Cannon: izinhlobo kanye uhla umlilo. Uhlolojikelele wezikhali amagobolondo kusukela lasendulo ukuze yesimanje

Ingabe uyazi ukuthi hlobo amabutho ngenhlonipho ngokuthi "unkulunkulu impi"? Yiqiniso, wezikhali! Naphezu ukuthuthukiswa yezikhali ezicitshwayo past nanamashumi amahlanu eminyaka, indima yesimanje ephezulu ukucacisa emgqonyeni izinhlelo zisese phezulu kakhulu.

Umlando yentuthuko

"Baba" ubhekwa izibhamu German Schwartz, kodwa izazi-mlando eziningi uyavuma ukuthi kokufaneleka kwakhe kule ndaba kunalokho ngabazeka. Ngakho, kukhulunywa okokuqala ukusetshenziswa wezikhali ezivamile enkundleni yempi kungokwalabo 1354, kodwa endaweni yokugcina kukhona amaphepha amaningi okukhuluma 1324.

Asikho isizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi abanye isibhamu wezikhali esihlatshiwe lingasetshenziswanga ngaphambili. By endleleni ekhuluma, kakhulu lapho kukhulunywa khona izikhali ezinjalo zingatholakala emibhalweni yesandla yakudala isiNgisi, hhayi ngaso sonke imithombo German eyinhloko. Ngakho, i-esiphawuleka ngokukhethekile kule ndaba ngempela indatshana owaziwa "Ngo Imisebenzi AmaKhosi" eyabhalwa behlonipha Edward III.

Umbhali wayenguthisha yenkosi, futhi lencwadi yalotshelwa e 1326 (ngesikhathi Edward lokubulala). Embhalweni ayikho incazelo enemininingwane mikhondo, ngakho kufanele bathembele kuphela kwi subtext. Ngakho, omunye imifanekiso ukuboniswa, ngaphandle kokungabaza, kuba isibhamu sangempela, okuyinto ufana vase ezinkulu. Ibonisa indlela esuka emlonyeni "imbiza" kuqale boom big, zihambisana ifu intuthu, futhi ibanga imele knight, powder nje podzhegshy usebenzisa induku ashisayo.

ukubukeka lokuqala

Njengoba for China, okuyinto cishe bayoba nokuthambekela okungafani neziqhumane yasungulwa (a alchemy medieval wathola ke cishe kathathu, akukho ngaphansi), sinesizathu esizwakalayo ukuphetha ngokuthi wezikhali lokuqala ngaso sonke babengayithola ngisho nangaphambi kwenkathi yobuKristu. Uma sikubeka kalula, wezikhali, njengazo zonke izibhamu, ngokuqinisekile emdala Kusolwa.

Enkathini yangaphambi kwezincwadi kaCharles le Bold , la mathuluzi aye asetshenziswa inqwaba ngesikhathi livinjezelwe wezinqaba izindonga zazo kakade wayesenezinsuku usizo oluyilo ezinkantolo ngakho ngenxa ovinjezelwe.

yokujama tsi okungamahlalakhona

Ngakho kungani abantu basendulo babengazi akazange ukunqoba ngosizo "uNkulunkulu ka War" umhlaba wonke? Kulula - ukuqala 14 inganono leminyaka. futhi 18. Ziyahlukahluka kuye kancane kusuka komunye nomunye. Kwakumelwe Clumsy, esinda kakhulu, unikeze ukunemba ayempofu kakhulu. Shono amathuluzi lokuqala asetshenziswa ukuba ngivule izindonga (kanzima miss!), Kanye ngokudubula lokuhlala enkulu isitha. Ngesikhathi lapho Amabutho esitha wahamba nomunye elinamakholomu egqamile, futhi akudingi okusezingeni eliphezulu ngokunemba izibhamu.

