Indlela entsha yokuguga ibitume endaweni yokucwaninga

Indlela entsha yokuguga ibitume egunjini lokucwaninga esibhedlela.

Isihloko uchaza inqubo zokwelapha ukuguga ukuthuthukisa mncane (microns 300) ifilimu isikhathi esifushane futhi eside. Inqubo entsha isakhiwa esikhundleni izindlela test esetshenziswa: kweqa mncane ifilimu kuhhavini (RTFO) kanye Pressure Ukuguga (PAV). Le nqubo entsha ebizwa nge elula inqubo yokuguga (ukuguga isivivinyo esilula, SAT), kungasetshenziswa ukuhlanza futhi ilungiswe ibitume emulsion kanye ezisalayo. Ngaphambi kwalolu hlelo amasu ka izifundo endleleni kwakukhona isithakazelo okuphawulekayo ukuguga ifilimu elincanyana ngaphansi kwezimo static. Nokho, yesikhathi esifushane inqubo yokuguga kwavunyelwana RTFO, njengoba ukuhlola eguqa ugongolo rheometer edingekayo inqwaba asphalt asebekhulile. Kusukela kwamukelwa standard njengoba indlela RTFO ezikhonjwe ezinye izinkinga uma uzama ukusifaka kwi-ukuguga binders Ushintshe kakhulu. Ngokuphathelene efudumele ingxube RTFO indlela at okushisa aphansi (sekulingisa ongaphakeme yokukhiqiza lokushisa) kungenzeka ukuthi abeke imikhawulo ethile kwi ifilimu ugingqe lokuguga iyunifomu material. Plastometer muva athuthukile ezisebenza isimiso of phuca ashukumisayo (i-DSR) kanye 4-mm amapuleti parallel ivumela sokuhlola okushisa afinyelela ku -40 ° C, kudinga 25 kuphela mg isibopho, futhi ivumela ukulinganisa m-value kanye nokuchema rigidity ngoba eguqa ugongolo rheometer. Ukusebenzisa ithekhniki le ngokuhlanganyela SAT inquma rheology ka bitumens, esifushane noma eside abaneminyaka engaphansi lokushisa ongaphakeme naphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona nezinto ezibonakalayo ezanele abaneminyaka ngoba DSR uhlobo rheometer nge 25mm amapuleti. SAT indlela aqede inkinga ka "ugingqe" amasampula ukuze polymer-Ushintshe amatiyela futhi efudumele. Phakathi nokuvivinywa eziningana izinhlobo asphalt zimakwe SAT inqubo isikhathi nokushwabana lokushisa okulingana lezi nemingcele uma usebenzisa RTFO futhi PAV nezinqubo.

isingeniso

Solidification ku ukuguga bedle namachibi - inqubo okwenzeka lapho ebeka ukuxubana ashisayo, kanye phakathi emjikelezweni wokuphila komzila womgwaqo. Kuthinta kakhulu ukusebenza enamathela ezifana rutting, ngokuhlaziya futhi delamination futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ihlala isikhathi eside. solidification ukumodeliswa yokuguga kwizimo zamalabhorekthi kubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni Ukucaciswa esekelwe ukusebenza izici. Lolu cwaningo uchaza indlela entsha yokuhlola amasampula nomzimba omncane-ifilimu namachibi, onikeza Imiphumela okulingana izindlela esezingeni ugingqe mncane ifilimu kuhhavini (RTFO, indlela ASTM D2872) kanye ukuguga egumbini ingcindezi (PAV, indlela ASTM D6521) ngoba ibitume okumsulwa. Ukuphumelelisa kuzoqinisekisa ukusebenza test ifilimu elincanyana (abangamakhulu amaningana NM) - inqubo athuthukile muva rheometer ngokuvumelana nesimiso of phuca ashukumisayo, okuyinto eyenza ukuhlolwa kwe-amasampula okushisa afinyelela ku -40 ° C, kudinga 25 kuphela mg isampula, futhi ihlanganisa ukulungiswa ukuze ukusonteka kudivayisi [1 ].

inqubo Test ibitume ifilimu elincanyana esithandweni yasungulwa ngawo-60s zakuqala Hveem [2] kanye sesamukelwe e ASTM ngonyaka 1970. Phakathi ukuqaliswa Lwamasu Uhlelo traffic study liye akhethiwe njengendinganiso yazo akhombe iDemo sokwelapha ezihlasela senzeka lapho kuvuleke. Okwamanje, inqubo isetshenziswa incazelo ibitume Superpave.

