Kuphi futhi nini yasungulwa neziqhumane?

Kuwo wonke umlando wesintu kwakukhona izinto eziningi ezafika, okwaba ngokuphelele inkambo yomlando e izikhathi ezithile. Kodwa ezimbalwa zinenani ngezinga elingelikhulu kwamaplanethi. Ukusungulwa kwe-zifana neziqhumane, ibhekisela ngokuqondile a ukutholakala ezifana ezingavamile, okwakunginika umfutho omkhulu ukuvela nokuthuthukiswa amagatsha amasha isayensi umkhakha. Ngakho-ke, wonke umuntu ofundile kufanele wazi lapho yasungulwa neziqhumane, izwe kulo kuqala isetshenziselwe izinjongo wezempi.

Ingemuva ukubukeka neziqhumane

isikhathi eside akazange adele mpikiswano mayelana lapho yasungulwa neziqhumane. Abanye bathi le iresiphi Chinese ezivuthayo impahla, amanye ayenomuzwa wokuthi kwakungenandaba ukuthi yasungulwa elandelwa abantu baseYurophu kanye kuphela ukusuka lapho waya Asia. Kunzima enyakeni owodwa ukukusho uma yasungulwa neziqhumane, kodwa kufanele sithathwe njengehlelo okwazalelwa kuyo China ngokucacile.

abahambi ezingavamile, ivaleleke China Ephakathi, kwasho bendawo abathanda imibuthano exokozelayo, ephelezelwa ukuqhuma engavamile futhi elikhulu kakhulu. IsiShayina ngokwabo lesi senzo kumnandi, kodwa baseYurophu ephefumulelwe kwesaba. Empeleni lokhu kwakungeyona powder, kodwa nje bamboo amahlumela, iphonswe emlilweni. Ngemva amalahle umoba wavele nge umsindo ehlukile, okuyinto sifana kakhulu umdumo wezulu.

Umthelela amahlumela eziqhumayo bamdela kucabanga izindela Chinese, waqala ukuhlola ku ukudalwa izinto ezinjalo kusukela izithako zemvelo.

Umlando eyasungulwa

Kunzima ukusho ukuthi ngonyaka we-Chinese yasungulwa neziqhumane, kodwa kukhona ulwazi isivele ekhulwini lesithupha, amaShayina babeyazi ingxube izingxenye eziningana, elivutha ilangabi elikhanyayo.

Palm e kokusungulwa neziqhumane ngokufanelekile kungokwalabo izindela amathempeli Taoist. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona eziningi alchemy ababeka njalo bazama ukudala i elixir ukungafi. Bahlanganisa izinto ezahlukene ngezabelo obuhlukahlukene, enethemba olulodwa ukuthola inhlanganisela kwesokudla. Abanye ababusi yamaShayina yayihlaba kwencika esindayo kulezi izidakamizwa, babephupha bakwazi ukuthola ukuphila okuphakade, futhi akusho bayakugwema ukusebenzisa Izingxube enobungozi. Phakathi nekhulu lesishiyagalolunye indela wabhala indatshana echaza cishe zonke elixirs eyaziwa nezindlela ukusetshenziswa yabo. Kodwa leso akusona ukuphela ezibaluleke kakhulu - imigqa embalwa ye indatshana okukhulunywa elixir esiyingozi ngokungazelelwe lolo yalo ivuthe umlilo e ezandleni alchemy noma kumzwise ubuhlungu Amazing. Ukucisha amalangabi kuhlulekile, washisa yonke indlu imizuzu embalwa. Kuyinto lezi idatha Ungabeka iphuzu fat sokungezwani njengoba lokho ngonyaka nalapho neziqhumane yasungulwa.

Nakuba kuze kube leshumi nanye neziqhumane ekhulwini eChina hhayi ngobuningi. Ukuze phezulu kwekhulu weshumi nambili kwakukhona azibhala eziningana Chinese ezinemininingwane incazelo powder kanye emakamu adingekayo izingxenye amandla omlilo. Kumele sicacise ukuthi lapho yasungulwa neziqhumane, wayengumuntu ezivuthayo futhi ayikwazanga qhumisa.

Ukwakheka powder

Ngemva kokusungulwa neziqhumane izindela wachitha iminyaka eminingi ku kwencazelo isilinganiso ekahle yezingxenye. Ngemva kokuzama kaningana uvele ingxube ngokuthi "umlilo Potion" futhi ehlanganisa carbon, isibabule nitrate. It is ingxenye yokugcina isibe lunqume ekusunguleni ezweni kokusungulwa neziqhumane. Iqiniso ukuthi nitrate thola ngokwemvelo kunzima, kodwa eChina ke okweqa ezinkulu enhlabathini. Kukhona amacala lapho kuvela ubuso bomhlaba olumhlophe enamathela ukushuba ngamasentimitha bebathathu. AmaShayina athile Cook ungeze nitrate e ukudla ukuthuthukisa palatability esikhundleni usawoti. Baye njalo waphawula ukuthi nitrate ngokufaka umlilo okubangelwa flash egqamile futhi sithuthukisa amandla omlilo.