Ungakhohlwa mayelana izinengiso njengoba neziqhumane, kanye nezakhi zawo ezingalindelekile: ngenkathi Sweden Gunners Russian impi ngezinye izikhathi kwakuba khona izikhathi ezintathu kuya ukwandisa izinga nokuxhumanisa umnyombo camera isitha inqaba okungenani ezinye umonakalo. Yiqiniso, Izibhamu nokwethenjelwa kwalesi kubonakala ngokungagwegwesi ezimbi. Kwakuba nezenzakalo eziningi lapho ukubala wezikhali e izibhamu kuqhuma ngokuvamile akukho abangakwenza.

Zikhona ezinye izizatho

Ekugcineni, yokusansimbi. Njengoba kunjalo kuwo amakhanda ezitimela, kuphela kokusungulwa Izigayo kweqa kanye ngokujulile ucwaningo emkhakheni yokusansimbi banikezwe ulwazi oludingekile ukukhiqiza iziqu okunokwethenjelwa ngempela. Ukudalwa wezikhali amagobolondo isikhathi eside enikeziwe amabutho amalungelo "monarchical" empini.

Ungakhohlwa osezingeni wezikhali Ngaleyo minyaka, base esibaliwe esekelwe ubukhulu cores esetshenziswa, futhi ngokuphathelene kwemigomo isiqu. Wabusa ukudideka Amazing, futhi ngoba ibutho wayengeke asonge izandla zamukele okuthile obumbene ngempela. Konke lokhu ingathiyeki kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni le mboni.

izinhlobo eziyinhloko lasendulo wezikhali izinhlelo

Manje cabanga izinhlobo ezinkulu wezikhali izingcezu, okuyinto ezimweni eziningi zasiza ngempela ukushintsha umlando, breaking igagasi impi esivuna isimo esisodwa. Ngonyaka ka-1620 kwanqunywa ukuthi bahlukanise lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo zomculo:

• Calibre isibhamu kusuka 7 kuya 12 amasentimitha.
• Perriere.
• Falcon futhi amanxusa ( "Ukhozi").
• amathuluzi aphathwayo kusukela Loader breech.
• Robinety.
• Ezigqulweni futhi bombards.

Lolu hlu libonisa kuphela izibhamu "iqiniso" e ucishe umqondo yesimanje. Kodwa ngaleso sikhathi impi kwakuhunyushwa eziningi ezindala sensimbi izibhamu. Laba bameleli be-ejwayelekile kakhulu kwayo kuyizindlela kulevriny futhi polukulevriny. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwaba sobala ukuthi inganono giant, okwakukhona ngokwezinga elikhulu ezivamile ezinkathini ekuqaleni, Ziyize: ukunemba ezinjengendle zabo, unqande nengozi yokuqhuma likhulu kakhulu, kanye nesikhathi esidingekayo ukuze ashona eziningi.

Ebhekisela futhi izikhathi uPetru izazi-mlando leyo minyaka ziye zaphawula ukuthi ibhetri ngamunye "unicorns" (zinhlobo kulevriny) edingekayo amakhulu amalitha uviniga. Wakhe buhlanjululwe ngamanzi njengoba lisetshenziswe lwaluyophola ebilayo kusukela emgqonyeni labadubuli.

Akuvamile wahlangana wezikhali isibhamu ubudala nge osezingeni mkhulu kunezinhliziyo 12 amasentimitha. kuvame kakhulu ukuba kusetshenziswe kulevriny kabani core laliba nesisindo esingamakhilogremu 16 (mayelana 7.3 kg). Ngaphansi field izimo zazingcono falsconet wandile kabani core kuhlaziywe 2.5 kuphela lbs (cishe amakhilogremu). Futhi manje ake sibheke izinhlobo wezikhali izingcezu olwalutholakala esikhathini esidlule.