Inzuzo enkulu ngenxa yendlela entsha yokuzenza wefilimu ezondile ibitume kuhhavini at isivivinyo Ukujikeleza (RTFOT) ngaphambi mncane ifilimu test kuhhavini static (TFOT, ASTM D1754 Indlela) itholakala lokuthi ukuthi for ligijima ingilazi iziqukathi is phansi ukuguga endaweni enkulu ebusweni isampula. Nokho, inani rotations nomthelela fresh isampula ebusweni luyehluka kuye viscosity ibitume ngaphambi kokuhlolwa, futhi izinguquko viscosity phakathi novivinyo. Motional futhi ukuxuba ibitume ku flasks nayo nzima ukuguqulwa polymer-itiyela. Ukunciphisa izinga lokushisa kwe-test RTFO ukuze belingisa namachibi okwenzeka emsebenzini wokukhiqiza ukuxubana afudumele, ukubangela izinkinga ezifanayo.

Ukunciphisa noma ukususa ukujikeleza amavolumu Ukujikeleza uma ihlolwe indlela RTFO ngoba ibitume Ushintshe kakhulu - inkinga ukuthi kuyaziwa iminyaka eminingi [3]. Bahia [3] ezihlongozwayo ukuzixazulula by ekushoniseni induku ensimbi umfuma, futhi kanjalo, ukuqinisekisa ukusatshalaliswa ifilimu. Ukuhlola okwenziwa inqola i-Federal Highway Administration ne-South-empumalanga iqembu nabakhiqizi asphalt luye lwabonisa ukuthi izinduku steel ukunciphisa izinga ukuguga ibitume (kokubili Ushintshe futhi unmodified) kanye neqhaza ukuvuza ibitume (zombili izinhlobo) we flasks. [4] Nakuba steel induku ingabe neqhaza ukuvuza ibitume kusukela umfuma, le bitumens polymer-modified ngokuvamile igeleze phezu konqenqema isibani, ngisho noma kungekho ibha. Isizathu salokhu - Weissenberg umphumela (visco-nokunwebeka lift uketshezi ku induku ligijima) [5]. Kusolwa ukuthi amandla nokunwebeka (esisuka yamaketanga polymer) kubangelwa ukuzungeza ama ingilazi, okuholela omuhle amandla thwi iqondiswe, elibangela Ukukhuphula ibitume phezu kwezindonga engaphakathi umfuma.

Isixazululo zalezi zinkinga kwaba ngesisekelo umsebenzi eWestern Research Institute (WRI) ku indlela entsha yesikhathi esifushane neyezinto ukuguga eside, okuyinto inqubo yokuguga elula (SAT), liye labizwa ngokuthi. Yena enikelwe kulesi sihloko.

Ngu SAT indlela, njengoba elinye ithuba RTFO ejwayelekile futhi RTFO / PAV, okwethulwa nalezi zidingo ezilandelayo:

1) Izinga yokuguga kumelwe lufana nalobo ka RTFOT indlela. Inqobo nje ezibekiweko Superpave zisekelwe imiphumela ukuhlolwa RTFOT, ayikho enye indlela entsha kumele kuhambisane inqubo yokuguga RTFOT ngoba ibitume okumsulwa.

2) Easy, asikho isidingo ahlanzekile flasks. Inqubo yokuhlola ukuvumela yesikhathi esifushane nokubekwa isampuli oneminyaka engu-ngqo kuhhavini ukuguga eside.

3) Inani ibitume luyoba olwanele ukunquma ebangeni le Inkomba Ukungena (SHRP PG) futhi incazelo Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali.

4) Lapho obeka noma kokukhipha amasampula akufanele uketshezi olusetshenziswa, okuyinto ebaluleke ikakhulukazi bitumens polymer-modified.

5) ukujiya ifilimu kufanele kube ongaphakeme ukuze inkinga-mpilo okusheshayo, kuyisici esihlupha amasampula test esimweni umile (TFOT).

6) Le nqubo kufanele uvumele ukwehlisa izinga lokushisa akwazi ukukhiqiza nemibandela, efudumele ingxube.

7) kwesikhathi Test kumelwe ibe ngaphansi noma RTFO test RTFO / PAV.

8) izindlela kufanele kube eziphansi.

9) A inqubo kufanele uvumele ukuguga amafilimu emulsion ezisalayo.

