General Chumakov Fedor: biography, amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo, isithombe

Ngaphambi kokutshela ukuthi ubani u-Chumakov, umphathi owaziwa kubo bonke ababukeli bethelevishini nabathandi bezincwadi zempi, kufanele abize igama lomlobi owaziwayo waseSoviet owathola umklomelo wombuso we-USSR ngesikhathi sakhe. Lona ngu-Ivan Stadnyuk, umsebenzi wakhe owaziwa kakhulu kude nezwe lethu.

Mayelana nomlobi

Isithombe sikaGeneral Chumakov esidalwe ngumlobi siseduze nawo wonke umuntu, akekho noyedwa ongazi i-merry Maxim Perepelitsa, amaqhawe weveli kanye namanoveli ka-Ivan Stadnyuk (namafilimu ngokuvumelana nezimo zakhe). Ngaphandle kwalokhu? U-Ivan Stadnyuk wabhala ezinye izincwadi ezihunyushwe ngezilimi eziningi zomhlaba: "Abantu abazona izingelosi", "Abathintekayo", "Umuntu akazinikeli," "Abantu abanezikhali," uhlu lude. U-Ivan Stadnyuk udume ngokukhethekile ngenxa ye-screenplay yakhe ne-dramaturgy. "Impi eNtshonalanga" - uchungechunge lwethelevishini lapho kuvele khona uChumakov onobungqingili, ongu-general, isithombe sakhe saphila kangangokuthi abantu abaningi abamqondi njengombhali wezincwadi noma wefilimu.

Imisebenzi yokuqala yanyatheliswa ngu-Ivan Stadnyuk emagazini ethi "Soviet Warrior", futhi umlobi akazange ahlanganyele nezindikimba zempi kuze kube sekugcineni. Eminyakeni eyisithupha kamuva wasebenza kulo magazini njengomhleli womnyango wezingqungquthela, futhi ilungu lebhodi lokuhlela laliyiminyaka engamashumi amathathu. U-Ivan Fotievich Stadnyuk ngokwakhe uyisosha eliphambili eliye langena kulo lonke impi futhi libone amaqhawe amaningi njengeGeneral Chumakov adalwe nguye. Kusukela empini, akhiphe imiyalo eminingi nemindeni, kodwa futhi nakho lokho, ukucabanga, lezozinkumbulo ezingenakungabangela amakhasi ezincwadi zakhe.

Iqiniso lokuphila nezincwadi

Eminyakeni yobuSoviet, u-Ivan Stadnyuk wathola izikhwama zezinhlamvu, okwakuvame ukuqukethe imibuzo mayelana nemininingwane ethile yempilo yobungqingili ukuthi uFyodor Chumakov, Jikelele weMpi, wayekade ehlala. Lokhu kuyaqondakala. Ngokwakhe kuthathwe emaphethelweni obunikazi, okwaba yisisekelo sezincwadi zakhe zonke, ngokuyiqiniso kuphela ukutshela umfundi isimo esasikhona, futhi ubuntu obuchazwe ezincwadini banezibonelo zabo zangempela. Isithombe sokuthi i-Fedor Xenofontovich, i-General Chumakov bears, nayo iqinisile kakhulu.

Naphezu kokugxila okuphezulu ebufakazini, izincwadi zikaStadnyuk zigcwele ukwethenjwa, ukwethembeka, zithinta kakhulu okuhlangenwe nakho kwakho, ngakho-ke umfundi uthatha njengabantu bangakaze babe khona ngaphansi kwala magama. Eqinisweni, izikhali zempi ezichazwe ezincwadini zazinikezelwa ngempela, futhi bonke abantu bahlanganyela kulo. Futhi uGeneral Chumakov Fyodor Ksenofontovich wathatha izici eziyinhloko zabaholi abaningana abavelele bempi. Mayelana nabo kuzotshelwa ngezansi.

Umbhali uthi

Ngo-1983, u-Ivan Stadnyuk wathola umklomelo wombuso we-USSR wezintatheli "Impi" ne "Moscow, 41". Wabe esetshela abafundi ukuthi uFyodor Chumakov wakhe, umholi jikelele ungumuntu onenkohliso. Kodwa konke ukuhlonishwa nokuhlonishwa, uthando, ukuqonda konke okwenziwa yi-Commander of the Thirteen Mechanized Corps of General Akhlyustin, uMongameli we-Eleventh Mechanized Corps General General Mostovenko kanye noMlawuli weSithandathu Mechanized Corps kaGeneral Khatskilevich babesebenzisa ngokucophelela izici zakhe.