izici ngokuqhathanisa amanye amathuluzi lasendulo

Igama izibhamu	Wemigqomo Ubude (e calibers)	isisindo projectile, khilogremu	Est ngempumelelo sokudubula ibanga (ngamamitha)
musket	Akukho ejwayelekile isethi	0.45	50-75
uheshe	30	1.36	70-100
Sacra	28	4-5,4	400
"Asp"	20-25	4-5,4	1000-1067
isibhamu Standard	17-21	9-45,4	ukuze 1300
Polupushka	Akukho ejwayelekile isethi	13.6	Afinyelela ku-200
Kulevriny (amadala wezikhali isibhamu nge emgqonyeni eside)	33	9-22,7	230-250
"A nengxenye" kulevriny	32	5,4-13,6	150-170
oyinyoka	Ayikho Imininingwane	24	mayelana 300
bastard	Ayikho Imininingwane	18.6	400-700
Kamnemet		9-45,4	900-1000

Uma uke wabukela ngokucophelela etafuleni wabona isibhamu, ungamangali. ngakho okuthiwa izibhamu hhayi kuphela kunemibhalo eyayihunyushwe kabi futhi esindayo, esiyibheka kusukela amafilimu mayelana Musketeers, kodwa futhi wezikhali isibhamu egcwele nge eside barreled osezingeni elincane. Phela, cabanga "ichashazi", enesisindo 400 grams kuyinkinga kakhulu!

Futhi, ungamangali kamnemetu ukwethula ohlwini. Iqiniso liwukuthi, isibonelo, abaseTurkey ngezikhathi uPetru impindiselo esetshenziswa tube wezikhali, ukudubula izikhwebu, eyayiqoshwe ematsheni. Bafana kakhulu mancane amathuba okuthi ifohle imikhumbi isitha inqamula, kodwa ngokuvamile kubangela umonakalo omkhulu yokugcina ne volley kuqala.

Ekugcineni, yonke idatha eziboniswa etafuleni lethu - eseduze. Izinhlobo eziningi zama-wezikhali izibhamu uyohlala phakade ukhohliwe, futhi izazi-mlando zasendulo ngokuvamile hhayi kakhulu ababeyizazi izici futhi amagama alawo izibhamu ezazisetshenziswa inqwaba ngesikhathi evimbezela amadolobha namadolobhana, izinqaba.

izinto abaqambi

Njengoba sishilo, inganono wezikhali eminyaka amaningi kwaba isikhali okuyinto, njengoba kwakubonakala, kuze kube phakade simisiwe sokugcwaliseka kwaso. Nokho, izinto zashintsha ngokushesha. Njengoba ezimweni eziningi, emisha ezindabeni ezempi, umbono kwakungekaNkulunkulu Izinduna zabantwana imikhumbi.

Inkinga eyinhloko wezikhali ezivamile on shumbi kwaba sina isikhala izingqinamba, ubunkimbinkimbi sifeza noma isiphi zijike ngokushesha. Ukubona zonke lokhu, uMnu Melville noMnu Gascoigne, owayephezu zokukhiqiza lingelakhe, wakwazi ukwakha isibhamu ezimangalisayo mlando ukwazi namuhla ngaphansi kwegama "karonada". It cha kwadingeka izikhonkwane boko wakhe (ukuze Ukubophezeleka insika). Kodwa-ke kwaba iso ezincane, okuyinto ngokushesha futhi kalula bufakwe induku steel. Wazimisa wanamathela compact umshini wezikhali.

I isibhamu Kwatholakala ukuthi ukukhanya esifushane, kulula ukusingatha. Est ngempumelelo sokudubula ibanga therefrom kwaba cishe ngo-50 metres. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa ezinye nomklamo walo izici ithuba ukuhola projectiles umlilo ne Molotov Cocktails. "Karonada" kwaduma ukuze Gascoigne ngokushesha bathuthela eRussia, lapho abaculi abanamakhono abadabuka kwamanye amazwe bebelokhu elinde, wathola isikhundla jikelele kanye nesikhundla omunye abeluleki Catherine. Kwakuthinta kuleyo minyaka, Russian wezikhali izibhamu ezakhiwa futhi akhiqizwa ngesilinganiso kuze kube manje ezingabonwayo.