Oxidative ukuguga ifilimu (film ukushuba of microns abangamakhulu amaningana) uyakwazi Nokho ugcwalise zonke izidingo ngenhla, ngokuba kutivivinyo te ku SHRP asphalt zidinga indawo enkulu kakhulu ebusweni isampula. Ikakhulukazi, inkinga iba izivivinyo eguqa ugongolo rheometer, kusukela ngayinye izinti isampula ukuthatha 15 amagremu itiyela, futhi masampuli kudingeka ezinye. SHRP isivivinyo nganoma aphakathi nendawo kanye okushisa aphakeme aphethwe nge ashukumisayo phuca rheometer (i-DSR), edinga ambalwa nje amagremu ibitume.

Kuye kuthiwe ukuthi rheometer okusungulile ne shift ashukumisayo (i-DSR) nge-4 mm amapuleti parallel ivumela ukuhlolwa at okushisa phansi -40 ° C, kudinga 25 kuphela mg isibopho futhi ivumela ukuhlola m-value futhi rigidity ukufuduka [6] ngenxa watsheka rheometer uvumelanise. Okulandelayo uzonikezwa incazelo enemininingwane lobu buchwepheshe. Its lihambisana indlela yokuguga ifilimu - enye indlela RTFOF. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngemva kovivinyo okungukuthi ngokwanele nebitume * laba SHRP sokuhlola ongaphakeme, aphakathi nendawo kanye okusezingeni eliphezulu lokushisa.

Ucwaningo kanye nokuthuthukisa ukuhlola entsha kuleli shumi leminyaka elidlule, ikakhulu abe nalokhu okulandelayo okuphokophelwe:

a) Lungiselela isivivinyo emva amagremu ambalwa ibitume ukuze bamhlole futhi phezu eguqa ugongolo rheometer;

b) Ukuze kuxazululwe le nkinga ibitume ugeleza uvela umfuma ngesikhathi RTFO yokuhlola;

c) Ukuze ukuxazulula inkinga edonsa ibitume polymer-yohlelo eguquliwe RTFOT test.

Isibonelo izindlela ezilandelayo: ukuhlolwa ukuguga we ujikelezisa isilinda (RCAT) [7], ukushintshwa German wesipina igabha (MGRFT) [4], isivivinyo nge ukupholisa ngenkani (SAFT) [8].

Kokulinganisa ingxenye Izinto

Rheometer for ashukumisayo phuca isimiso 4 mm amapuleti parallel

Izingxabano mayelana module of glycerin esimweni lwengilazi (GG) wenza Schröter [9] ukuthuthukisa indlela ekulungiseni amaphutha ashukumisayo phuca rheometer, nokufakwa yayo kanye plate. Sui [1] Kusetshenziswe lokhu kulungiswa nesilinganiso ashukumisayo ibitume phuca ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphansi (-5 ° C ... -40 ° C) I-4-mm amapuleti okufanayo, lamashumi 1.7 mm (esihlokweni, le ndlela ubizwa ngokuthi 4-mm phuca ashukumisayo rheometer ).

Ngezinye imvamisa ongaphakeme (lokushisa eliphezulu) ibitume oluthambile, futhi ukulungisa iphutha ithuluzi azinakwa. Ngezinye okusezingeni eliphezulu imvamisa (ongaphakeme lokushisa) ukuhoxa kuyahlukahluka, futhi ukuze bathole ukubaluleka module of ziyaqothuka ukwa ibitume Ukulinganisa phuca rheometer ukulungiswa osebenza kweqiniso.

Ukuze test kudinga 25 kuphela mg impahla (practice - balinganiselwa ku-150 mg womshini iphethini isampula), okuyinto oda eziningana ezihlanganisa esingaphansi ukuthi kwakudingeka womshini ibha ukuhlolwa nge eguqa ugongolo rheometer.

Preconditioning amasampuli liyadingeka. Bookmark e rheometer Kwenziwa ezingeni lokushisa iphansana (60-70 ° C).

