Alloys ukushisa ukumelana. lezinsimbi akhethekile Alloys. Ukukhiqizwa futhi ukusetshenziswa Alloys ukushisa ukumelana

umkhakha Modern ayikwazi wacabanga ngaphandle material ezifana steel. Ngalo, sibhekana cishe zonke ukuphenduka. Ngokwethula ku oyiyo yamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene angakwazi ukwenza ngcono izakhiwo mechanical kanye nokusebenza.

Kuyini steel

Steel ngokuthi ingxubevange ukuthi yakhiwa carbon nensimbi. Futhi, i-ingxubevange (isithombe ngokufanele ngezansi) enjalo ingase ibe namanye izakhi okuphothula zamakhemikhali.

ezifundazweni eziningana kwesakhiwo ahlukile. Uma okuqukethwe carbon luphakathi 0,025-0,8%, idatha ngokuthi steel pro-eutectoid futhi ube isakhiwo sabo Perlite futhi ferrite. Uma steel hypereutectoid, kungenzeka ukuba agcine pearlite futhi isigaba cementite. Isici esivelele sesimiso isakhiwo ferrite kuyinto ductility ezinkulu. Cementite Ubuye ubulukhuni eside. Perlite yakha zombili esigabeni odlule. Kungaba ukuma luyimbudumbudu (by ukufakwa nangangesihlabathi ferrite ahlelwe cementite ezithinta ukuma isiyingi) kanye ipuleti (kokubili izigaba isimo amapuleti). Uma steel ukufuthelana ngaphezu lokushisa lapho polymorphs kwenzeke, khona-ke izinguquko isakhiwo austenite. Lesi sigaba has a ductility okusezingeni eliphezulu. Uma okuqukethwe carbon idlula 2.14%, izinto ezinjalo futhi Alloys abizwa ngokuthi yensimbi.

izinhlobo zensimbi

Kuye indlela yokwakheka steel kungenzeka carbon steel and ingxubevange. okuqukethwe Carbon esingaphansi 0.25% ephawula steel ongaphakeme-carbon. Uma inani lemali ifinyelela 0.55%, bese sikwazi ukukhuluma medium-ingxubevange. Steel, esesikhundleni ukubunjwa zalo ezingaphezu kuka 0.6% carbon, ngokuthi ephezulu carbon. Uma ukuthi kukhiqizwa njengoba Fusion, ubuchwepheshe kuhilela ukwethulwa izakhi zamakhemikhali ethize, leli steel ingxubevange ngokuthi. Ukwethulwa izingxenye ezihlukahlukene is kakhulu ekushintsheni izakhiwo zalo. Uma inani lemali yabo ingaphansi kuka- 4%, ingxubevange ephansi elixutshiwe. Srednelegirovannoj futhi ephezulu ingxubevange steel has ngokulandelana kuya ku-11% futhi ezingaphezu kuka-12% amanyela. Kuye asetshenziswa lapho emkhakheni Alloys steel, bona ukwaba izinhlobo ezifana: wezinsimbi, lezinsimbi kwesakhiwo akhethekile Alloys.

yokukhiqiza ubuchwepheshe

steel ukwenza inqubo isikhathi ngempela oqothulayo. Kuhlanganisa izigaba eziningana. Okokuqala, udinga izinto zokusetshenziswa - nsimbi. Isigaba sokuqala yakhiwa Ukushisa lokushisa ethile. Uma lokhu kwenzeka oxidative izinqubo. In the isinyathelo sesibili izinga lokushisa iba elingaphezulu kakhulu kwaleli. Carbon namachibi izinqubo usubuzwa ngaphezulu. Okungenzeka eyengeziwe-mpilo kwandzisa ingxubevange. ukungcola okungafuneki ziyasuswa kuya slag. Isinyathelo esilandelayo sibhekiswe ukususwa oksijini evela steel ngoba iyehlisa izakhiwo lokukhanda. Lokhu okusheshayo kungaba kwenziwe noma ayeke ukunisa indlela. Uma inqubo deoxidation ingekho, i-steel okuholela libizwa abilayo. ingxubevange epholile akusho bungakhiphi amagesi, umoya-mpilo lususwe. Phakathi kukhona lulwimi wabulala steel. Ukukhiqizwa Alloys yensimbi kwenzeka le, lokungeniswa amaziko, umoya-mpilo eziyisisekelo esithandweni.