Indima yalezi zimbangi emasontweni okuqala asemqoka empi yempi yayinkulu kakhulu, ngisho nokucabanga kwakungenakukwazi ukumboza zonke izingozi kanye nesibindi esikhulu kunani elikhulu lezimo ezibuhlungu abalawuli ababezobhekana nazo kanye nabalandeli babo. Izidumbu zikaGeneral Chumakov, owaziwa yilo biography ezithintekayo izenzakalo ezenzeka ngempela, zaqhutshwa ezindaweni ezifanayo nasesimweni esifanayo esiyinkimbinkimbi esidinga ukunqotshwa yizimboni zangempela ezididiyelwe ze-Red Army.

Izimo zokugqashuka kwempi

U-Ivan Stadnyuk ezenzakalweni ezenzekayo ezinsukwini zokuqala zempi, futhi, wabamba iqhaza, futhi zonke izinkinga zabo zahlupheka. Lokhu kwakuseWest Belarus, ezindaweni zayo zomngcele. Futhi i-biography kaGeneral Chumakov Fyodor Ksenofontovich nayo yathinta zonke lezi zinkinga. Nokho, iStadyuyuk yayingasenyakatho, lokhu kuyisayithi lebutho elingumakhelwane, lapho izilawuli zazingasebenzi khona ngokugcwele. Kodwa iqembu lakhe laphuma ngokushesha empini. Ngabona futhi ngabona umlobi ngokuphelele into efanayo nazo zonke ezinye izingxenye nokuxhumana okuzitholeleke ngokuzumayo kule grinder yezinyamazane, ebusweni ubuso nobuso.

Futhi phakathi kwesiqephu esingeke sakhiwe nguGeneral Chumakov Fyodor Ksenofontovich, i-biography yendoda enhle, njengoba evele phambi kwabafundi (bese izethameli). Ifilimu ebonakalayo ezinkundleni eziyisithupha, edutshulwa kwi-studio ye-Dovzhenko yamafilimu ngo-1990, esekelwe encwadini yombhalo kaStadnyuk, eyakhiwa ngokukhethekile ngabantu abanemifanekiso yamaqhawe eMpini Yezwe Yesibili. I-General Chumakov kanye nezenzakalo ezibuhlungu zokuqala kokulwa okukhulu kuye kwaba yinkambo ephilayo ehlangene namuhla nezikhathi ezingaphezu kwesigamu sekhulu leminyaka edlule.

Isakhiwo

Umlobi wayengewona umbhali wefilimu, futhi lokhu, okwamanje, kwashiya uphawu kumkhwalithi. Naphezu kwawo wonke ama-"bloopers" angenamahloni futhi amaningi, ifilimu yaqala ukubhoboza, futhi lokhu kungcono kakhulu kulo lonke umlobi. Abalobi baze baphambukisa inguqulo yendima yobuholi baseSoviet, enezela amaphuzu uStadyuyuk angathinti noma abhale ngokuphambene.

Ngemva kokuhlaselwa kweJalimane eSoviet Union kanye nobuholi, futhi uStalin ngokwakhe wahluke ngokuphelele, futhi ekunqothulweni kwamabutho ethu ehlobo lika-1941, abangekho amaphutha, banamaphepha amaningi. Isimo esibucayi samabutho ethu sasungulwa ngoba amabutho ethu aphezulu kakhulu, kanti uStadnyuk wakhuluma ngezikhathi eziningi emakhasini akhe. Abalobi benza okufanayo ngesimo esivulekile, ngazo zonke izindlela eminyakeni eyishumi edlule bezama ukuhlanekezela indaba.

Destiny

Kodwa le filimu yayiyimpumelelo, ngisho naphezu kweqiniso. Ngokusobala, isihloko ngokwayo asikwazi ukuthola impendulo ezinhliziyweni zabantu baseSoviet, nakuba bebeyiSoviet. Nazi izinhlawulo zabantu abahlukahlukene kakhulu. Izinga elijwayelekile kanye nefayela, ngokuvamile elingabizwa ngamagama, benza izinambuzane ezingalindelekile ngokulahlekelwa kwempilo yabo, abaphathi babo futhi abazange bahlase izigwaca, abafihli, futhi abazange bagijime-bahola abagijimayo ekuqhumeni okude kakhulu, kodwa okubalulekile.

