Uyini NKVD? Sokuqonda izifinyezo. Umlando sendalo, imisebenzi, imisebenzi

Phakathi kwezinye izakhiwo amandla, ushiye mkhondo emlandweni wezwe lakithi, linendawo ekhethekile wukuthi phakade sihleli kumemori zabantu we NKVD izincwadi. Kulungiswa Soviet we RSFSR, nezinye izifinyezo eminingi evamile, kodwa disused akakubangeli akukho nobunzima eyodwa, amagama Nokho esifushanisiwe kwezinye izinkonzo zomphakathi kufanele uchaze. Lokhu kuyadingeka ikakhulu ngayo esizukulwaneni esisha. Futhi okubaluleke nakakhulu ubatshele NKVD.

Ukudala umzimba omusha womphakathi

Ngokusho isinqumo we-CEC ka-USSR usuka Julayi 10, 1934, lenzeka yesiphathimandla emaphakathi yokuphatha zonke izakhiwo ehilelekile ubulelesi kanye lokulondoloza ukuthula komphakathi. Wayelethwa ebekwe izinhlamvu ezine - i-NKVD. izifinyezo sokuqonda lalithé: Yabantu Commissariat Wezangaphakathi.

Kanye amayunithi elalisanda kumiswa wangena futhi udondolo ukuzimela elahlekile, kodwa hhayi waqeda Jikelele UMnyango Political. Yavela kanjalo-ke inhlangano sekuwuphawu Ngokuqondene nokuqothulwa kohlanga okwenziwa umbuso uStalin ngokumelene abantu lalo.

Uyini NKVD?

Isakhiwo okudalwe kwadingeka ububanzi ezibanzi engavamile umthwalo, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kanye lutho amandla wafana. Ngakho, ngokuya enekhono ukulawula imisebenzi zikahulumeni ezihlobene imisebenzi kamasipala, ukwakhiwa, futhi cishe yonke imikhakha yezezimboni.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, NKVD babehilelekile uphenyo zezombusazwe, ukukhalipha angaphandle, ukuvikelwa imingcele isimo, emsebenzini ohlelweni ukubulawa kwezijeziso futhi counterintelligence lempi. Ukuze ngempumelelo bafeze imisebenzi yabo NKVD inikezwe ilungelo lokwenza noma isiphi aphume izigwebo zenkantolo, kuhlanganise isigwebo sokufa. Ngokusho isinqumo CEC zase-USSR, babengakwazi kuncike ukhalaza futhi ngokurhaba.

I nangobudlova we NKVD kathathu ekhethekile

Okunjalo amandla olukhulu ezimisweni kule isakhiwo isebenze ngaphandle emkhakheni wezomthetho, kwadala izinhlekelele okubi kakhulu ukuthi nokho ngehlelwe yilokhu ezweni lakithi. Ukwethula yaphelela, yileyo NKVD, thina kumelwe bakhumbule repressions mass namathathu banesifo esibi, imbangela eyinhloko yayiwukuthi lokhu umzimba. Izigidi izakhamuzi zaseSoviet ababeyiziboshwa we Gulag futhi wabulawelwa ngamacala angamanga, bagwetshwe okuzisholo ngabathathu ekhethekile.

Isakhiwo saleli izakhiwo okungezona zokwahlulela kuhlanganisiwe: i unobhala weqembu, umtjhutjhisi ophethe kulowo mnyango wesifunda NKVD noma idolobha. Ukunqunywa abamangalelwa icala, njengoba umthetho, elingenziwanga, futhi izigwebo amacala okulindile azisekelwe umthetho okhona kakade, kodwa kuphela ngokuvumelana nesifiso sabo siqu eyaba umphumela ikuyo yonke indawo nangobudlova.

Ukudingisa lezizwe nokubambisana njengoba ngangihlale ngiqashwe amaGestapo

Ngaphezu kwalokho, Yabantu Commissariat Wezangaphakathi ahlaza yena futhi ifomu yokucindezelwa zezombusazwe, njengoba kokuxoshwa kwezithunywa abantu nsuku kazwelonke. Eminyakeni ka Stalinism wonke abantu ngenkani liyasuswa endaweni yabo yokuhlala e mlando izifunda eNyakatho Ekude naseSiberia. Ngokusho kwemibiko, le NKVD kwenziwe kube sekudingiselweni bezizwe eziyishumi. Lezi zihlanganisa Chechens, YaseCrimea AmaTatar, amaJalimane, baseKorea, Finns, Ingrian, ingush, Karachai, Meskhetian abaseTurkey, Kalmyks futhi Balkars.

