Umsuka: isakhiwo impande. Izinhlobo izimpande (biology)

Omunye izingxenye ezibalulekile kakhulu isitshalo kuyimpande. Liqinisekisa ukusebenza evamile izihlahla, utshani, izihlahla kanye ngisho nezimila yasemanzini. Ngokuvamile ingxenye aboveground zezitshalo - nje kuwukusika elijikayo. Iningi ke kungenziwa akhiwe ngaphansi komhlaba. Akwenzekanga ngephutha ukuthi izimpande zinhle kangaka ngoba inikezwa umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu. Ake sihlolisise ngesikhathi izici ezimangalisayo emhlabeni simila.

izimpande

Izimpande isitshalo ngasinye afeze uhla imisebenzi, okuyinto ingase ihluke kwezinhlobo zezinhlanzi, kodwa ezimweni eziningi lezi imisebenzi ngoba izihlahla kanye nozakwabo ezincane okufanayo. Izimpande izihlahla nezinye isitshalo aboveground vumela ukuba igcinwe sesimweni uqotho ukumelana nomoya nezilwane. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi izihlahla ezinkulu ngenxa isisindo sabo futhi ukuphakama. Uhlelo impande izitshalo emanzini kuyabasiza ukuba banamathele phansi, futhi kuvimbela ukudluliselwa abanye babo.

Omunye umsebenzi we izimpande - ukudla. Bona zikwazi ukumunca amanzi namaminerali enhlabathini futhi bahambe nabo ezindaweni kwesokudla. Futhi synthesize acid ezithile acid, alkaloids, nezinye izakhi ezidingekayo yizimila. Ezinye izitshalo ngokuvamile yezikhali izakhi ngqo izimpande (ikakhulukazi isitashi ube nezinye carbohydrate). Futhi ungakhohlwa ngezinto ezifana mycorrhiza - isitshalo Symbiosis ne isikhunta. Indima ebalulekile udlala ke impande. Isakhiwo impande wukuthi ezinye izitshalo nokuzala nalo - impande amaswidi.

izinhlobo izimpande

Kuye lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti, okuyinto eliyifa lawo, kunezinhlobo ezahlukene izimpande. Eyokuqala - main. It okuvela embewini lapho ukuhluma ikhula ngqo, ukuba ngaleso sikhathi babe eksisi eyinhloko lonke uhlelo impande. Ngaphezu impande main kukhona okhonzile. Basuke kwakhiwa kusuka ezihlukahlukene izindawo - kwi neziqu, ngezinye izikhathi amaqabunga, futhi kwezinye izimo ngisho imibala. Omunye umbono - izimpande lateral. Zivela izimpande main noma adventitious kanye namagatsha emaceleni, ukwakha amahlumela kanye fresh.

I izinhlelo impande

Zonke izimpande, okuyinto eye isitshalo yakha uhlelo impande. Kuye izindima izimpande ezahlukene empilweni womkhosi wawo, kunezinhlobo ezimbili izinhlobo zezimiso - core kanye fibrous. Eyokuqala izici okugxile impande main bukhule kakhulu uye wakwenza ngokuzimisela. Kulesi hlobo core induku eba kakhulu ngempumelelo aminingi ukudlula lateral. Nokho, lo mehluko kungabonwa ikakhulukazi esigabeni sokuqala sokukhula. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izimpande lateral uqale sisondela ngokungenakuvinjelwa dlula sabafowabo main, kuyilapho izitshalo asebekhulile ngisho nangaphezu kwalabo abangamashumi main. Uhlelo core libhekene nezimo ngokuyinhloko izitshalo dicotyledonous.

Uhlobo lwesibili zihlukaniswa ikakhulukazi okuphambene induku impande. uhlelo okunjalo kwezinkolo kubizwa ngokuthi fibrous. Kuyinto ejwayelekile monocots futhi ukuhlukanisa imitjhwana yazo eminingi nokuthola amagatsha side, ugcwalise esingezansi simila. Kulokhu, impande main ngokuvamile ampofu noma cishe ezibalulwa kanjena ngokufanele.

