alpine nge emithambekeni emaweni futhi placers olunzulu itshe. Intaba iphakama ezindaweni eziphakemeyo entshonalanga ukufinyelela afika ku 3000 m, empumalanga, zingabantu phansi 2000 m. Unyawo ka emithambekeni embozwe uphayini lezihlahla amahlathi, okuyizinto ngenhla ushintsho ebumnyameni ehlathini coniferous.

imikhakha Upper endaweni engamamitha 2000 m kukhona intaba ehlathini kanye namachibi glacial, cirques futhi moraines. On endaweni Western Sayan iyona Sayano-Shushenskaya Reserve.

Eastern Sayan Izintaba

Phezulu endaweni embozwe snows neze encibilika. Iphuzu esiphezulu Eastern futhi Sayans ngokwabo ezintabeni Sayan, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, intaba-Sardyk Munch (3490 m), okuyinto adjoined ithafa Okinskiy. Ithafa lapha embozwe alpine nezimfunda, amahlathi lezihlahla kanye entabeni emathafeni, kukhona nazo ushiyiwe ematsheni. Kumiswa central okuyingxenye is by umhlangano amabanga eziningana, kuba intaba ephakeme kunazo zonke (isiqongo elikhulu) has a ukuphakama 2980 m.

Topographers isiqongo (3044 m) wabelwa eliphakeme ngobukhulu. izinguzunga zeqhwa ezinkulu zitholakala iziqongo ezinkulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, e-Eastern Sayan Izintaba kukhona "isigodi-mlilo" enokulandelela womsebenzi mlilo, okuyinto ithafa mlilo. Kwakamuva lava kwekhabhoni cishe iminyaka 8,000 edlule. edumile emhlabeni "Stolby" egicna imvelo itholakala e-Eastern Sayan Mountains.

Yini ukubona esikhathini Sayan Izintaba

Uma sicabanga ngakho konke amaqiniso angenhla, akumangalisi ukuthi ukuphakama Sayan Izintaba edonsela abahambi eziningi kangako ezivela emakhoneni ezahlukene wonke. Wonke umuntu ufuna ukuba nomuzwa wokuthi ingxenye into enkulu futhi elikhulu.

Nokho, lapha beckons hhayi ukuphakama kuphela, Sayan ezintabeni babe esiyingqayizivele ehlathini landscapes amachibi Glacial, nezimpophoma nemifula, ukudala namathafa esiyingqayizivele.

Le ndawo akude kakhulu futhi unpopulated sezintaba kubhekwe emaphakathi Sayan (Tofalariya). Phakathi Western Sayan ehlathini kufihlwe yemvelo "Stone Town" lapho amadwala zifane izinsalela izinqaba lasendulo nezinqaba. Eastern Sayan eyaziwa Shumak imithombo yamanzi amtoti futhi 'kwesigodi kwezintaba-mlilo.'

Ikakhulukazi endaweni enhle Munch-Sardyk nge Oka ithafa ngoJulayi, lapho izintaba zimbozwe amatshe ezimibalabala poppy, rhododendron, Edelweiss, impande yegolide kanye nezinye izitshalo. Kukhona ezihosheni eziningi, imifula, amachibi nemifula, atholakala amaphiva futhi musk. Nature Munch-Sardyk cishe yindoda. Sam Ridge isendaweni emngceleni ophakathi Russia nase Mongolia, kanye ukuvakashelwa kule ndawo kungenzeka kuphela imvume isevisi umngcele, kungenjalo ukuphakama ezintabeni Sayan kungaba bakuchazayo ngabantu bangaphandle kuphela.