wezikhali izinhlelo Modern

Njengoba siphawulile ekuqaleni kwalesi sihloko, e wezikhali ezweni lanamuhla ubenamanxeba amaningi "basivula" ngaphansi kwethonya ezicitshwayo. Kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi izinhlelo ezivamile futhi rocket kungekho isikhala esanele empini. Lutho neze! Ukusungulwa yezikhali ezicitshwayo ngokunembile waqondisa ku-GPS / GLONASS singathembela bagomela ngokuthi "Abomdabu" kusukela ezikude 12-13 ekhulwini izoqhubeka ukugcina isitha at bay.

Ezivamile futhi rocket wezikhali: ongcono?

Ngokungafani bendabuko emgqonyeni rocket Salvo izinhlelo ukufakwa cishe ayinawo okukhipha eziphathekayo. Kulesi ihluke iyiphi izibhamu self ezinezinjini noma towed, okuyinto eqhubeka efeza phakathi labadubuli isikhundla esiphezulu edingekayo ngokuphephile abethela futhi ngimbe emaceleni awo phansi, njengoba kungenjalo kungase qethula ngisho. Yiqiniso, ukuthi mayelana nanoma yiluphi ushintsho okusheshayo isikhundla iphelelwe umbuzo ngokomthetho, ngisho noma i-self-eyayimfuqa wezikhali isibhamu.

izinhlelo esisheshayo kuyashesha futhi mobile, ungashintsha ukulwa kwakhe isikhundla imizuzu embalwa. Ngomqondo onabile, le mishini nomlilo ngisho uma ushayela, kodwa ukunemba shot kuthintwa kabi. Ububi izinhlelo ezinjalo - e zinembile ongaphakeme. Kungokufanayo "iSiphepho" kungaba ngokoqobo ukulima amakhilomitha square ezimbalwa, abhubhise izinto cishe zonke eziphilayo, kodwa kuzothatha ibhethri ukufaka lonke amagobolondo ngempela hhayi ezishibhile. Lezi zingcezu wezikhali, izithombe ozosithola esihlokweni, wayemthanda ngokukhethekile onjiniyela yasekhaya ( "Katyusha").

A howitzer volley nge "smart" projectile enamandla okubhubhisa iyiphi ithangi yesimanje kanye nomzamo owodwa, lapho ibattery iziqhumane futhi kungadinga okungaphezu kokukodwa Salvo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, "Tornado", "iSiphepho", "Grad" futhi "Tornado" esikhathini isiqalo ngeke bakwazi ukuthola ngaphandle nesosha abayizimpumputhe, njengoba ifu intuthu endaweni kwakhiwa ngendlela ephawulekayo. Kodwa ezikhungweni ezifana kwelinye projectile ingaqukatha kufika ku abangamakhulu amaningana khilogremu iziqhumane.

Cannon wezikhali, ngenxa yokunemba kwalo, ingasetshenziswa ezibakhungathekisayo isitha ngesikhathi indawo yayo eduze izikhundla zabo ezifanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuzithiba eyayimfuqa wezikhali isibhamu barreled ngobuqotho ukuba afeze umlilo esiphikisayo ibhethri, okwenza kube amahora amaningi. Ngo Salvo izinhlelo umlilo kunalokho ngokushesha egqekeza iziqu ukuthi awunaso isandla ekutheni ingane ukusetshenziswa kwazo esikhathini eside esizayo.

By endleleni ekhuluma, emkhankasweni wokuqala Chechen wasebenzisa "Grad", ngubani wakwazi impi e-Afghanistan. Gqoka iziqu baye yokuthi amagobolondo landizela ngezinye izikhathi ndlela ezingalindelekile. Lokhu ngokuvamile kuholela "ukwemboza" amasosha abo.

