Imiklamo kanye nezinhlobo amabhuloho

Bridges - Imfanelo ebalulekile cishe kuzo zonke emfuleni, zisiza ukuba sinqobe izithiyo ngenxa ibanga wabo uba ezincane, futhi ukusuka endaweni "A" ukhombe "B" ukhululekile futhi ngokushesha. Njengoba sekunama-izinto ezintsha kanye nobuchwepheshe imiklamo eyinkimbinkimbi yokuwela laba ngokoqobo.

Uyini Ibhuloho

Bridges - phambili endleleni phezu isithiyo. Ngokuvamile, basuke ahanjiswa kumzila umgoqo amanzi, kodwa ungaxhuma emaphethelweni udonga noma isiteshi. Mayelana nokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda yezokuthutha ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni amakhulu ukwakha ibhuloho for ukuhamba emigwaqweni, ukwakha impambano ezinkulu. Imininingwane eyisisekelo ukwakhiwa kwabo kukhona besandla futhi izisekelo.

Ukwahlukanisa amabhuloho ezakhiwe

Izinhlobo amabhuloho kungenziwa labizwa ngokuvumelana nezimfuno eziningi:

• ku injongo eyinhloko ukusetshenziswa;
• isixazululo ezakhayo;
• zokwakha;
• ngokuvumelana ubude;
• Operating umnqamulajuqu;
• kuye ngokuthi isimiso yokusebenza.

Njengoba abantu aqhephukile ukhuni komunye lomfula ukuze uthole omunye, kwathatha isikhathi eside futhi wafaka eziningi umzamo ekwakhiweni izakhiwo zobunjiniyela. Ngenxa yalokho, kukhona izinhlobo ezahlukene amabhuloho. Ake sihlole kubo ngokuningiliziwe.

uvumelanise

Izinto ukuze kwakhiwe babo ahlanganisa steel futhi Alloys yayo, ngokhonkolo njalo nakakhulu, futhi izinto ezibonakalayo zize kuqala kukhona umuthi. Izakhi eziyinhloko ekunikezeni izakhiwo yalolu hlobo kukhona imishayo, Trusses, okuyinto ukudlulisa umthwalo base ukweseka leli bhuloho.

Ngemishayo Trusses bayingxenye isakhiwo esiseceleni, iqanjwe "flying". Emabhulohweni kukhona uqhekeko, console hhayi ukusika, kuncike uhlelo ngokuqondene izisekelo. Eyokuqala babo babe ezimbili izinyawo ohlangothini ngalunye, angakavunwa angase abe inombolo enkulu izigxobo, kuye ngesidingo, kuyilapho cantilever ibhuloho emabhulohweni ngaphesheya reference iphuzu, lapho ijoyina ne nezipani okwalandela.

arched

Ukuze yokukhiqiza yabo steel, waphonsa yensimbi, Castings ukhonkolo noma amabhlogo. Izinto kuqala kakhulu ukuba kwakhiwe amabhuloho yalolu hlobo kuwo amatshe, amadwala noma sakhiwa kulezi zakhiwo Monolithic.

Isisekelo kuyinto isakhiwo lwaleli (lwaleli). Compound nemengamo amaningi umgwaqo noma ujantshi ngombhede kuyisikhumbuzo arched ibhuloho. Endleleni angase abe izindawo ezimbili: i-design noma ngaphansi kwalo.

Omunye ezihlukahlukene iyinhlangano hybrid - lwaleli-cantilever ibhuloho, lapho poluarki ezimbili ezixhunywe phezulu futhi ibukeke uhlamvu "T". Isakhiwo arched kungase kuhilele eyodwa span, bese ewela main umthwalo eziveza kakhulu. Uma ibhuloho yakhiwa izakhiwo eziningana exhunywe ke umthwalo abelwa Lesisemkhatsini ekupheleni zonke ukwesekwa.

amabhuloho ukumiswa

izinto Main yokwakha kulesi simo - the steel kwagcizelela ukhonkolo. Ezakhiwe esakhiwe ezindaweni lapho akwenzeki ukufaka izisekelo Lesisemkhatsini. Pylons asekelayo ilungu axhunyiwe ngu amakhebuli. Ukuze ugcine kwebhuloho usesimweni esigculisayo, le pylons ogibele ezinhlangothini ezihlukene, phakathi kwazo ikhebula elula eziqhutshwa uxhumano umhlaba, lapho aqiniswe. Ngu welulela wire ovundlile fixed thwi, nawo ahlanganyela iketango ezizosekela ngendwangu kwebhuloho. I ukuqina ikhaba enamathiselwe ngemishayo Trusses.

ibhuloho Ikhebula-wahlala

Zokwakha - steel, kwagcizelela ukhonkolo. Njengomhlaba nozakwabo zamanga, design yabo idinga pylons futhi izintambo. Umehluko wukuthi enkompolo ikhebula-wahlala nguye kuphela okuyinto sibopha boke isakhiwo ibhuloho, izindophi lezinga abethela hhayi abathwali nendawo welulela, kodwa ngqo kuya ezisekelweni ekupheleni, okwenza umklamo iba baqinisa.

