Aluminium ore: okwami, izimayini

Ngo umkhakha yesimanje, bauxite iyona likufuna kakhulu impahla eluhlaza. Ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo ngesayensi nobuchwepheshe aye wavumela ukuba sandise kwenkululeko uhlelo lwayo lokusebenza. Kuyini i-ore aluminium, futhi lapho kukhiqizwa - kuchazwa kulesi sihloko.

Industrial aluminium Inani

Aluminium iyona metal ezivamile. Ngenani imali, yena zibalwa engowesithathu uqweqwe. Aluminium kuzwakele kubo bonke kanye isici ethebuleni gqwa, okuyinto siphathelene metal ukukhanya.

Aluminium ore - material yemvelo omahhadla otholakala kulo metal eyatholakala. Ngokuyisisekelo akhishwa bauxite, aqukethe aluminium oxide (alumina) e lemali elikhulu - kusuka 28 kuya 80%. Ezinye izinhlobo - alunite, nepheline, nepheline-apatite futhi lisetshenziswa njengedivaysi impahla eluhlaza for zokukhiqiza aluminium, kodwa izinga okubi kakhulu, futhi liqukethe alumina kakhulu kancane.

Esikhathini izinsimbi non-ayoni aluminium, ke zibalwa kuqala. Iqiniso liwukuthi ngenxa izici zayo, isetshenziswa abaningi izimboni. Ngakho, insimbi esetshenziswa ezokuthutha ubunjiniyela, umkhakha emaphaketheni, ukwakhiwa kanye womshini ezidayiswayo ahlukahlukene. Futhi, aluminium is kabanzi Ihluzo Elingafaki Ukuqoka.

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi i-aluminiyamu ezibalulekile isintu, bheka ngokwanele ngezinto zansuku zonke sisebenzisa nsuku zonke. izinto eziningi endlini eyenziwe aluminium izingxenye for zikagesi (amafriji, imishini yokuwasha, njll ...), Plates, imishini yemidlalo, izinto eziyizikhumbuzo izakhi ingaphakathi. Aluminium livame ukusetshenziswa ukwenziwa izinhlobo ezahlukene emaphaketheni. Ngokwesibonelo, amathini noma iziqukathi ucwecwe zalutho.

Izinhlobo aluminium imikhando

Aluminium kuqukethwe abangaphezu kuka-250 namaminerali. Kule midlalo, izincwadi ezibaluleke kakhulu umkhakha kukhona bauxite, nepheline futhi alunite. Ake sixoxe ngokuningiliziwe.

ore bauxite

Emvelweni, aluminium okumsulwa ingekho. Ngokuyisisekelo ikhiqizwa aluminium ore - bauxite. Lokhu amaminerali, okuyinto ikakhulukazi siqukethe aluminium hydroxide, kanye nensimbi ne-silicon oxides. Ngenxa okuqukethwe ezinkulu alumina (40 kuya ku-60%) usebenzisa bauxite njengoba impahla eluhlaza for zokukhiqiza aluminium.

Izakhiwo netshe aluminium:

• opaque amaminerali obomvu kanye grey shades ehlukahlukene;
• nobulukhuni zezinhlobo esiqine 6 on ngezinga Mohs ';
• inhlanganiso bauxite, kuye ngokuthi ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali luyehluka in the ububanzi 2900-3500 kg / m³.

Imali ye-ore bauxite basuke bagxila esishintshashintshayo enkabazwe kanye ezishisayo emhlabeni. ezifakwa Okudala zitholakala eRussia.

Njengoba kwakhiwa bauxite aluminium ore is

kwakhiwa bauxite is kusukela alumina hydrate monohydrate, boehmite futhi diaspore, trehvodnogo hydrate - hydrargillite hydroxides namaminerali ahlobene, nensimbi oxide.

Kuye Ukwakheka prirodoobrazuyuschih izakhi ukuhlukanisa amaqembu amathathu ka-ore bauxite:

1. Monohydrate bauxite - equkethe alumina monohydrate fomu.
2. Trigidratnye - amaminerali ezifana yakhiwa alumina ngefomu trehvodnoy.
3. Mixed - Leli qembu yakhiwa ekuhlanganisweni odlule aluminium emkhandweni wensimbi.