I izinhlelo ezingcono kakhulu Salvo umlilo

Abaholi nakanjani wezikhali Russia "Tornado". Acibishela projectiles ubukhulu 122 mm at ibanga amakhilomitha angu-100. Kokunye Salvo ingakhishwa kuze kube amacala angu-40, ehlanganisa endaweni ayizinkulungwane 84 square metres. Cruising akasekho noma ngaphansi - 650 amakhilomitha. Oluhambisana okusezingeni eliphezulu nokwethenjelwa chassis nesivinini ukunyakaza 60 km / h, kuvumela ukuze uthumele ibhethri "Tornado" endaweni efanele futhi ngesikhathi esincane.

Eyesibili ukuphumelela yasekhaya MLRS 9K51 "Grad" odume kabi ngemva izenzakalo South-East-Ukraine. Calibre - 122 mm, 40 iziqu. Imililo buqamama kuze kufinyelele 21 amakhilomitha, e pass elilodwa lingaba "ukuphatha" endaweni 40 amakhilomitha square. Cruising ngesivinini esiphezulu 85 km / h kufana nokuthi ayizinkulungwane 1.5 amakhilomitha!

indawo Okwesithathu iya inganono HIMARS kamakhi American. Ammunition ine osezingeni umxhwele 227 mm, kodwa eziyisithupha kuphela eqondisa ambalwa konakalisa umbono ukufakwa. Shot ububanzi --85 amakhilomitha ngesikhathi lisibekele indawo 67 amakhilomitha square. Ijubane lokuya --85 km / h futhi ibanga Cruising amakhilomitha angu-600. elisungulwe umkhankaso umhlaba e-Afghanistan kahle.

Ngo isikhundla wesine isitshalo Chinese WS-1B. IsiShayina olungeke ngokuningiliziwe: ukuvuleka komthambo isivikelo isibhamu 320 mm. Ngokubukeka, lokhu MRL ungathi S-300 ekhiqizwa eRussia futhi has emgqonyeni ezine kuphela. Operating sicishe sibe 100 amakhilomitha, endaweni eshaya - kuze kufinyelele 45 amakhilomitha square. Nge ngesivinini esiphezulu salezi wezikhali yesimanje linebanga Cruising cishe amakhilomitha angu-600.

Endaweni lokugcina Indian MLRS Pinaka. Umklamo - 12 iziqondiso 122mm amagobolondo. Labadubuli range - kuze kufinyelele 40 km. With ngesivinini esiphezulu 80 km / h ngemoto angahamba kuze kufinyelele 850 amakhilomitha. endaweni ethintekile - okuningi njengoba 130 amakhilomitha square. Uhlelo yasungulwa iqhaza ngqo ongoti isiRashiya, excellently sazibonakalisa okushayisanayo eziningi Indian-Pakistani.

isibhamu

Lokhu isikhali iqhelele kude ababengaphambi yabo yasendulo, owabusa Ephakathi Amasimu. Calibre izibhamu ezisetshenziswa e ngezimo esiphila kuzo, zokhahlamba kusuka 100 (inganono anti "Rapier") ukuze 155 mm (TR, NATO).

Okunezinhlobonhlobo amagobolondo esetshenziswa njengoba kakhulu ebanzi: indinganiso isibhamu ephezulu alufakwa ku nga projectiles ehlelwe ezingaba hit ilitshe at ibanga 45 amakhilomitha nge ukunemba amashumi ngamasentimitha. Nokho, izindleko omunye isibhamu lingafika ayizinkulungwane 55 zama-dollar! Kule ndaba, wezikhali Soviet ishibhile.

