Jacobin ubushiqela

Ehlobo lika-1793 inguquko France ongene lwesigaba ephakeme ka yakhe. Efika amandla inqubomgomo olukhulu kakhulu, ibhodi zazo wehlela emlandweni njengoba Jacobin wobushiqela. They lasted kuphela ngonyaka, kodwa ngalesi sikhathi sakwazi ukwenza okuningi.

I eza amandla ekulweni kokuqagela

31 Meyi e-Paris kuvukela waphula abampofu. Kwakuthinta eliholwa abamele amaqembu olukhulu kakhulu kwezepolitiki Convention - the Jacobins. Bakhandwa kusekelwa abampofu ezisemadolobheni nezisemakhaya, abamele onxiwankulu eziyize. Lesi sakhiwo ephalamende French yakhishwa izibhamu ezinkulu, izinto ukuthi amasekela lunqunywe kokuboshwa kwala girondins ngoJuni 2 - i-betembusave we Jacobins. Njengoba izwe kusungulwa umbuso omusha wepolotiki.

I Jacobins isakhuluma amandla isikhathi esingangonyaka. Ngalesi sikhathi eFrance, izinguquko eziningi ziye zenzeka. Isimo ngaphakathi ezweni nasemazweni aphesheya kwakusobala kangangokuthi kwakubonakala sengathi inguquko imayelana ukuba ukuyiveza. Army amazwe aseYurophu Emingceleni French: enyakatho - the Austrians futhi Prussians, eningizimu - abaseSpain, futhi cruised ngasogwini ngoxhaxha ngesiNgisi. Esifundazweni Vendée ongumlimi esibilayo nasemihlangeni kuvukela, eliholwa ezicukuthwaneni ekudingisweni. isimo somnotho wezwe usufinyelele: kwenyuke intengo yokudla, ukufunisela yanda. Ezimweni ezinjengalezi ke edingekayo ukwethulwa izinyathelo eziphuthumayo, kanye Sezindela we Jacobins ngaphansi kwengcindezi aya kuwo. Ngo-September, ngaphansi kwethonya nokushoda wokusanhlamvu, kube waphasisa umthetho ku ukusungulwa amanani esiphezulu for the impahla ebaluleke kakhulu. Ngenxa yokwephula isigwebo sokufa wathembela.

kwezinguquko Jacobins

Ngo-October 1793-ke yamukelwa umthethosisekelo isiFulentshi, owawungumnyaka eziphambili kakhulu ngesikhathi sayo. Yena wethulwa jikelele suffrage samadoda batholile engu-21 amalungelo alinganayo endowed labo abavotela futhi labo lokuvota. Law, umzimba zomthetho sacala kusebenta kuphela ngemva kokuvumela yabo ngabantu. Kodwa empeleni, umthethosisekelo eFrance ngo-1793 futhi awukaqali ukusebenza. Ngesikhathi sempi, le Jacobins wahola izwe ngosizo izimiso eziphuthumayo - izimiso ezazinamacilongo amandla umthetho. Kwaba njalo Jacobin ubushiqela - uhlelo lukahulumeni lapho ephalamende abangu kulandela kamuva, kodwa amandla angempela kwakungekaNkulunkulu izidumbu esiphezulu - amakomiti.

I kuwumgogodla inguquko kwaba abantukazana, ngakho uhulumeni omusha udzimelele lokuqala kabusha emkhakheni nezokulima. Kakade June 1793 izindawo zomphakathi ziye idluliselwe abalimi, konke ukuthwala izinduna iqedwe futhi imibhalo efakaza kubo ubhujiswe. Amazwe okuqondene nabakhulu abefundisi, kwadliwa. Manje abalimi babé abanikazi egcwele izwe labo. Futhi nakuba kwalokho ubushiqela Jacobin awuhambanga ku umbuzo kwezolimo, ezinye zalezi imithetho kakade wabalungiselela abalimi abazimisele ukuvikela inguquko nge izingalo ezandleni zabo.

Kuye kwenziwa okuningi empini. Isikhulu abahlala owayevelele endabeni, futhi akazange abe umsuka zasebukhosini. Endaweni sezikhonzi ubudala zazivela intsha. Senzeka ngaleso sikhathi waqala umsebenzi wakhe Napoleon Bonaparte, owabonisa amakhono akhe ezingokwenhlangano ukuthunjwa Toulon. Jacobins ephethwe ezoqeda ukuvukela Vendée. futhi izitha wangaphandle abangu wacasulwa. Ngo-June 1794 ibutho wamavukelambuso wahlasela Austrians at Fleurus, kokuba esethole umngcele French.

Ukwesabeka nokuwela

Nokho, ubushiqela Jacobin kwadingeka nemiphumela yako emibi. Umholi Revolutionary Uhulumeni ka Maksimilian Robesper nabasekeli bakhe kwakungafanele namahloni uma abezindaba, ngokuhlaziya phansi izitha zabo. Terror ngokumelene girondins kanye nabalandeli yokubusa kwamakhosi lwenziwe ngokufanele. Ngo-September 1793 kwaba khona umthetho owawuvumela ukubopha bonke abantu becabanga. Kodwa ngobukhulu shanela ukwesaba kufinyelelwa Juni 1794, bamukela ngaleso sikhathi isimemezelo wethula umqondo omusha - the "isitha abantu", okusho khona-ke thola impilo entsha eSoviet Union. A incazelo ecacile sezitha ngubani kufanele kubhekwe, idokhumenti enganikanga, kodwa ulungisa ukujeziswa - isigwebo sokufa. IziNyathelo yaphenduka okungenangqondo ngokuphelele: komuntu icala kwakwanele amajaji isinqumo. Mayelana yimuphi abameli okhonzile akakwazanga ngisho baphupha. Ngakho Jacobins sokucasuka negagasi ukwesaba esathinta izinkulungwane zabantu.

baboshwa ngobuningi, ngokuphambene nalokho abakulindele, iziphathimandla abalivikeli ezitheni, kodwa kuphela ukugqashuka kokuwa wobushiqela. Zogqinsi kahle kakhulu, likhule ocebile ngesikhathi Revolution ayenganelisekile nge oda entsha, futhi ibekezelelwe kubo kuphela kuze sebedlulise ingozi yokungenela. Kwabampofu kuze kube muva nje wahola Jacobins ukuba namandla, futhi ishaqiswe ukwesaba futhi unganelisekile kwinqubomgomo isigamu ezithandayo - imithetho izilawuli intengo kakhulu wephule, ezweni batholakele ngesikhathi izitha inguquko, hhayi basakaza phakathi kwabantu abampofu. Siphetfo Jacobin wayengeyena umashiqela le Icebo lika July 27, 1794, lapho abaphikisi babo phansi kusivumelwano evunyiwe isinqumo sokuthi sibophe nasekubulaleni Robespierre nabasekeli bakhe. Ngokushesha kwenziwa, wafika amandla abamele onxiwankulu enkulu.

Abaningi izinguquko, le Jacobins abangu amiswe, futhi 1795, wafika amandla entsha uhulumeni - lwemibhalo. E-Fulansi, wamisa esisha wezombusazwe, sibonakalisa izintshisekelo zalabo abanempahla wenza wonke umcebo wakhe ngesikhathi Revolution.