Umsuka. Isakhiwo impande

impande ngayinye ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye eziningana, ngayinye yaba unesibopho izici zayo siqu esiyingqayizivele. Enye yezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu - sokuhlukanisa ndawo. Itholakala emaphethelweni impande ngamunye futhi unesibopho ekukhuleni kwayo ubude. Lapha njalo nokuzala inqwaba amaseli encane. inqubo olunjalo olwenza abantu ingxenye impande ukwenza umsebenzi elula. Kodwa uhlukanisa endaweni kuyize ngaphandle cap impande, esemgwaqweni ekupheleni emgogodleni ngamunye. Kuyinto izingqimba intergrown amaseli, uhlukanisa amaseli ukuvikela umonakalo lokukhanda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, cap impande ihlukanisa uhlobo slime ikhuthaza izimpande enhlabathini.

impande Landelayo ingxenye - esisuka zone. Itholakala ngaphandle nje division endaweni futhi lubonakala ngalolo amaseli zalo sanda, nakuba bengakutholanga iyivelakancane ngokuphelele ukuqoqwa inqubo. Khona-ke kukhona indawo ukuncela - yindawo lapho amanzi idwetshwa enhlabathini nokumbiwa izinto. Lokhu kungenxa inqwaba izinwele ezincane ezimboze kule ndawo. Bona ukwandisa inani ukumuncwa ndawo. Kulokhu, unwele ngalunye uba futha, abancela inhlabathi konke kuyadingeka. Khona-ke kukhona endaweni yokugcina, unesibopho ukuthuthwa amanzi amaminerali up. Futhi, lapha, makehle izakhi obangela msebenzi obalulekile kohlelo impande. Le ngxenye unamandla kakhulu futhi kwakuvela kuye abe nezimpande lateral.

kwesigaba cross

Uma usika impande, ungabona izingqimba zazo yakhiwa. Okokuqala kufika ububanzi ikhasi yengqamuzana eyodwa kuphela. Ngaphansi-ke ungabona kumila impande - the parenchyma. Kuyinto ngokusebenzisa amanzi yakhe izicubu okuxekethile amaminerali yanikezwa eksisi isilinda. Idala perikamby - zemfundo izicubu isitshalo, okuyinto evamile izungeza Indwangu conductive. Emhlabeni isilinda conductive ahlelwe ezinabantu serried endoderm amaseli. Ziyakwazi manzi, okwenza amanzi anikeza ukuphila namaminerali ukuya phezulu. Kodwa kanjani-ke, uketshezi uthola ngaphakathi? Lokhu kungenxa ngokusebenzisa amaseli akhethekile ise endoderm. Ezimweni eziningi, izimpande utshani, izihlahla, izihlahla akheke enjalo, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi kunomehluko.

mycorrhizae

Ngokuvamile izimpande izihlahla kukhona indawo Symbiosis zabo nezinye izinhlobo zokuphila. Abalingani njalo iningi izitshalo isikhunta.

Lesi senzakalo ngokuthi mycorrhiza, esimelela "gribokoren". Kunzima ukukholelwa, kodwa eziningi zezihlahla incike ubuhlobo ezinezithelo ne mycelium. Ajwayelekile kithi birches, maples futhi oki isuswe eziningi Izinzuzo zale Symbiosis.

Lapho uxhumana izimpande mycelium kushintshwa, lapho mycelium ukunika umuthi amaminerali abalulekile, carbohydrate ukubuya. Lokhu kuyaqhubeka yokuziphendukela kwemvelo eye wavumela izinhlobo eziningi izitshalo ziphile ezimweni engafanele yohlobo lwazo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izitshalo ngeke akhona ngaso sonke ukube bekungengenxa mycorrhiza. Ngaphezu Symbiosis ne isikhunta babe nokubambisana nenzuzo kanye nama-bacterium, esebenzisa impande. impande isakhiwo kuleli cala lihlukile evamile kithi. On kungenzeka ukuthola Izigaxana owakhiwe ngemagciwane ekhethekile nikeza isihlahla i-nitrogen esemkhathini.

isiphetho

Omunye izingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu kwanoma yisiphi isitshalo kuyimpande. isakhiwo impande Lifanele yemisebenti ukuthi wenza. Uhlelo impande - indlela emangalisayo wokondla izitshalo. Hhayi ize imisinga ahlukahlukene ezingaqondakali bakholwe ukuthi umuthi ihlanganisa amabutho wezulu nomhlaba. ingxenye yakhe zasemoyeni ubamba kwelanga kanye izimpande uthole umsoco enhlabathini. Inani kohlelo impande boni, kusukela focus Ubamba ingxenye aboveground zalesi sihlahla: amahlamvu, isiqu, imbali, stem. Umsuka ngesikhathi esifanayo uhlala ku ithunzi, ngokuthobeka sigcwalisa yabo ehloniphekile.