Imali kwakhiwa impahla eluhlaza ngenxa weathering acid, alikhali, futhi ngezinye izikhathi zilwane ezinkulu, noma sebethule kancane kancane phansi kolwandle futhi echibini esiningi alumina.

ore alunite

Lolu hlobo kwesigubhu iqukethe kuze kufinyelele 40% alumina. kwakhiwa i-ore Alunite is emanzini imicengezi nezindawo ezisogwini ngaphansi ezingaphansi kolwandle ejulile mlilo. Isibonelo imali enjalo - Zaglinskoe echibini eCaucasus Lesser.

rock ukungena nakwamanye amazwe. Advantageously ke yakhiwa hydromicas futhi kaolinites. Industrial isithakazelo alunite okuqukethwe nsimbi enkulu kuka-50%.

nepheline

Lokhu aluminium ore magmatic imvelaphi. Kuyinto holocrystalline ane-alikhali amatshe. Kuye Ukwakheka nokucutshungulwa izici zobuchwepheshe ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo eziningana ore nepheline:

• Class I - 60-90% nepheline; iqukethe ezingaphezu kuka-25% alumina; Nokusebenzisa kabusho imikhiqizo esisebenzile Kwenziwa sintering;
• Class II - 40-60% nepheline, isamba kancane alumina - 22-25%; edingekayo nokunonophala phakathi kwenqubo;
• grade wesithathu - nepheline amaminerali, okuyinto azisizi ngalutho kwezohwebo.

ukukhiqizwa Umhlaba aluminiyamu imikhando

Okokuqala aluminium ore misela engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu XIX eningizimu-empumalanga yeFrance, eduze nedolobhana Ibhokisi. Ngakho, njengamanye igama bauxite. Ekuqaleni, umkhakha kwakheka kancane kancane. Kodwa lapho isintu zenani, lokho bauxite ewusizo ukwenziwa, kwenkululeko isicelo aluminiyamu baye lenyuka kakhulu. Amazwe amaningi aseqalile ukucinga ezindaweni ezifakwa yabo imali. Ngakho, ukukhiqizwa emhlabeni aluminiyamu imikhando waqala kancane kancane ukwandisa. Ukuqinisekiswa leli qiniso kukhona izinombolo. Ngakho, ngo-1913, umthamo global ore misela kwaba amathani 540, bese ngo-2014 godu -. Kwaqoqwa amathani angaphezu kuka-180 million.

Futhi kancane kancane senyusa linani emazweni akhiqiza aluminium emkhandweni wensimbi. Kuze kube manje, kukhona mayelana 30. Kodwa kuleminyaka 100 edlule, amazwe amakhulu kanye nezifunda njalo ushintsha. Ngakho, ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX, abaholi bezwe ekukhiqizeni aluminium insimbi ukukhiqizwa zawo zazilotshiwe eNyakatho neMelika naseNtshonalanga Yurophu. Lezi zindawo ezimbili zaba cishe ngo-98% we ukukhiqiza global. Ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka embalwa ngokuya ngobungako umkhakha aluminium abaholi baye baba amazwe athile aseMpumalanga Yurophu, Latin America ne-Soviet Union. Futhi umholi 1950-1960-yalolucwaningo ngobukhulu ukukhiqizwa isibe Latin America. Futhi kule minyaka 1980-1990. lapho kuye kwasusa umgoqo ngokushesha aluminium umkhakha e-Australia nase-Afrika. Ngo mkhuba wanamuhla wembulunga yonke emazweni ezinkulu ophambili ukukhiqizwa aluminium kukhona-Australia, iBrazil, China, Guinea, Jamaica, India, e-Russia, Suriname, Venezuela bese kuba iGrisi.

ezifakwa Ore eRussia

Ukuze aluminium ore ukukhiqizwa umthamo Russia esibalwa lwesikhombisa ukuthi amazinga emhlabeni e. Nakuba emkhakheni aluminiyamu imikhando eRussia ukunikeza kwensimbi in inqwaba, akwanele ukuhlangabezana ngokugcwele umkhakha. Ngakho-ke, isimo uphoqelekile ukuthenga bauxite kwamanye amazwe.

Ubude eRussia elise 50 nsimbi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa njengendawo lapho namaminerali yafakwa amabhomu agqitshwayo, futhi uwukakabi imali.

Iningi zigcine ore esengxenyeni European yezwe. Lapha basuke elise Sverdlovsk, Arkhangelsk, Sifundazwe esifundeni, ku Komi Republic. Zonke lezi zindawo aqukethe 70% reserves wezwe ofakazelwe wokuba i-ore.

Aluminium imikhando kuthiwa misela eRussia namanje ku ubudala ezifakwa bauxite. izifunda okunjalo uyalandisa Radynskoe ensimini eLeningrad esifundeni. Futhi, ngenxa yokuntuleka izinto zokusetshenziswa Russia isebenzisa ezinye ezifakwa aluminium ore zinezikhathi ampofu izinga amaminerali imali. Kodwa nakho efanelekayo ngezinhloso ezimbonini. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Russia ikhiqizwa ezinkulu eziningi nepheline imikhando, okuyizinto futhi kungenzeka ukuthola aluminium.