Kulesi sifundo, ukutadisha izakhiwo rheological Kwenziwa usebenzisa 4-mm ashukumisayo phuca rheometer. M-value kanye S phuca ukuqina (t) kulinganiselwa ngokusebenzisa ukuhlanganisa nge-4 mm ashukumisayo phuca rheometer yakhelwe Sui [6]. Indlela Sui base ijika engela, kanye nokucindezeleka ukuphumula wemfihlo phuca G (t) amahora ama-2 kwehlisa amanani ohambelana S (t) kanye m amasekhondi angu-60 ezingeni lokushisa 10 ° C ngaphezu lokushisa kweqiniso ongaphakeme telibanga unikezwa, etholwe ngenxa nesilinganiso kwi rheometer nge ugodo eguqa. Sui Indlela sishintshwe yokulinganisa angle ukuthambekela futhi ubukhulu G (t) amasekhondi 60 ezingeni lokushisa 10 ° C ephakeme lokushisa ebangeni SP. Rheology at medium and ongaphakeme okushisa sasibalwa ubeke amapuleti 8 mm ububanzi kanye 25 mm.

Ukuguqula mutual onamandla nokunwebeka wemfihlo G '(ω) okukumoduli ukuphumula mayunithi isilinganiselo zibalo etholakala Christensen [10]:

G (t) ~ G '(ω) | ω = 2 / πt

Ukulinganisa ashukumisayo phuca moduli zazenziwa ku ujikelezisa ashukumisayo phuca rheometers Malvern Kinexus futhi TA ares. Ukufunda imvamisa shanela kwenziwa ngezikhawu 15 ° C ngo-the uhla kusuka -30 kuya + 45 ° C nge emincane imvamisa ububanzi ka 0.1 kuya ku-100 rad / umzuzwana. Emazingeni aphansi, imvamisa eliphezulu umkhawulo shanela yehliselwa ku-50 rad / umzuzwana.

Isicelo Technology 4-mm phuca ashukumisayo rheometer ingasetshenziswa "emkhakheni" sokuba ukuhlaziywa amasampula micro kokuhlaziywa sezindawo ukusebenza ezinengilazi futhi izinto ukuhlaziywa, ukuchaza izakhiwo rheological ibitume futhi binders kabusha ngaso medium and ongaphakeme okushisa, ukuchaza rheology ka okuseleyo emulsion kanye impahla ngokugcwalisa imifantu kanye sokuthuthukiswa indlela yokuhlola ye ifilimu elincanyana - into kwalesi sihloko.

spectroscopy infrared

IR ukuhlaziywa kwenziwe "ukuhamba" Imodi kuseli 1.0 mm ne isampula 50 mg ibitume e 1 ml carbon disulfide. 32 nowe scan zazenziwa Izinsiza kusebenza: Perkin Elmer Spectrum 100, isixazululo 4 cm-1.

izinto

Ithebula 1 uchaza izinhlobo ibitume uphenyo. Amasampula ezathathwa ethangini ngesikhathi komgwaqo ukwakhiwa kwemisebenzi. Abathathu binders ezine okulungiselelwe test site e Rochester, Minnesota, United States (elakhiwa ngo 2006). Incwadi uma ikhuluma ngebitume "MB" (Manitoba) etholwe kusuka yindawo ekuhlolwa ukuxubana efudumele Manitoba, Canada, lakhiwa ngo-2010.

Ezenye Nezingxoxo

Kutfutfukiswa SAT amasu, layo ziqhathaniswa RTFO futhi RTFO / PAV

Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi umqondo akuyona SAT entsha. Aging mncane ibitume amafilimu akwazi lamafisha eside oxidative ukuguga, okuyinto eyenzeka ngo-eyohlinzwa langempela, kabanzi usufunde engu-70 edlule. Ukuhlaziya imithombo wachitha Airey [11].

Ukuthuthukiswa indlela SAT iwukuba ikhefu futhi sijwayele izifundo ezikhona yokuguga amafilimu mncane, ngokukhethekile, Glover izifundo [8, 12] futhi Petersen [13]. I umphelelisi ukusetshenziswa 4-mm phuca ashukumisayo rheometer esenza ukuba ucabangele le ndlela njengoba RTFOT izindlela.

Ekuthuthukiseni nezinkinga SAT kwakumelwe angene ubuncane film ukushuba futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe umphumela okusheshayo. Ngokwenza amaphutha wakhethwa ukushuba 300 nm, okuvumela ukunikeza ifilimu elincanyana ngaphandle kokusebenzisa kuphela. Umthamo isampuli ucwaningo rheological namakhemikhali bekulokhu esinye isici nokukhawulela.

SAT test yezifiso zinikezwe kuThebula 2: Ukuhlolwa neyesikhashana efudumele asphalt ukuxubana at 130 ° C imizuzu 50 kuhhavini nge buhlungu ophoqelelwe. Protocol wokulungiselela, kusukela umsebenzi manje sesiqale kuphela uma kuqhathaniswa ukuguga wenziwa ngokuvumelana olandelwayo nokushwabana, okuyinto empeleni kwenzekani endleleni lapho embondelene ingxube efudumele.

