Amaphutha: emihle nemibi

Isintu umsuka eziningana eminyakeni eyinkulungwane edlule. Phakathi naso sonke lesi sikhathi-ke njalo elokhu ivela. Izizathu zalokhu bekulokhu eziningi, kodwa ngaphandle ukukhalipha umuntu umane akunakwenzeka. Amaphutha ubulokhu okwamanje omunye oyinhloko.

Incazelo endleleni

eqoshiwe Kusobala e izincwadi zomlando le ndlela incane. Kodwa, naphezu kwalokhu, ke kudingeka siyinake ngokukhethekile.

Amaphutha - indlela lapho ikhambi ibangelwa Ukukhetha ongakhetha nje umphumela akuyona owayezoba (isibonelo, kwi-mathematics) noma eyamukelekayo (at ukuziqambela izindlela ezintsha zesayensi).

Isintu siye njalo ezijatshulelwa le ndlela. Cishe eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, odokotela bengqondo baye bazama ukuthola owawuvamile nabantu asebeke babasebenzisa le ndlela ka cognition. Futhi baphumelela. Umuntu ufuna impendulo inselele, ngenkani ukuba bakhethe ongakhetha ukuba ulinge futhi sibheke yi. Uthatha nje kungekho mbono khona livela ngale ndaba. Experimenter uya ezingeni elisha yokucabanga kule ndaba.

Indlela emlandweni wezwe

Omunye wabantu abadumile kakhulu ababesebenzisa le ndlela kwaba Edison. Wonke umuntu uyazi umlando isibani sakhe icebo. Yena bazama kuze kube yilesi sikhathi, ke akukenzeki. Kodwa Edison phelelisa le ndlela. Lapho sifuna izixazululo, yaxoxela umsebenzi phakathi abantu emsebenzela. Ngakho, ukwaziswa ukuthola okuningi kuka ku lahunyushwa umuntu oyedwa. Futhi ngesisekelo amaphutha idatha waba impumelelo emisebenzini Edison sika. Ngenxa lo muntu ubengaveli ucwaningo nezikhungo, wasebenzisa zazo, ikakhulukazi, futhi le ndlela.

ngezinga lobunzima

Kule ndlela, kukhona amazinga eziningana nobunzima. Bakhandwa ngakho lihlukaniselwe bona ukuze ukumuncwa kangcono. Umsebenzi ezingeni lokuqala ubhekwa lula, kanye search for isixazululo yayo kwandziswa amandla. Kodwa izimpendulo enendawo okungaka. Njengoba kwanda ngezinga lobunzima ukwanda kanye yinkimbinkimbi komsebenzi. Isivivinyo kanye Iphutha Class 5 - the Ezingalapheki kakhulu futhi isikhathi esiningi.

Kuyadingeka ukuba sikhumbule ukuthi ne bandise oyinkimbinkimbi ukukhulisa inani ulwazi emimoya indoda. Ukuze uqonde kangcono ukuthi yini sengozini, cabanga inqubo. Amazinga lokuqala nelesibili uvumele abaqambi ukuthuthukisa ke. In esigabeni lokugcina eyinkimbinkimbi wadala umkhiqizo omusha ngokuphelele.

Ngokwesibonelo, uma kwenzeka lapho abantu abasha ayisihloko mqondo wathatha izinkinga Ezingalapheki air navigation. Abafundi abazange banolwazi efanayo ososayensi abaningi abasebenze kule ndawo, kodwa ngenxa anhlobonhlobo ulwazi izingane sengisilethe ukuthola impendulo. Futhi indawo izixazululo kwakunjalo neze nesayensi confectionery ibhizinisi. Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi lokhu akunakwenzeka, kodwa kuyiqiniso. Abantu abasha abangu ngisho isitifiketi copyright icebo yabo.

Izinzuzo indlela

Inzuzo yokuqala Kungashiwo kufanele kubhekwe zokudala. ngokwenza amaphutha, inkinga isixazululekile uvumele ukusebenzisa zombili ama- zobuchopho ukucinga izimpendulo.

Kufanele unike isibonelo sendlela ukwakha isikebhe. Imivubukulo ibonisa ukuthi phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, izinqamu ngezinqamu eshintsha ukuma. Abacwaningi njalo uzama into entsha. Uma isikebhe zashona phansi, bese ewela leli fomu uma wahlala ukuntanta ke siphawule lokhu. Ngakho, isixazululo ebucayini itholwe ukuphela.

Uma iqoqo umsebenzi akuyona kakhulu nzima, le ndlela ithatha isikhathi esincane. Ezinye izinkinga abasafufusa kungaba ezahlukeneyo eziyishumi, esisodwa noma ezimbili zazo ziyiqiniso. Kodwa uma sicabangela, isibonelo, amarobhothi, kulesi simo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ezinye izindlela uphenyo angase udonse amashumi eminyaka futhi uyoletha izigidi ongakhetha.

Ukuhlukaniswa imisebenzi emazingeni eziningana ukuhlola okusheshayo futhi ukwazi kanjani ukumela ukufuna amakhambi. Lokhu kunciphisa isikhathi isinqumo. Futhi indlela amaphutha ingasetshenziswa ngo parallel nezinye imisebenzi ngesikhathi eziyinkimbinkimbi.

ukulinganiselwa

With ukuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe nesayensi, le ndlela aqala ukuphelelwa kwayo.

