Yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo ne kwesakhiwo ifomula methane

ifomula Yamamolekhula, takhi electronic methane zisekelwe imfundiso yokuziphendukela isakhiwo organic compounds Butlerov. Ngaphambi kokubhala lezi amafomula, siqala nge kwebalingisi emfushane hydrocarbon.

methane Izici

Le into kuyinto kuqhume, futhi ibizwa nangokuthi i "marsh" igesi. Iphunga ethile hydrocarbon nokukhawulela laziwe kubo bonke. Inqubo omlilo of ishiywe yizici zamakhemikhali ingozi emzimbeni womuntu. Lokho methane ngokuzimisela ukwakheka Isivuvu.

izakhiwo

Omele lokuqala chungechunge homologous ka alkanes kutholwe ososayensi emkhathini Titan ne-Mars. Sikhishwe yokuthi i-methane ahlanganiswa ukuba khona izinto eziphilayo uvele hypothesis bokuba khona ukuphila kulezi amaplanethi. On Saturn, i-Jupiter, Neptune, Uranus, i-methane umkhiqizo uvele processing njengoba amakhemikhali izinto Lokudabuka wezinto ezingaphili. Uma uyikha phezulu le kuyiplanethi yethu kwayo okuqukethwe ongaphakeme.

izici Jikelele

Methane ayinakho umbala, kuba alula kakhulu kunomoya emoyeni cishe kabili, kuyinto kahle oncibilikayo emanzini. Ukwakheka igesi yemvelo lemali ifinyelela abangamaphesenti angu-98. I uwoyela odlulayo igesi iqukethe kusuka 30 kuya kumaphesenti angu-90 i-methane. Ngo-methane kakhudlwana livela begazi.

Ungulates ezidla uhlaza izimbuzi izinkomo ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana ukucutshungulwa e izisu amagciwane lemali kunalokho abalulekile e-methane. Phakathi imithombo ebalulekile yochungechunge homologous ka alkanes khetha emaxhaphozini, umuhlwa, gqwa igesi yemvelo isitshalo okuthiwa i-photosynthesis. Ngezinye ukuthola izinsalela ze-methane emhlabeni, sikwazi ukukhuluma ukuphila wakhe omzalayo.

Izindlela ukulungiswa

Enemininingwane ifomula kwesakhiwo methane kuwubufakazi bokuthi e-molecule ayo kuphela ayegcwele izibopho olulodwa kwakhiwa hybrid amafu. Engeziwe ukulungiselela embodiments laboratory hydrocarbon inothi alloying nge okuqinile sodium acetate ne alikhali, kanye nokuxhumana aluminiyamu Carbide ngamanzi.

Solid methane ilangabi bluish, kuyilapho egcizelela oda 39 MJ ngalinye imitha cubic. ingxube Iziqhumani wakha into emoyeni. I esiyingozi kakhulu i-methane, ikhishwe ngesikhathi ezimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba imali amaminerali ezimayini entabeni. ingozi High yokuqhuma methane namalahle lokuhlomulisa futhi briquetting izitshalo, kanye nezimboni ukuhlunga.

umphumela bokuphila

Uma iphesenti methane umoya 5 kuya 16 amaphesenti, zihlangana nomoya-mpilo kungenziwa luvutha methane. Endabeni ka nokwanda okuphawulekayo ingxube chemical kwandisa amathuba ukuqhuma.

Uma emakamu emoyeni we alkane singamaphesenti angu-43, kuyimbangela yokungawutholi umoya.

Nge ijubane ukuqhuma Lokusakaza amamitha ngomzuzwana 500 kuya 700. Uma i-methane iyathintwa uma kukhona umthombo ukushisa, alkane ukuthungela inqubo kwenzeka abanye bayalibala ukwenza.

Kwakukuleli ukukhiqizwa impahla ngokusekelwe yokuqhuma-ubufakazi izinto zikagesi neze ukuphepha izingxenye alufakwa.

Njengoba methane kakhulu esitebeleni thermally hydrocarbon ayegcwele, it is kabanzi njengendlela uphethiloli ezimbonini nasemizini futhi liyasetshenziswa njengendlela material oluyigugu iluhlaza zamakhemikhali zamagama. Ifomula isakhi ETHYL-Tri-methane ephawula izici isakhi amalungu alesi sigaba of hydrocarbon.