Fig. 2 ikhombisa kudivayisi muva zenzelwe ukuguga yesikhashana nehlala isikhathi eside ifilimu ezondile indlela SAT. I ipuleti 3 has a slot lokuguga amabhayisikobho ezahlukene 3, yilowo nalowo kubo kudinga 1.00 g ibitume, okunikeza ukujiya ifilimu ngu. 300 nm.

Ukulungiselela nomzimba omncane amafilimu ibitume ukuhlolwa kwenziwa kanje. I Umfutho ibhokisi ukusebenza, egcwele nitrogen, babekwa evuthayo (mayelana 120 ° C) ukuma, futhi lona ipuleti test SAT (itiyela). Lapho eliwu 120 ° C lisakazeka le ibitume cishe 2/3 of the surface area of plate. Spatula ibitume lenzelwa phezu lonke ipuleti ngaphezulu, bese siyishiya ebhokisini imizuzu embalwa lifika ibitume ukuqondanisa ifilimu ebusweni. I ipuleti wabe esenikwa asuswe Ukushisa avunyelwe ukuma ekamelweni kuphole ekamelweni lokushisa (23 ° C) ezigcwele nitrogen.

I ipuleti Isiphelo yamba imbobo ngoba kufakwe thermocouple ngawo izinga lokushisa sabhalwa esithandweni somlilo igalelo ophoqelelwe. I ipuleti ibekwe ngendlela osuke usushisa kakade aluminium block enikeza Ukushisa okusheshayo isivivinyo iphaneli kuhhavini. Fig. 3A libonisa idatha lokushisa esithandweni (a idatha thermocouple e plate). Ukubhalisa kwenziwa imizuzu 50, izinga lokushisa kuhhavini - 150 ° C. I lokushisa linyuka ipuleti ngokushesha esuka ambient ukuba ngu-140 ° C futhi ifinyelela 146 ° C emva kwemizuzu 50.

Icebo yesikhathi esifushane neyezinto ukuguga eside okuboniswe Fig. 3B. Ubukhulu we ipuleti zikhethwa ukuze ipuleti bufakwe ku standard ayesisebenzisa ugqoko ukuguga Umfutho.

Litholakala ukuthi ukushuba test ifilimu 300 nm amahora angaba ngu-40 kuhhavini nge buhlungu ophoqelelwe at 100 ° C futhi ukucindezela 0.74 atm ukunikeza imiphumela ohambelana PAV okujwayelekile (ASTM D6521) ngoba ifilimu 3.2 mm test obukhulu at 20 atm kuthreyi ejwayelekile. Isikhathi amahora 40 icishe ilingane, njengoba kukhona umehluko ingcindezi at bitumens ukuguga [14]. Aging ukushuba ifilimu ka 300 nm e isitsha esiwuphondo ngesikhathi ukucindezela 20 atm amahora ayi-8 ukunikeza ezingeni yokuguga ngaphansi kovivinyo ejwayelekile nge ugqoko kanye ukushuba ifilimu ngokulandela imiyalo.

Ukuze sithole isikhathi asondele futhi izinga lokushisa lapho eyenziwe ukuguga, ofana noka-RTFO ejwayelekile futhi RTFO / PAV, wasebenzisa spectroscopy infrared. Kokuqala idatha wokuqagela ke eqhathaniswa ukufundwa ukuhlaziywa rheological. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-Fig. 4A sikhombisa Ukuqhathaniswa IR spectra (SAT, RTFO, RTFO / PAV) ibitume "MV" phezu yezifiso ezisohlwini Ithebula 2. Fig. 4B ikhombisa ohambelana idatha ukuhlaziywa rheological - eyinkimbinkimbi phuca wemfihlo G * (ω). It kuyabonakala ukuthi spectra zifana kakhulu.

Ukuqhathanisa IP rheology

Ithebula 3 sikhombisa Ukuqhathanisa SP ibitume abaneminyaka ngoba RTFO ubuchwepheshe, RTFO / PAV futhi wahlala. Kuye kwatholakala ukuthi yesikhathi esifushane neyezinto lokuguga eside imiphumela etholwe usebenzisa ubuchwepheshe ezahlukene bayavumelana ezinhle.