izici ngokuqhathanisa ezivamile izibhamu ukukhiqizwa eU.SSR / eRussia kanye onobuhle Western

igama	Izwe ukukhiqizwa	Calibre, mm	Guns Isisindo kg	uhla omkhulu (kuye ngokuthi uhlobo projectile), km
GHN-45	Belgium	155	8900	30-39
GC 45	Belgium	155	8222	30-39
5.5 BL intshi (empini cishe yonke indawo)	England	140	5851	16.5
"Zsolt" M-68 / M-71	Israyeli	155	9500	21
WA 021 (langempela Belgian GC Clone 45)	China	155	9500	30-39
M-46	eU.SSR	130	8450	27
2A36 "Hyacinth-B"	eU.SSR	152	9800	27
"Rapier"	eU.SSR	100	2800	3
Soviet wezikhali C-23	eU.SSR	180	21450	30,5
D-20	eU.SSR	152	5700	17-24
"Ingwane-B"	Russia	125	6575	12.2
G5	South Africa	155	13500	30

ezigqulweni

Modern nosimende izinhlelo baka bombards lasendulo futhi ezigqulweni, okungase adedele ibhomu (kufika ku amakhulu amakhilogremu ngesisindo) at ibanga 200-300 amamitha. Namuhla kakhulu washintsha umklamo wabo, ububanzi esiphezulu kwezicelo.

Ngo iningi amabutho ahlomile emhlabeni onilwelayo izigqulo imfundiso ubabheka njengoba inganono ukukhwezwa ngoba zokudubula ibanga cishe ikhilomitha elilodwa. Lo mbhalo uthi ukuphumelela ukusetshenziswa kwalesi isikhali endaweni ezisemadolobheni kanye nokucindezela nihlakazeke, amaqembu isitha ephathekayo. Esikhathini Russian ibutho izigqulo kukhona izikhali ejwayelekile, zisetshenziswe njalo kancane sina operation lempi.

Futhi ngesikhathi sesehlakalo Ukraine zombili luye lwabonisa ukuthi ngisho nabantu abadala 88 mm izigqulo kukhona ithuluzi elikahle kakhulu impi yabashokobezi edonse, futhi ukuba simelane ke.

ezigqulweni Modern, kanye nezinye inganono wezikhali, ayakhula bebheke okwandisa ukunemba shot ngamunye. Ehlobo lika ngonyaka odlule, futhi elalidume yezikhali corporation BAE lokuqala kwabonisa yomhlal awonke umphakathi ngokunemba nosimende imizuliswano osezingeni 81 mm, lapho yavivinywa kwelinye landfills British. Kubikwa ukuthi Temphi Letitichumane siyiswe ezinjalo ingasetshenziswa ne kahle okuthé range lokushisa kusuka -46 kuya +71 ° C. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ulwazi mayelana zokukhiqiza kuhlelwe senhlobo okubanzi projectiles.

Amathemba wezempi elihlobene ne ukuthuthukiswa ephezulu ukucacisa imiz 120 mm ngamandla anda. Izindlela ezintsha zenzelwe US Army (XM395, isibonelo), letehlukene km kuze kufinyelele 6.1 abe ukuphambuka kungekho amamitha angaphezu kuka-10. Kubikwa ukuthi isibhamu asetshenziswa Stryker nabasebenza izimoto armored Iraq and Afghanistan, lapho izinhlamvu entsha yabonisa uhlangothi lwakhe engcono.

Kodwa ethembisayo samanje kukhona ukuthuthukiswa yezikhali ezicitshwayo waqondisa nge homing asebenzayo. Ngakho, izibhamu ezinkulu zasekhaya "Nona" ungasebenzisa igobolondo "Kitolov-2", ngawo kungashaya cishe eliphi elinye ithangi zanamuhla at ibanga amakhilomitha ayisishiyagalolunye. Banikezwe cheapness amathuluzi, njengokuhlosa nokumila izithakazelo kulindeleke ezempi emhlabeni wonke.

Ngakho, wezikhali kanye namuhla kuwubufakazi esesabekayo enkundleni yempi. Ilokhu amamodeli emisha kanye nezinhlelo ezikhona barreled ukukhiqiza amagobolondo ethembisa ngaphezulu.