pontoon

"Floating" owela ayinayo nohlaka eqinile ukuxhumana ogwini. ukwakhiwa yabo libuthene ezigabeni ehlukaniselwe uxhumano ngezinhlamvu ezihlelwa ngesandla. Enye uhlobo amabhuloho kukhona Ukunqamula naplyvnye. Ngokuvamile benjalo izakhiwo zesikhashana ezingaqinile ezisetshenziswa ukusungula isikhathi amanzi izithiyo ice. Ziyakwazi yingozi esikhathini isasasa elikhulu phezu kwamanzi, navigation nzima futhi ukunyakaza kubo kukhawulwe multi-ton amaloli.

amabhuloho metal

amabhuloho eziningi zanamuhla kuhilela ukusetshenziswa zensimbi yenethiwekhi eklanywe ngokuhlakanipha ngayo. U-Adalberto isikhathi eside, ibhuloho metal ayebhekwa uhlobo isikhathi eside kunazo zonke: insiza. Kuze kube manje, le nto kuyinto ebalulekile, kodwa hhayi kuphela ingxenye ekuvaleni.

Izinhlobo metal amabhuloho:

• umklamo Arched.
• Viaducts nge nezipani.
• Ulenga, umfana.
• Trestle nge kwagcizelela izinsika ukhonkolo, okuyinto emabhulohweni wabuthela kusuka metal compounds.

metal ezakhiwe sethubeni kalula iqoqo, ngakho cishe zonke izinhlobo ujantshi amabhuloho zakhelwe kulokhu kwaziswa. Izingxenye zensimbi ekhiqizwa ngezindlela zezimboni efemini, ubukhulu kungase kushintshwe. Kuye umthamo izindlela ngawo uzobe ukuhlangana, kwakhiwa preform ifektri esizayo kwakwakhe okuqinile.

Ubilise isakhiwo izingxenye kungaba ngokuqondile esizeni inhlangano yokugcina. Futhi uma ngaphambilini kwadingeka ukuba afeze uxhumano isethi izingcezu indiza, manje crane ephethe namandla bephakamisa amathani 3600, yayikwazi ukuhamba kahle futhi wamisa phezu-metal eziveza nobubanzi besandla.

Izinzuzo izakhiwo steel

Ngenxa impahla ukuze kwakhiwe amabhuloho insimbi kuyaqabukela esetshenziswa ngenxa yemikhuba emibi ukugqwala ukumelana layo. Isithombe zithandwe ephezulu amandla steel futhi compounds yayo. ukusebenza kwalo kakhulu kungahlolwa yamaphrojekthi ezifana ikhebula-wahlala ibhuloho izinhlobo, nge nezipani omkhulu. Isibonelo kwebhuloho eMoscow ngaphesheya koMfula Dnieper ekhatsi Kiev noma Obukhov ibhuloho Petersburg.

Ngenkathi kwakhiwa ujantshi amabhuloho Kabanzi esetshenziswa metal izakhiwo kanye Trusses. Inzuzo enkulu yalezi izixazululo ngempumelelo ukusebenza, ijubane ukwakhiwa kanye Ukudilizwa izingxenye ngazinye, izindleko iphansana zokukhiqiza, kungenzeka ekwakheni izakhiwo ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ezindaweni iyatholakala futhi kunoma iyiphi indawo eklanywe njengomumo womhlaba.

amabhuloho lokhuni

Ibhuloho wokuqala emlandweni isintu zazakhiwe izinkuni. Long kwalezi zakhiwo ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa ngaphandle yesondlo efanele, selilungiswa njalo futhi esikhundleni izingxenye kanye iziqobosho. Kwakunzima ukwakha, kanye fragility we impahla. Okwamanje ngaphansi ukwakhiwa lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo amabhuloho sokhuni:

1. Kuye uhlelo - ugongolo, strut.
2. Kuye design - isakhiwo iphakethe besandla, truss amabhuloho.

isakhiwo sokhuni elula kakhulu, futhi ngenxa yalokho okusheshayo isakhiwo mountable. Imishayo ukwesekwa kuthiwa okhandwe ngesando emhlabathini kumuntu 4 m ukujula. On emaphethelweni engenhla yinqwaba nge izikhonkwane angena umlomo wombhobho, zonke yinqwaba eziboshwe zibe munye, kwayo phezu web ukunyakaza. Ngenkathi kwakhiwa ibhuloho lezingodo kubalulekile ukwakha isakhiwo ukubhanqa obuqinile ngobuningi bomhlaba both qeda, kwenziwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kwebhuloho kwaba uzinze.