Enhliziyweni yendaba ubizwa nge-biography. UGeneral Chumakov Fedor Ksenofontovich (isithombe, Yebo, kungaba kuphela kusukela efilimu). Lomunye walabo baholi ababona ngokugcwele futhi baqonda ukuthi kumbutho wamabutho oqinileyo, olwahlelekile kahle owenziwe kahle, wagxuma ezweni lethu lonke indlela yalo kusukela emngceleni osentshonalanga, waqothula konke ukuphila okuzungezile. Kodwa uGeneral Chumakov, njengamanye ama-prototypes akhe, wabangela ukuphikisana okukhulu nokulwa noNazi. Ifilimu, njengencwadi yegama elifanayo, iphela kancane - ukusa kwe-Victory kwaqala ngaphambi kokufunda nababukeli. Lezi yizithombe zemisebenzi yokuqala yokuqala (ngaphansi kweYelnia).

Ukungalungi

Encwadini ethi Ivan Stadnyuk wabhala ngokucacile ukuthi uMajja-General Fyodor Chumakov wayegqoke kuphela umdanso weminyaka engamashumi amabili ye-Red Army nemiyalo emibili yeBlack Banner of War. Ababukeli be-screenwriter bamnikeza kuqala kokubili i-Order kaLenin ne-Order of the Red Star, bese baphendulela isifuba sibe yi-iconostasis. Futhi uLavrenty Pavlovich Beria okwenzekile! Ekwahlulela ngezibonakaliso zohlukaniso, ungumkhomishana wokuphepha wezinga lokuqala, kodwa, maye! Kusukela ngoJanuwari 1941, akakwazanga ukugqoka lezi zinhlamvu. Wayenenkanyezi eyodwa enkulu yokuthunga okhethekile.

Ekuphenyweni kukaPavlov waseBeriya, izinkinobho ze-buttonholes zithunywe phansi futhi zingekho endaweni yazo - ngakwesokunxele esikhundleni sokunene. Futhi iqiniso loqobo lokuphenywa yilokho okushiwo abalobi. Kwakungekho futhi kwakungeke kube khona - iminyango ehlukene ngoba. UVavlov wayebandakanyeka i-NGO, okwakungenayo i-NKVD, ngoba yayingeyona ingxenye yokuphepha kahulumeni. Futhi-nalokhu Stadnyuk nje akakwazanga ukubhala! - Iyini isiyalo ababenaso kwi NKVD! Ihambisa ukuxoxa ngezwi ezindabeni ezingaphandle ngaphakathi kwe-People's Commissar, futhi ngisho nokuzwakala okukhulu, ehlezi ekhoneni elide.

Okuncane kakhulu ngabalobi befantasy

Abalobi - ngokuqinisekile abantu abasiyo impi, futhi ngomlando wezempi, ngisho nokuzwa okungajwayelekile. Ayikho imikhakha engazi, noma uhlelo lwemibala yempi. Ngisho nezinhlelo ezimbili ezahlukene - amasosha we-NKVD kanye nokuvikeleka kombuso abakukhomba, okuyinto uSadnyuk akakwazanga ukuyivuma. Ama-patches awagcotshwa nakanjani ezindaweni ezilungile, kodwa lezi ziyizicathulo, uma kuqhathaniswa nokudideka kweminyango. Esikhathini sokuhlelwa ngokomzwelo, isimo sokudubula kwePavlov ngokomthetho waseBeria akuyona into engenakwenzeka.

I-Pavlov in uniform ka-general of the army, nayo yonke regalia kanye nemiklomelo, ngaphandle kokuhlolwa nokuphenywa, yadutshulwa ngqo emgodini - ebunzini le-revolver. Kungaba kuhle uma kwakungeyona into edabukisayo kakhulu. Ngokwezincwadi - inkantolo yayikhuluma ngalokho umlobi u-Ivan Stadnyuk akhuluma ngakho lapho ummeli wezempi u-Ulrich ephethe khona, futhi iphrothololi ishicilelwe. Lesi sigwebo sasifundwa yisimemezelo seKomiti Yezokuvikela Kahulumeni kuzo zonke izingxenye zempi nakuzo zonke izigaba. Ngokusobala, lesi script sabhalwa ngasekupheleni kweminyaka engamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye, lapho kwakukhona umvuthwandaba wezimbulo zombuso waseStalin, kanye ne-foam yamaqamba amanga, ukunyusa nokuqamba umlando.