Indlela SAT ayinakho nomphumela enkulu SP itiyela (kuhlanganise lapho ihlolwe ngokusho protocol ST SAT HMA LT FDO, engase yehluke izimo test ST SAT LT PAV futhi RTFO / PAV ngenxa ukuchayeka umehluko ingcindezi. Imiphumela iyafana kakhulu.)

Ukuqhathanisa at SP ongaphakeme (m-value), eliphakathi (G * / sinδ) kanye okusezingeni eliphezulu (G * / sinδ) lokushisa ukuba izindlela wahlala, RTFO futhi RTFO / PAV kuboniswe ngokulandelana e Fig. 5, 6 no 7. Lapho SP ukuhlaziywa ashisa ongaphakeme sibonisa kuphela m-value njengoba bitumens abangu wafunda m-elawulwa. Amanani banikwa nge ukunemba omunye opharetha by ASTM (d2s%). Ngokwesibonelo, ukunemba opharetha olulodwa m ngobukhulu ASTM D6648-08 kuyinto 4.0%.

Iphutha oyedwa Umhlinzeki inani lo ucwaningo ukwenziwa omunye opharetha olulodwa kwesinye rheometer laboratory. Abathathu izinhlobo ezine ibitume ukuhlangabezana namazinga washo ukunemba, okusho ukuthi idatha rheology etholwe izindlela wahlala, futhi RTFO RTFO / PAV wafana.

Amaphesenti ushintsho mass

Amaphesenti isisindo ushintsho kusukela inqubo RTFO ukuguga sasibalwa ngokwendlela indlela AASHTO T240. Ushintsho isisindo ngesikhathi esifushane ukuguga indlela SAT kukalwa efanayo, okungukuthi, ushintsho ibitume mass sivezwe njengoba iphesenti mass yasekuqaleni. Ukulahlekelwa mass alivumi, ukwanda - omuhle. kwesisindo sivame ukuba phakathi novivinyo RTFOT, nakuba ukwanda zingenza [15]. izinguquko Ukuqhathanisa isisindo ngesikhathi yokuhlola ye wahlala futhi RTFO izindlela zinikezwe kuThebula 4.

Amabili asphalt e iphesenti isisindo ushintsho umehluko azinakwa. Okunye ukuhlola kuyabonakala ukuthi indlela SAT mkhulu kwesisindo kuka RTFO, nakuba kancane kuphela. Ukuze bagomela ngokuthi SAT kuyinto wezibalo ezahlukene kusukela RTFO iphuzu kwesisindo umbono, zidinga ucwaningo olwengeziwe.

isiphetho

Kucwaningo elihlanzekile ibitume ukuqhathanisa wabonisa ukuthi SAT indlela kunikeza imiphumela efana ne imiphumela ku standard futhi RTFO RTFO / PAV ngokombono rheology, futhi ngezinga elincane engaqhathaniswa ngesikhathi zokuhlolelwa noqhekeko we carbonyl futhi sulfoxide.

Inhlanganisela indlela nge wahlala ukuhlolwa ku 4 mm phuca ashukumisayo rheometer amapuleti parallel ukucacisa izakhiwo rheological futhi esifakiwe ngezimiso (m-value nokuqina phuca) ashisa ongaphakeme. Ukuze enze ukuguga esifushane SAT indlela kudinga imizuzu engu-50 kuphela, imizuzu 35, ngaphansi kuka ezidingekile RTFOT ejwayelekile.

Okubaluleke kakhulu, i-eside ukuguga ucindezelwa isitsha-indlela SAT edingekayo 8 amahora, amahora 12 ngaphambi kwamazinga adingekayo test PAV. Okwamanje, umsebenzi uyaqhubeka isicelo SAT indlela polymer-modified ibitume emulsion kwenze walulama itiyela, kanye ukumodeliswa yokuguga oxidative, okuyinto eyenzeka ngesikhathi bumbela isitshalo ukuxubana efudumele.

ipuleti Ngamunye wahlala yokuhlola indlela ivumela ukuthola 3 g we ibitume asebekhulile. Lena esanele ukuchaza izakhiwo rheological kanye bamakhemikhali e ongaphakeme, aphakathi nendawo kanye okusezingeni eliphezulu lokushisa. Uma udinga isibopho esingeziwe oneminyaka engu-ingalungiswa futhi equliswa ukuguga ngesikhathi esifanayo a amapuleti ambalwa.

Article: Indlela entsha yokuguga ibitume egunjini lokucwaninga esibhedlela.

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