Esikhathini kwamashumi amahlanu, ngemva vulamehlo yemikhuba yehlelo kukaStalin zobuntu kanye nokuvuselelwa kwalezo zisulu eziningi kukahulumeni wakhe litholakale emphakathini kuye kwaholela ubufakazi eminingi ye-pre-impi NKVD ngokubambisana njengoba ngangihlale ngiqashwe amaGestapo. In the press kunazo zonke ngalezo amagama inqwaba German kanye Austrian anti-amaFascist, ezazifuna ukukhoseliswa ezombusazwe eSoviet Union, kodwa wavuma: "izakhi engathandeki" futhi wathumela emagunyeni German.

Abaholi lokuqala izakhiwo ingajezisa

Kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala NKVD (sokuqonda izifinyezo letinikwe lapha ngenhla), esiqongweni salesi umzimba waba abasanda kumiswa Yabantu Commissar Wezangaphakathi GG Berry. Ngemva kokukhonza kulowo sikhundla iminyaka emibili, waba isisulu ohlelweni lapho uphokophele. Ngo-September 1936, yena waba basuswa ezihlalweni zabo futhi aboshelwe amacala aqanjiwe. Ngemva kokuchitha iminyaka emibili ngaphansi kophenyo, umongameli wokuqala we-commissariat onguMninimandla onke wadutshulwa.

Ngokushesha ngemva yokuxoshwa futhi ukuboshwa GG Yagoda esikhundleni sakhe wamiswa njengombonisi Commissar entsha. Zaba ilungu wabaholi Politburo we CPSU (b) N. I. Ezhov. Nge igama lakhe lihlotshaniswa ukuqaliswa elidumile "Terror Omkhulu", ongaqaqiwe Stalin 1937-1938.

Nokho, akazange akwazi ukuhambahamba i-career ehlala njalo kuneyokuqala. Ekupheleni kuka-December 1938, wayeboshwa ngesisekelo indinganiso ke necala lokuzama ukuvukela uMbuso, futhi ngemva nje kweminyaka emibili ngaphansi kophenyo, walahlekelwa ukuphila kwakhe ngenxa isigwebo sokufa.

L. P. Beriya futhi SN Kruglov

Omude kunayo yonke owake ngasekhanda we NKVD wahlala L. P. Beriya. Ukuze uyakulanyulelwa okuthunyelwe Disemba 25, 1938, kwaba kuphela 1946 yanika ke lowo owayilandela - S. N. Kruglovu. Ukuphendukela umsebenzi we Politburo zase-USSR, Beria kuze kokufa kukaStalin ezahlala uyisihluthulelo kuhulumeni. Nokho, isiphetho esidabukisayo ngaphambili, futhi akakwazanga ukugwema. Waboshwa ngo-1953, ngokushesha wathola, ngo isinqumo eNkantolo Ephakeme, inhlamvu zakhe okufanele.

Kuzo zonke abaholi ezine NKVD, ezaqedwa ngo-March 1946, kuphela uma kuqhathaniswa lucky S. N. Kruglovu. Ukudalelwa wamnika ukuphila ukuze Esegugile. Nokho, akazange afe ukufa yemvelo. Njengoba umhlanganyeli uyaca repressions, ngo-1959 i-isinqumo senkantolo jikelele yangaphambili bancishwa impesheni, kanye amafulethi elibizayo zonke enhliziyweni kwesihloko. Nakuba indawo yokungenisa khona eMoscow "Pravda" esiteshini, July 6, 1977, wagcina ukuphila kwakhe ngaphansi amasondo isitimela.

Indima NKVD ekulweni wobushiqela

Nokho, ukuze aphendule ngokugcwele umbuzo lokho NKVD, omunye ongakwazi ukulinganisela thina lokho indima amnyama ukuthi lesi sakhiwo ayifeza emlandweni wezwe lakithi. Kungaba iphutha esingenakuthethelelwa ukuze uchithe impumelelo yakhe ekulweni nobugebengu, kanye ngokumelene abahlaseli amaNazi ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe.

Ngokusho idatha ezigciniwe, ngo-June 1941, amabutho NKVD kuhlanganisiwe ukwahlukana nane, amaqembu nesishiyagalombili, kanye regiments engaphezu kwamashumi amabili izinjongo ezihlukahlukene. Kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala empini, la mabutho athunyelwa empini ethile yafeza indima ebalulekile e ukunqotshwa lesitha.

Kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi imbangela Ukunqoba phezu wobushiqela alenzanga nje kubasebenzi, kodwa cishe izigidi izakhamuzi nabo abangakwazi neziboshwa zangaphambilini we Gulag, wabavikela futhi bathethelelwe ngesicelo ubuholi NKVD ukuze uthumele ngaphambili. Ngezinga elithile esithile esiphumelelayo waba ngowokuqala - neminyaka enzima kakhulu empini.

amabutho Border futhi yangaphakathi

Ungayithathi kalula indima le NKVD ekuvikelweni imingcele isimo ezweni lethu. Esikhathini namathathu banesifo esibi ngasekupheleni, ukubunjwa abangaphansi kwakhe umngcele onogada bezingaphansi ayizinkulungwane 167. Man. Umsebenti wabo kwaba kanjani ukuyeka Ukungena endaweni ka-zonke izinhlobo izinhloli Soviet, saboteurs futhi beshushumbisa, okuphambili kanye nempi yokulwa mthetho umngcele umbuso. Amagama umngcele eziningi kulinda namaqhawe phakade emlandweni Armed Forces zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa.

Kubukeka izibalo olubabazeka kakhulu, sibonakalisa umsebenzi eyenziwa phakathi neminyaka yempi, amasosha sangaphakathi NKVD. Ngokusho idatha etholakalayo, kuphela ekulweni gang of 9.5 saqhutshwa ayizinkulungwane. Ukuthengiselana avunyelwe iwukudambisa ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 150. Izigebengu. Kanye nabo, futhi umngcele Onogada akwazi ukuqeda kunamaqembu ezigebengu 829 ezahlukene, ezazihlanganisa ayizinkulungwane 49. Izigebengu.

Indima NKVD emnothweni sempi

Abacwaningi banamuhla futhi eziningi nezinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni ozama ukuhlola ukuthi yini umthelela okuye kwaba on ukuthuthukisa umnotho zabasebenzi kazwelonke ka iziboshwa Gulag. Njengoba kuveziwe yinhlangano owaziwa kwamalungelo wobuntu "Nesikhumbuzo", le NKVD ku namathathu banesifo esibi ngasekupheleni waphenduka umsebenzi ngakho enobudlova, ngenxa yakhe esejele ekuqaleni empini kwenzakala madoda anamandla abangaba yizigidi ezingu-1,68, lokulandisa 8% abasebenzi Imininingwane yezwe ngaleso sikhathi.

Njengengxenye uhlelo ukugqugquzela, wuhulumeni, amabhizinisi, wadala ezindaweni yeziboshwa eyenziwa isamba esikhulu izinhlamvu kanye neminye imikhiqizo adingekayo ukuze ngaphambili. Lokhu ngokuqinisekile kubonakala ekugcinweni nebutho lezempi, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, kumelwe sivume ukuthi ukusebenza ezifana ophoqelelwe uphansi impela.

Iminyaka yangemva kwempi

Njengoba iminyaka post-yimpi, futhi ngalesi sikhathi indima le NKVD e ukuvelela emnothweni kukhona lubonakale neze. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, nokubekwa Gulag emakamu ezindaweni ezigqagqene kakhulu zenyakatho, eSiberia naseMpumalanga Ekude ziye zaba nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwabo, kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi, umsebenzi iyasilela iziboshwa bekulokhu isithiyo ukugcwaliseka amaphrojekthi amaningi kwezomnotho.

Lokhu kusebenza ngokugcwele imizamo ukusebenzisa umsebenzi ophoqelelwe lososayensi nonjiniyela, eziningi izisulu uyaca repressions we Stalin isikhathi. Kuyaziwa ukuthi NKVD wadala ejele elinesimiso sokulondeka, wathola eyaziwa ngokuthi "sharashek". Ziyakwazi abameleli elite yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe, ulahlwe ngamacala lamanga yi "ngabathathu ekhethekile" kakhulu okuxoxwe ngazo ngenhla, waziphatha ucwaningo nentuthuko.

Phakathi kweziboshwa wangaphambili ezinjalo "sharashek" babe ososayensi enjalo aziwayo Soviet, abaklami, kokubili SP futhi Korolev A. N. Tupolev. Umphumela yokuzama ukwethula ayimpoqo lokusungula lobuchwepheshe lalilincane kakhulu futhi yabonisa kungafanele okuphelele kwalesi ibhizinisi.

isiphetho

Esikhathini kwamashumi amahlanu, emva kokufa kukaStalin, baqala inqubo kokuvuselelwa izisulu adalwe kuye ikumodi zwe. Crime esikhishwe ngaphambilini ngoba ekulweni bayizitha zabantu, Uthole atjheja esusela ejensi kahulumeni kanye nemibono yomphakathi. It evezwa nesakhiwo umsebenzi, okuthiwa NKVD, emagama, umlando kanye nemisebenzi okuyinto zaba isihloko lesi sihloko. Ngo-1946, le-Office elidumile lalenziwa Wezangaphakathi wase-USSR.