Amanani namaqiniso

Lapha akazange abhale uSadnyuk walokho ayengazi. Futhi abakwa-screenwriters "basenza sibe mhle," njengoba besho e-Odessa. Amaphuzu amaningi namanani ayengakaziwa kabanzi ekuqaleni kwempi ezoxoxwa hhayi kuphela ngabaphathi, kodwa futhi ngamasosha. Lokhu kuyingxenye yokulinganisa yamabutho emngcele we-Red Army namaqembu we-Wehrmacht, lokhu kungukunganaki ubuholi bezempi nezombusazwe emibikweni yezobuhlakani mayelana nokuhlasela okuzayo nokunye okuningi.

Izazi-mlando zobuchwepheshe iningi lamaphuzu, okwethulwa abalobi, esikhathini eside esidlule baqaphela ukuthi yiqiniso. Isibonelo: U-General Chumakov ucela ikholomu elimele uma ababoshi bezinkulungwane ezingamashumi amane beboshwa ngempela, futhi waphendula ukuthi kuyiqiniso. Isimo esiqine kakhulu! Kodwa yiyiphi izinga lokuhlakanipha elibalwe? Le filimu izwakalisa njalo "iSifunda seMpi yaseBelarusian", esasiphelelwa yisikhathi ngo-1940, yaba yisifunda sezempi ekhethekile eNtshonalanga. Ngesifunda saseSmolensk lapho eyiBelorussian? U-Pavlov wayenguNtshonalanga futhi wayala ukuthi abalobi bombhalo babengazikhathaleli.

Okuthakazelisayo nakakhulu indaba ne-Raskolnikov. Ngo-June 1941, iBeria noMlotov bahlela ukuqeda lo mhlukumezi (umbhali, umbhali, umbhali). Kubonakala sengathi uhlelo lonke lwe-NKVD alukwazi ukuthi iRaskolnikov e-Nice yafa eminyakeni emibili nesigamu edlule. Futhi, kusukela ekuseni ngoJuni 22, 1941, u-Iosif Vissarionovich wavala ehhovisi lakhe wayesephuza iwayini laseGeorgeki isonto lonke. Nakuba kufike emihlanu emihlanu eledlule ekuseni wayesevele ehilelekile emsebenzini (kukhona nomagazini wokuvakashela ehhovisi likaStalin-ngokuvamile esebenzisa isikhathi eside). Ngisho noZhukov wabhala ngendlela ecacile okwenzeka ehhovisi ngosuku lokuqala lwempi - lokhu akunakwenzeka ukucabanga. Futhi zonke ezinye izigcawu ngeStalin ziyizingqikithi eziphelele. Ngisho nasesimweni esingokomfanekiso, iningi lazo alinakulinganiswa. Isiphambano esifubeni somholi sibonakala! Awekho amazwana. Mhlawumbe ukhombisa ngokwanele. Kungcono mayelana nencwadi.

General Mostovenko

I-Mostovenko uDmitry Karpovich waphila kuze kube ngo-1975. Phakathi nempi, wayeyinduna yempi ehlonishwayo yasePoland neSoviet, ngaleso sikhathi engumkhuzi omkhulu weSoviet Army. Wazalelwa esifundeni saseVolgograd. Wabamba iqhaza eMpini Yezwe Lokuqala kusukela ngo-1915 kuya ku-1917. E-Red Army kusukela ngo-1918, wayala ibutho, khona-ke ibutho lase Southern Southern. Waphumelela e-Military Academy nasezifundweni ze-Academy okuthiwa uDzerzhinsky (1926).