On the izakhiwo sulphur namaTao wayazi isikhathi eside, it livame ukusetshenziswa ukugxila, okuyinto izindela babizwa ngokuthi "imilingo." elementi Kugcine powder - amalahle bezilokhu ezisetshenziswa emasimini ukukhiqiza ukudla ekushiseni amandla omlilo. Ngakho-ke akumangalisi ukuthi lezi izinto ezintathu ziyisisekelo neziqhumane.

Ukusetshenziswa obunokuthula neziqhumane e China

Ngesikhathi lapho neziqhumane yasungulwa, amaShayina cha fanele bono kanjani benza ukutholakala enkulu. izakhiwo yemilingo "Potion somlilo", banquma ukusebenzisa izindwendwe ezimibalabala. Umsizi baba isici esiyisisekelo ama-crackers, iziqhumane. Through inhlanganisela efanele izithako e ingxube emoyeni landizela izinkulungwane izibani ukuthi aguqulwa udwendwe emgwaqweni ku into ekhethekile.

Kodwana ungacabangi ukuthi ukuba yasungulwa esinjalo, isiShayina abaqondi ukubaluleka yayo ezindabeni zezempi. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi eChina Ephakathi kwakungekhona umqali wayesemathuneni ubujamo bokuvikela njalo imingcele yayo. ngezikhathi ezithile izizwe eziseduze ayimizulane ahlasela Chinese umngcele wesifundazwe, kanye kokusungulwa neziqhumane kwadingeka kakhulu. Ngosizo amaShayina isikhathi eside ukuhlanganisa isikhundla salo esifundeni Asian.

Umsizi: ukusetshenziswa lokuqala Chinese izinjongo lempi

Sekuyisikhathi eside AbaseYurophu babekholelwa ukuthi Chinese azisetshenziswa neziqhumane ngezinjongo ezempi. Kodwa eqinisweni lezi idatha eyiphutha. Kunobufakazi ebhaliwe ukuthi njengoba Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesithathu, omunye ojenene ezidumile Chinese wakwazi ukunqoba izizwe abayimizulane kanye neziqhumane. Yena bayengelwa isitha ensungubezini ewumngcingo, lapho i-pre-amacala avulwa. Ayeyisizwe Friend izitsha zobumba egcwele neziqhumane nensimbi. Lawa kwakungamadodana ngoqalo afuthwe ngesibulali izintambo grey. Lapho amaShayina isethi umlilo kuwo, A Sound Okuduma, ngokuphindaphindiwe kubonakala canyon izindonga. Kusukela phansi imihambuma aphonswe namagade emhlabeni, amatshe kanye izingcezu metal. Ingozi embi ophoqelelwe laba bahlaseli ukuze ushiye eside umngcele izifundazwe of China.

Kusukela nanye ekhulwini nantathu Chinese ngcono engaba alo ezempi ngosizo neziqhumane. Bona usungula izikhali ezintsha. Izitha imtholile fireballs, ezicitshwayo umkhankaso kusukela ngoqalo nezibhamu, umkhankaso kusuka catapult. Ngenxa "Potion somlilo 'yayo Chinese sekukhona enqobile kusuka cishe zonke izimpi, futhi inkazimulo izinto engavamile kulo lonke izwe.

Umsizi eshiya China: ama-Arabhu kanye amaMongol aqale ukwenza neziqhumane

Emhlabeni nantathu neziqhumane ekhulwini iresiphi wawela ezandleni ama-Arabhu, futhi amaMongol. Kokunye legends Arab intshontshiwe indatshana lapho amalahle bekulokhu incazelo eningiliziwe olinganise isibabule nitrate, adingekayo ukuze ingxube esiphelele. Ukuze bathole lokhu umthombo eziyigugu ulwazi, ama-Arabhu Wabhubhisa sezindela entabeni.

Akwaziwa ukuthi lokhu kwaba, kodwa Kulo lelo khulu leminyaka Arabhu eyakhelwe isibhamu okokuqala nge amagobolondo of neziqhumane. Wayengumngane ngempela abangaphelele futhi ngokuvamile abagogekile amasosha ngokwabo, kodwa umphumela izikhali ngokucacile ehlanganiswa ukulahleka komuntu.

"Umlilo YesiGreki": powder WaseByzantium

Ngokusho izincwadi zomlando, abantu Arabhu neziqhumane iresiphi wafika waseByzantium. Endaweni kancane alchemy abasebenze Ukwakheka futhi baqala basebenzisa ingxube ezivuthayo, ngokuthi "umlilo YesiGreki". Liye lazibonakalisa ngempumelelo ngokwayo bevikela umuzi, lapho umlilo ngisazindla kusukela amapayipi bacishe bayifunda yonke imikhumbi lesitha.