Ngo inqubo yokusabela chemical chlorine ukwenekwa emisebeni ultraviolet kungase zimiswe imikhiqizo eziningana ukuphendula. Kuye inani indaba kokuqala kungenzeka endaweni ukuthola chloromethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride.

Uma amandla omlilo akuphelele methane kwakhiwa umule. kwakhiwa formaldehyde is esimweni namachibi okhanda amanye amathuba. Yokugcina ukuphendula mkhiqizo carbon disulfide isibabule.

Izakhiwo isakhiwo methane

Kuyini ifomula ayo kwesakhiwo? Methane libhekisela hydrocarbon ayegcwele kokuba ifomula jikelele C _n H _{2N + 2.} Cabanga ethile-molecule kumiswa ukuchaza kwakhiwa kanjani ifomula kwesakhiwo is.

Methane yakhiwa eyodwa carbon athomu futhi ama-athomu amane hydrogen ahlanganiswa ndawonye yi-covalent isibopho dipole okwamanje. Thina achaze uhlaka esekelwe kwesakhiwo amafomula carbon ama-athomu.

Buka hybridization

Isakhiwo kwezendawo methane libhekene isakhiwo tetrahedral. Kusukela ngaphandle ngesikhathi Valence electron carbon ezine, ama-electron ushintsho kwenzeka ku Ukushisa athomu nge yesibili s-orbitals ku p. Ngenxa yalokho, the last amandla ezingeni ngesikhathi carbon elise ezine ayibhangqiwe ( "mahhala") i-electron. ifomula Okugcwele kwesakhiwo methane kusekelwe yokuthi ukwakheka kwamafu ezine hybrid okuyinto kuthambekele emkhathini i-engela 109 degrees imizuzu 28, ukwakha isakhiwo Tetrahedron. Ngaphezu kwalokho kukhona agqagqene vertices amafu hybrid ne-non-hybrid ama-athomu amafu hydrogen.

ifomula Okugcwele kwesakhiwo ne-methane olujiyile ihlangabezana ngokugcwele Butlerova theory. Phakathi carbon ne-hydrogen amafomu alula (owodwa) isibopho, ukuze zamakhemikhali akuzona uxhumano ejwayelekile.

Ngezansi ifomula oyinhloko kwesakhiwo. Methane - omele lokuqala ekilasini hydrocarbon ayegcwele, it has izakhiwo ejwayelekile nomkhawulo alkane. Bezakhiwe ifomula E ne-methane uqinisekise uhlobo hybridization carbon athomu kuleli udaba eziphilayo.

Kusukela Yiqiniso esikoleni i-chemistry

Lesi sigaba hydrocarbon, ummeleli okuyinto "ixhaphozi igesi", wafunda ngokuhamba 10 ekilasini esikoleni esiphakeme. Ngokwesibonelo, izingane ezihlongozwayo umsebenzi elandelayo uhlamvu: "Bhala amafomula kwesakhiwo methane". Kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi kuphela ukumisa enemininingwane kwesakhiwo salokhu ukuthi uketshezi lolu edwetshwe Butlerova theory.

ifomula yakhe mfushane Kuyokwenziwa okufanayo njengoba yamangqamuzana, yalotshwa njengezingoma zohlobo oluthile of CH4. Ngaphansi kwamazinga imfundo entsha kahulumeni ukuthi eziphoqelelwe uxhumano ne kabusha imfundo Russian eziyisisekelo-chemistry Yiqiniso zonke izindaba eziphathelene izici amakilasi izinto eziningi eziphilayo, baqonde ukubhekwa.

zamagama zezimboni

izinqubo methane ezisekelwe zezimboni esibaluleke kangaka chemical ingxenye zenzelwe njengoba acetylene. Ngesisekelo kwemifantu ezishisayo noma kagesi kwaba ngokunembile ifomula ayo kwesakhiwo. Methane ku namachibi okhanda amanye amathuba ammonia ukwakha hydrocyanic acid.

Sebenzisa le izinto eziphilayo ukwenziwa zamagama igesi. Ngendlela esisabela nge umusi, nenye i-carbon monoxide ne-hydrogen, okuyizinto izinto zokusetshenziswa for umkhawulo ukukhiqizwa of alcohols monohydric, carbonyl compounds.