Kwezinye izindawo nje engenangqondo ukuze kudaleke izinkulungwane zamathuba amasampula, ukushintsha ngesinye sezinqumo. Ngakho ngokuvamile manje zisebenzisa izindlela okusekelwe olwazini oluthile. Ukuze lokhu abangu wafunda uhlobo izinto, nokuxhumana izakhi nomunye. Steel wasebenzisa izibalo kanye izifundo zesayensi, ucwaningo kanye nakho kwesikhathi esidlulileko.

Amaphutha namanje ukusetshenziswa enkulu emsebenzini. Kodwa ukwakha imoto ngendlela kakade ubonakala silly futhi alisasebenzi. Ngakho manje, esimweni samanje impucuko, kubalulekile sciences eqondile ingxenye ukusetshenziswa kwezinye izindlela eziningi.

Ngokuvamile, lapho ucabangela izindlela inkinga angachaza izinto eziningi ezincane kakhulu futhi akazange acabangele izinto ezibaluleke a priori. Ngokwesibonelo, umsunguli we-penicillin (ama-antibiotic) umangalele ukuthi nge efanele kungenzeka usungula ikhambi engamashumi amabili phambi kwakhe. Lokhu kwakungabonisa ukuthi nomthelela insindiso izimpilo ezingenakubalwa.

Lapho izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokuvamile isimo lapho umbuzo ngokwako endaweni efanayo ngobuchule, futhi isixazululo yayo - ehluke ngokuphelele.

Hhayi njalo abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi impendulo kuyotholakala nhlobo.

Umbhali indlela amaphutha

Kukuwena yasungulwa le ndlela ulwazi, asisoze sazi. Okuningi ngokunembile, siyazi ukuthi lokhu kwaba ngokucacile umuntu namasu ngubani okungenzeka waqondisa isifiso ukuba bathuthukise ukuphila kwabo.

Ezikhathini zasendulo, abantu bebelokhu ngempela kulinganiselwe izinto eziningi. It invents konke ngale ndlela. Bezingekho iyiphi nolwazi oluyisisekelo physics, izibalo, i-chemistry, nezinye izinhlobo zesayensi ezibalulekile. Kwasekufanele ukuthi isinyathelo ngokungahleliwe. Uqinisile ekhishwe umlilo ukuze bazivikele ezilwaneni eziyingozi, ukupheka kanye ukushisa ekhaya. Izikhali ukunikeza ukudla, izikebhe - nokuhamba phezu kwemifula. It yasungulwa ngo senzakalo womuntu nobunzima. Kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi inkinga solvable kwaholela ekutheni izikhulu zibonise ejwayelekile kangcono eziphilayo.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi izazi eziningi baye basebenzisa le ndlela emibhalweni yakhe.

Nokho, kuba incazelo indlela futhi zisetshenziswe sibona Thorndike physiologist ekupheleni yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye.

ucwaningo Thorndike

Isibonelo indlela amaphutha angabhekwa emisebenzini zesayensi usosayensi-physiologist. Wayedlala ucwaningo ehlukahlukene yokuziphatha nezilwane, okuwenza aqondane emabhokisini ezikhethekile.

Omunye ucwaningo wabheka cishe kanje. Cat ibekwe ebhokisini, ifuna indlela yokuphuma. Ibhokisi uqobo ungaba inketho wokuvulwa 1: wena kwadingeka ukuthi uchofoze entwasahlobo - futhi kwavuleka isicabha. I isilwane esisetshenziselwa imisebenzi eminingi (amasampula okuthiwa), futhi iningi labo kwenzakala akuphumelelanga. Cat wahlala ebhokisini. Kodwa ngemva ezinye iqoqo ongakhetha isilwane wakwazi uchofoze isiphethu niphume ebhokisini. Ngakho, i-cat engene ebhokisini, nge kwesikhathi ngekhanda zimo. Futhi ukhetha kusuka ebhokisini esikhathini esifushane.

Thorndike wafakazela ukuthi indlela sivumelekile, futhi nakuba umphumela akuyona lwento, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuphindaphinda izenzo ezifanayo, isinqumo iza ngokuphazima kweso.

Ukuxazulula izinkinga ngokwenza amaphutha

Izibonelo le nqubo kakhulu, kodwa kufanele ukukunika eyodwa kakhulu.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili wahlala umklami odumile izinjini for izindiza Mikulin. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakunebandla omningi emoyeni ukuphahlazeka ngenxa magneto, okusho inhlansi emva kwesikhathi indiza wanyamalala. Sekube ucwaningo eminingi nasekuqageleni ngembangela, kodwa Impendulo yavela isimo esingalindelekile.

Aleksandr Aleksandrovich wahlangana nendoda emgwaqeni nge iso elimnyama. Okwamanje sondela him, futhi ukuqonda ukuthi umuntu ngaphandle omunye amehlo akubonayo a diki ngcolile. Waxoxela lokhu babukwe aviator Utochkin. Lapho ukufakwa indiza le magneto yesibili kakhulu kwehle isibalo ukuphahlazeka. Futhi ngenkathi Utochkin ikhokhwe emva ngamunye indiza ukuboniswa Mikulina imali imivuzo.