Manje kukhona ukuthambekela ukuvuselelwa ukwakhiwa kwamabhuloho sokhuni lihlotshaniswa obhekwe ubuchwepheshe womshini laminated yokwakha yaseGrisi amapulangwe, livikela kakhulu ezindaweni ezinodlame, amabutho angaphandle kanye torsion okuhlala isikhathi eside e-operation, ngaphandle ubude bayo akuxhomekile ukukhula engokwemvelo esihlahleni.

Poetics Ngokusetshenziswa

Petersburg kukhona 93 nemifula, lapha kuhlanganise emifuleni, ukusakaza, yeNayile nazo cishe 100 amadamu. ukuxhumana ngaphandle kwezithikamezo phakathi ziqhingi izingxenye ezithile zedolobha ukunikeza amabhuloho, zazo zikhona mayelana 800, zazo 218 kukhona abantu abahamba emgwaqweni. Kusukela ekuqaleni ukwakhiwa uMkhandludolobha usungule isiko wokwakha amabhuloho, ngaphandle okuyinto Petersburg Kuyinto engacabangeki kakade. Bayingxenye bokwakhiwa kwezindlu zayo, umlando, amasiko kanye namasiko.

Mhlawumbe, kunoma iyiphi idolobha Russia ngakho ngenkuthalo esetshenziswa razvodnogo yokuwela, kokubili Petersburg.

Uphawu yenhloko-dolobha enyakatho ubhekwa omunye amabhuloho endala - Palace. Yakhiwa yi-engineer Pshenitskogo A. P. futhi uxhuma Admiralty Island Umcibisholo we Vasilyevsky Island. Modern lift izindlela 700 ton emaphakathi span ngesakhiwo ndima bomkhumbi.

I Ibhuloho eliphakanyiswayo elingena omude kunayo yonke Petersburg okuthiwa ngemva kuka-Alexander saseNevsky. Ubude bayo 905,7 m, i-passage adjustable emaphakathi eyinsimbi ngenkathi lo dilution sakhiwo imizuzu 2 kuphela.

Izinhlobo Petersburg amabhuloho zihlanganisa wonke umlando ukwakhiwa kwebhuloho - kusukela ugodo lokuqala kuya yesimanje multi-kwindlela izakhiwo ikhebula-wahlala. Big Obukhov Bridge, isibonelo, has a ubude 2824 m, futhi namuhla ingenye izindawo ubunjiniyela yakhula kakhulu eRussia. It yakhiwa izingxenye ezimbili okuhambisana ezifanayo, okuyinto wahlela ezine -traffic -way.

Petersburg legends

Petersburg, ngokuchichima yemihlobo ehlukeneko amabhuloho ethulwa, kukhona ubudala, ziye zaba uphawu yizinto zesikhathi esidlule, kodwa injongo yabo ayikashintshi, nakuba yene wedlakusihlwa romance izindaba. Ngakho, ukuqabulana kwebhuloho phezu River Moika izivakashi negama layo, kodwa kwenzeka kusukela igama Potselueva yomthengisi indlu ogama potatory "The Kiss" wawakhiwe khona eduze isikebhe futhi umuzwa romantic, igama akuhlangene.

ezinganekwaneni abathandwayo ayeyintanga yakhe asekhuluma Foundry Bridge, wasuka lapho ndaba ethakazelisayo ngokushesha uma ithebhu. Kukholakala ukuthi yezinsika kwesisekelo samatshe waba womhlatshelo itshe Atakan. Manje ezicindezelayo ukuba abedlula ngendlela nokuvuselela ukuzibulala. Ukushweleza "olunegazi" dwala, ezinye izakhamuzi ngisuka kwebhuloho emfuleni iNeva zemali futhi uthele iwayini elibomvu. Futhi, eziningi bangase baphikise ngokuthi ngesikhathi Foundry zingatholakala isipoki kukaLenin.

Lezi ezinhlanu amabhuloho kakhulu Russian elide kakhulu

Nakuba ayengenayo inkinga ngokuthi ukwakha ibhuloho yonkana Kerch Strait ezinhlanu yokuwela emikhulu simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:

• ibhuloho Russian e Vladivostok. ukwakhiwa ubude 3100 m, wavula ngo 2012 okokuqala ngesidingo sakhe ukucabanga ngo-1939, kodwa waqaphela esigabeni samanje.
• Igebe mumbe eKhabarovsk. Ubude bayo 3891 m. It has imikhakha emibili. Ukuvulwa engezansi traffic sesitimela, phezulu - imoto. ngomfanekiso waKhe ihlobisa bill dollar ayizinkulungwane eziyisihlanu.
• Igebe eMfuleni Yuribey. Itholakala ngenhla kwe-Arctic Circle ku Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District. Ubude ukwakhiwa - 2893 m.
• Ibhuloho phezu Amur Bay has a ubude 5331 m. It lavulwa ngo 2012. Kuyathakazelisa ukukhanyisa uhlelo, esiza ugcine-50% kagesi.
• UMongameli Ibhuloho phezu koMfula iVolga e Ulyanovsk. ubude bayo -. 5825 ukwakhiwa m kwenziwa iminyaka engu-23.