Okubaluleke kakhulu yiyona ukuphendula nitric acid, okuholela nitromethane.

Ukusetshenziswa njengoba motor fuel

Ngenxa yokushoda imithombo yemvelo hydrocarbon, kanye phansi ka imithombo yendalo, ikakhulukazi udaba olufanele ezihlobene ucinge entsha (okunye) imithombo nophethiloli. Omunye khetho ezinjalo kuba biodiesel, ezazihlanganisa khona ne-methane.

Banikezwe umehluko kwabantu phakathi uphethiloli uphethiloli kanye ilungu lokuqala ekilasini alkanes, zikhona izici ezithile e isicelo yayo njengendlela umthombo wamandla for imoto izinjini. Ukuze ugweme isidingo baphathe nenani elikhulu i-methane, by kokucindezelwa ukwandisa kwabantu bayo (ngaphansi kwengcindezi of mayelana 250 eziphindwe). Methane agcinwe esimweni kuncibilike amasilinda efakwe kule moto.

Ukuchayeka emkhathini

Sesixoxile kakade ngemibhalo yokuthi i-methane kunemtselela kwamagesi abamba ukushisa emkhathini. Uma degree of isenzo we-carbon monoxide (4) phezu sezulu evamile kuthathwe izinto ngobunye, khona-ke ingxenyenamba 'marsh igesi' kuyinto amayunithi 23. Kule minyaka engamakhulu amabili eyalandela, ososayensi baye baphawula ukwanda okukhulu okuqukethwe ambalwa methane Umkhathi.

Okwamanje, isamba silinganisiwe _CH4 balinganiselwa ku izingxenye 1.8 ngamunye million. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi lesi sibalo kancane izikhathi 200 kunokuba khona-carbon dioxide, kukhona ingxoxo phakathi ososayensi mayelana sengcupheni yokukhiqiza ukudoba ukushisa esikhishwa iplanethi.

Ngenxa calorific esihle 'marsh igesi' isetshenziswa hhayi nje njengomuntu feedstock ekufezeni zamagama ngamakhemikhali, kodwa futhi njengoba umthombo energy.

Ngokwesibonelo, i-methane usebenza ezihlukahlukene boilers igesi ngamalahle, amakholomu, eyenzelwe umuntu Ukushisa izinhlelo emakhaya abo nasemaHholo Cottages zwe.

Okunjalo self-Ukushisa inketho kuzuzisa kakhulu for abanikazi bezindlu, akuhlobene ingozi, ehlelekile ezenzeka eyodwa bafudumale izinhlelo. Ngenxa gas okokubilisa ezisebenza yohlobo olunikeziwe uphethiloli, kwanele imizuzu 15-20 ukuze ukufudumeza ngokugcwele indlu ezimbili storey.

isiphetho

Methane, takhi amafomula yamangqamuzana okuye letinikwe lapha ngenhla, umthombo engokwemvelo amandla. Ngenxa yokuthi ke kuhlanganisa kuphela carbon ne-hydrogen athomu, kwemvelo ukuqaphela ukuphepha kwemvelo hydrocarbon ayegcwele.

Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile (air lokushisa 20 degrees Celsius futhi ukucindezela 101325 Pa) ayinto kuyinto gaseous, non-enobuthi, amanzi zingaxazululeki.

Uma izinga lokushisa emoyeni sehliselwe -161 degrees, kuba methane ecindezeleke ukuthi kabanzi embonini.

Methane kunemtselela empilweni yomuntu. Akukhona into enobuthi, kodwa kuyinto igesi angafi. Kukhona ngisho imikhawulo (i-MAC) kokuqukethwe chemical emkhathini.

Ngokwesibonelo, bayosebenza ezimayini avunyelwe kuphela ezimweni lapho imali ayeqi ngalinye imitha cubic ukuze angu-300. Ukuhlaziya izici isakhiwo sendaba organic kungenzeka ukuba baphethe ngokuthi ezifuze izakhiwo wamakhemikhali nezibulala ngokomzimba nazo zonke ezinye amalungu esigaba of elihlale (umkhawulo) hydrocarbon.

Thina baye bacubungula ifomula kwesakhiwo, isakhiwo kwezendawo methane. uchungechunge Homologous oqala "marsh igesi" ine jikelele yamangqamuzana ifomula C _n H _{2N + 2.}