Ukusebenzisa indlela kwi-mathematics

Kaningi amaphutha indlela mathematics isetshenziswa ezikoleni njengendlela ukuthuthukisa ukucabanga okunengqondo futhi ongakhetha kokuhlola ijubane yokusesha. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuba kukhule ubungcweti ekufundeni futhi wenze izici yomdlalo.

Ngokuvamile itholakala ezincwadini imisebenzi ngamazwi athi "Xazulula ezothando ngokwenza amaphutha." Kulokhu-ke kubalulekile ukuba ukhethe izinketho impendulo. Lapho wathola impendulo efanele, wavele wazibonakalisa cishe, okungukuthi, bafeza izibalo ezidingekayo. Ngenxa yalokho, sisuke siqinisekisa ukuthi lokhu impendulo kuphela elungile.

Isibonelo inkinga okusebenzayo

amaphutha indlela izibalo ebangeni 5 (the izinhlelo zokugcina) kukhulunywa ngayo kaningi. Nasi isibonelo.

Uzocelwa okubonakale amaqembu angaba isikwele. Kuncike ekutheni indawo (S) = 32 cm, nobukhulu (P) = 24 cm.

Isixazululo sale nkinga: ake sithi ubude uhlangothi futhi 4. Ngakho ubude omunye ohlangothini olufanayo.

Sithola ezothando ezilandelayo:

24 - 4 - 4 = 16

16 ehlukaniswa 2 = 8

8 cm - ububanzi.

Sibheka isikwele ifomula. S = A * B = 8 * 4 = 32 amasentimitha. Njengoba singabona, isinqumo ilungile. Ungakwazi ukubala ipherimitha. Ngu ukubala, okulandelayo ukubala p = 2 * (A + B) = 2 * (4 + 8) = 24.

Esifundweni sezibalo, le amaphutha ndlela ngaso sonke isikhathi kakhulu ekutfoleni tisombululo. Ngokuvamile, ungasebenzisa indlela okufanele, ngesikhathi esifanayo kuthatha isikhathi esingaphansi. Kodwa sokuthuthukiswa ukucabanga, le ndlela itholakala arsenal wabo bonke abafundisi.

Theory ka sokusungula izimo zokuxazulula izinkinga azenzeki

Indlela TRIZ amaphutha kubhekwa omunye iyasilela kakhulu. Lapho umuntu uthola enkingeni engajwayelekile kuye, isenzo nomaphi, kungenzeka kube nampumelelo. Ungakwazi ukuchitha isikhathi esiningi futhi ngenxa yalokho abazange baphumelele. Theory ka Inkinga sokusungula ukuxazulula esekelwe imithetho eyaziwayo, futhi ivame ukusetshenziselwa nezinye izindlela cognition. TRIZ ngokuvamile sisetshenziswa emfundweni yezingane, okwenza le nqubo kumnandi futhi ezithakazelisayo ukuze ingane.

okutholakele

Njengoba le ndlela, singasho kugcwale umlomo ukuthi ngempela ezithakazelisayo. Naphezu kokushiyeka yayo, it livame ukusetshenziswa ekuxazululeni izinkinga lokudala.

Nokho, awusebenzi ngaso sonke isikhathi nemiphumela ayeyilindele. umcwaningi Ungalokothi akazi lapho ayeke ngifuna noma kungase kube kuwufanele okwenza umbhangqwana imizamo kanye kwinto yami enhle kakhulu izalwa. Libuye okungacaci ukuthi singakanani isikhathi uzobe wachitha.

Uma unquma ukusebenzisa le ndlela yokuxazulula inkinga, kufanele baqonde ukuthi kwesinye isikhathi impendulo kungenzeka endaweni nhlobo. Kodwa ikuvumela ukubheka yokusesha ngakolunye uhlangothi. Ungase udinge ukulobaloba nedlanzana ukuhlukahluka ezimbalwa, futhi mhlawumbe izinkulungwane. Kodwa kuphela ukuphikelela nokukholelwa impumelelo kuzoholela elamukelekile.

Ngezinye izikhathi le ndlela isetshenziswa njengenhlangano owengeziwe. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho besanda kuqala ukuze unciphise search. Noma lapho kuhlolwa kwenziwa ngezindlela eziningi futhi nsí. Kulokhu, ingxenye okudala indlela evumela ukuthola isisombululo ebucayini inkinga.

Amaphutha ngokuvamile sisetshenziswa nokufundisa. It ivumela izingane nakho kwazo siqu ukuthola izixazululo etimeni letehlukene. It libafundisa ngekhanda ukuziphatha elifanele zamukelwa emphakathini.

Abaculi ukusebenzisa le ndlela ukucinga ugqozi.

Indlela kumele zihlolelwe ekuphileni kwansuku zonke lapho ekuxazululeni izinkinga. Mhlawumbe ezinye izinto uzovela kuwe ngendlela ehlukile.