Wahlangana neGreat Patriotic War nomlawuli we-Eleventh Mechanized Corps futhi wayezungezwe nguGrodno, lapho izidumbu zakhe zazikhishwe khona. Kusukela ngo-1943, wanikeza amabutho amandla futhi ahlomile eSoland Army. Wabambe iqhaza ku-Victory Parade ku-Red Square. Wasebenza eSoviet Army waze wahlala umhlalaphansi. Wafa eMinsk. Umgwaqo womuzi waseGrodno ubizwa ngokuthi i-Mostovenko, lapho, kusukela ngo-1967, wayengumuntu ohloniphekile. Ukuxhaphazwa kwezempi komphakathi kwakuhlonishwa: imiyalo eyodwa nesigamu, izindondo eziningi kuphela phakathi nempi. Colonel-General kusukela ngo-1946. Wayengu-hero oyinhloko ye-"War" inoveli "Ivan Stadnyuk". Emakhasini akhe yiGeneral Chumakov Fyodor Ksenofontovich, owaziwa ngaye ngezindlela eziningi ezifana nesiphetho sezempi sikaGeneral Mostovenko.

General Ahljusteen

Umphathi - U-Akhlyustin Petr Nikolaevich, owafa empini ekuqaleni kwempi esifundeni saseSlavgorod esifundeni saseMogilev, naye waba yisibonelo se-protagonist ye-novel Stadnyuk. Wazalelwa esifundeni saseChelyabinsk. Wakwazi ukulwa e-Russian Imperial Army hussar, lapho athola khona isikhundla se-first officer. Ngemva kwempi, wasebenza okwesikhashana esitshalweni se-metallurgical. Ngomnyaka we-1918 wajoyina ngokuzithandela i-Red Army, lapho ayeyinduna yamakhulu emigodini yempi. Walwa emaphethelweni aseNingizimu naseMpumalanga.

Ngomnyaka we-1926 waphumelela emkhosini wabaphathi, ke - amahhashi ngo-1928. Kwaze kwafika ngo-1941, wakhonza kuphela emabhishi empi, wabelwa ezitokisini ezihlelekile ngaphambi kwempi, ngokushesha - umlawuli wakhe. Emaminithi yokuqala empi, wahola izidumbu zakhe empini elwa namandla amakhulu kakhulu, endaweni kaMinsk, yazungezwe. Izindleko zezidumbu zahlanganiswa nama-Red Army kuphela ngoJulayi. Ngaphandle kwezinhlamvu, ngaphandle kwezinsimbi ezenziwe ngezandla futhi ezibonakalayo. Ngaphambi komhlangano wezakhiwo kanye nezinyunithi eziyinhloko, u-General wafa ngesikhathi ewela eSozh.

General Khatskilevich

U-General-General Khatskilevich washona ngosuku lwesithathu ngemuva kokugqashuka kwempi, empini, ngqo kuleli tangi. Wazalelwa eNizhny Novgorod emndenini wamaJuda, wakhonza kusukela ngo-1916 ebuthweni lobukhosi, kwathi ngo-1918 wabhalwa e-Red Army. KuMpi Yombango kwakufanelwe udumo oluningi, ukulwa emaphethelweni aseNtshonalanga, eNtshonalanga naseNtshonalanga, wathola imiklomelo. Ngonyaka ngaphambi kweMpi Enkulu yamaPatriotic, waqokwa njengomlawuli weSikhathi Esiyisithupha Esakhiwe Ngasese esifundeni saseWestern, ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu isidumbu saba umholi esifundeni. Le ndoda yayinamandla amakhulu, ukufunda nokubhala nokuhlakanipha. Wayeqonda ukuthi impi elandelayo yayiyimpi yamamori, futhi wenza konke ukuze izidumbu zivumelane nezenzakalo ezizayo.

Ujoyine impi ngokushesha, futhi ngoJuni 24, ngaphansi kokuqhuma kwamabhomu emoyeni, kwashaya isiteleka ngokumelene namabutho ezitha. Ngisho nokuphoqa ukuba bahambe. Wazibophezela amabutho amakhulu esitha ukuze izingxenye ze-Red Army zenze umsebenzi. Ngenxa yalokho, i-tank eyodwa kuphela ehlala ekhoneni, futhi leli tangi lalijwayelekile. Noma kunjalo, ukuqhuma kwe-encirclement kwaqala, lapho i-General ihlukumeze izibhamu eziningana zama-anti-tank zamaJalimane ngamathrekhi. Kodwa yena ngokwakhe wabulawa. U-Ivan Stadnyuk wanikela isithunzi sakhe kuGeneral Chumakov kahle lezi zici - ingqondo, isibindi, ukungabi nandaba.