Akwaziwa ukuthi yayiyingxenye 'umlilo YesiGreki ". iresiphi sakhe kugcinwa kuyimfihlo zigadiwe, kodwa abacwaningi basikisela ukuthi baseByzantium esetshenziswa sulphur, uwoyela, nitrate, resin namafutha.

Umsizi eYurophu: owasungula?

Kwaphela isikhathi eside ukubukeka ibangelwa of neziqhumane eYurophu kwakubhekwa Rodzher Bekon. Esikhathini Maphakathi nekhulu nantathu, kwaba European ngowokuqala ukuchazela encwadini wonke zokupheka neziqhumane. Kodwa incwadi yabethelwa, bese usebenzisa kwakungenakwenzeka. Uma ufuna ukwazi ukuthi ubani owasungula neziqhumane e-Europe, impendulo yombuzo wakho indaba Bertolda Shvartsa.

Wayengumuntu indela futhi wafundelwa alchemy ukuze kuzuze Order of Franciscans. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu weshumi nane, wasebenza phezu kwencazelo olinganise imfuyo carbon, isibabule saltpeter. Ngemva eziningi ucwaningo, wayekwazi ukuzikhuthaza ugqule esigqulweni futhi izakhi ezidingekayo ku ingxenye okwanele lolo ukuqhuma. Blast Wave cishe wathumela monk ekukhanyeni. Kodwa indlela yakhe kwakuyisiqalo enkathini entsha e-Europe - inkathi nezibhamu.

Imodeli lokuqala "labadubuli nosimende" athuthukile zonke Schwartz esifanayo, okuyiwona wayeboshiwe ngenjongo ekusithekeni. Kodwa-monk sika yeba ngasese ayiswa eJalimane, lapho aqhubeka khona ucwaningo yakhe ngcono nezibhamu. Yini yaphela ukuphila kwakhe indela eziyibonayo, ayikaziwa. Ngokusho kwenye inguqulo, ke yasha oku emgqonyeni neziqhumane, komunye, wafa ngokuphepha lapho sesigugile kakhulu. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi laliyini, kodwa powder wanika abantu baseYurophu ithuba elikhulu, okuyinto abazange behluleka ukusizakala.

Ukufika kombuso neziqhumane eRussia

Ngeshwa, engafakwanga imithombo ukuthi zaziyokukhanyisa ngomlando ukuvela neziqhumane eRussia. Le nguqulo ethandwa kakhulu kubhekwa zokweboleka kadokotela kuqhume kusukela baseByzantium. Ngakho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi empeleni - ayaziwa, kodwa powder eRussia ngokuthi "Potion", futhi wayenedumela ukungaguquguquki powder-like. Ngokokuqala ngqá isibhamu esasetshenziswa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu weshumi nane, ngesikhathi evimbezela eMoscow Khan Tokhtamysh. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi isibhamu akazange zinamandla amakhulu futhi elimazayo. Zazisetshenziswa ukwesabisa isitha, futhi amahhashi, okuyinto nomusi ukubhonga elahlekile orientation emkhathini, lapho owahlanyela khona ukwethuka phakathi kwababusi abashayayo.

Ngu nesishiyagalolunye neziqhumane ekhulwini ngaba evame kakhulu, kodwa iminyaka yayo "segolide" zazisekhona phambili.

Recipe of ongenantuthu powder: owasungula?

Ukuphela yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye kwaphawulwa kokusungulwa zokuguqulwa entsha neziqhumane. Kuyadingeka ukucacisa ukuthi amashumi eminyaka, abasunguli baye bazama ukuthuthukisa ingxube nophethiloli. Ngakho lapho izwe yasungulwa neziqhumane ngaphandle intuthu? Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi eFrance. Umsunguli ngakwazi ukuthola isitifiketi sokuba Vielle pyroxylin powder kokuba isakhiwo esiqinile. Icala lakhe wadala furore, izinzuzo izinto ezintsha ngokushesha imakwe ngamasosha. Okubizwa ngokuthi ongenantuthu neziqhumane saba nethonya elikhulu, akazange ashiye idiphozi futhi waze washisa. ERussia eyamukelwa ngalo eminyakeni emithathu kamuva kuka eFrance. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaqambi basebenzé ngokuzimela.

Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva , u-Alfred Nobel ezihlongozwayo ukusetshenziswa ekwakheni ama-amagobolondo nitroglycerin powder nge izici ezintsha ngokuphelele. Kamuva emlandweni neziqhumane babenegunya zokuguqulwa nokuthuthukiswa, kodwa ngamunye wabo yayihloselwe yokubangela ukufa olude.

Kuze kube namuhla, amasosha, abaqambi abasebenza kanzima ukwakha izinhlobo ezintsha ebezingekho neziqhumane. Kwazi bani, mhlawumbe ngosizo lwakhe esikhathini esizayo, bona kakhulu ukushintsha umlando wesintu isikhathi esingaphezu kwesisodwa.