alloying ensimbi

Ukuze uthole izindawo athile steel, ukubunjwa yayo iqondiswa dopants ekhethekile. Izinzuzo esemqoka i ingxubevange enjalo kuyathuthuka ukumelana deformations ahlukahlukene, izingxenye okuthembekile namanye amalungu kwesakhiwo inyuka kakhulu. Eqeda kunciphisa iphesenti imifantu nezinye zamehlo. Ngokuvamile, indlela ezinjalo ukugcwaliswa esetshenziswa izakhi ezahlukene ukuze udlulisele ukumelana ukugqwala zamakhemikhali. Kodwa kukhona inezici ezithile ezingathandeki. Zidinga ukucutshungulwa ezengeziwe, awokuthi nesenzakalo ukuqhekeka hairline. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwandisa izindleko impahla. Okuvame kakhulu izakhi alloying - chromium, nickel, i-tungsten molybdenum futhi ayibe. ensimini yabo kwesicelo impela high. Lokhu ubunjiniyela, futhi kukhiqizwe imininingwane amapayipi, izimboni zikagesi, izindiza kanye nokunye.

Umqondo ukushisa ukumelana nokushisa ukumelana

Igama elithi ukushisa ukumelana ehloselwe ikhono metal noma ingxubevange ukulondoloza zonke izici zayo kwebhizinisi lapho uqhuba ngamazinga ashisa kakhulu. Esimweni esinjalo ngokuvamile baphawula igesi ukugqwala. Ngakho-ke, indaba ubenawo ukumelana isenzo salo, ukuba ukushisa ukumelana. Ngakho, izimfanelo Alloys asetshenziswa lokushisa elikhulu kuzomele sifake zombili imiqondo le. Kuphela uma lezinsimbi ezifana ukunikeza edingekayo ekuphileni inkonzo ngoba izingxenye, amathuluzi kanye nezinye timphawu tesakhiwo.

Izici steel ukushisa ukumelana

Ezimweni lapho izinga lokushisa ifinyelela izindinganiso eziphakeme, ke kudinga ukusetshenziswa Alloys engeke ukugoqwa futhi simelane ukusonteka. Kulokhu, a Alloys ukushisa ukumelana. Amazinga okusebenza wempahla ezinjalo - ngenhla 500 ° C. Into ebalulekile esibonisa steel efanayo kuyinto ukukhuthazela okusezingeni eliphezulu umkhawulo, plasticity, esenganyelwe isikhathi eside kanye ukumelana aziphumulele. Kunezindlela eziningana izingxenye uyakwazi ukwandisa ukumelana namazinga okushisa aphakeme: ayibe, tungsten molybdenum. Futhi ingxenye eyisibopho ingaphansi chromium. Akenzi kangaka kulwenze buthaka, it kwandisa ukumelana ukunciphisa. -Chrome futhi kuvimbela ukugqwala izinqubo. Esinye isici esibalulekile saleso Alloys yalolu hlobo - ungangena kancane.

Ukwahlukanisa ukushisa lezinsimbi ukumelana isakhiwo

Ukushisa ukumelana nokushisa ukumelana Alloys kukhona ekilasini ferritic, martensitic, austenitic kanye martensitic isakhiwo feritno. Eyokuqala yakhiwa ngu-30% chromium. Ngemva ukwelashwa okukhethekile kuba isakhiwo esihle okusanhlamvu. Uma izinga lokushisa Ukushisa idlula 850ºS, okusanhlamvu ukwanda, futhi izinto ezinjalo ukushisa ukumelana abe buthakathaka. amamaki Martensitic elinesimo okuqukethwe chromium kusukela 4% kuya ku-12%. Nickel futhi zingase amanani amancane, i-tungsten namanye izakhi. Wabo ukukhiqiza izingxenye abaphehla ugesi, ama-valve kule moto. Lezinsimbi ezithinta e oyiyo a martensite futhi ferrite, efanelekayo ukusebenza ngesikhathi njalo amazinga aphakeme okushisa ukusebenza yesikhathi eside. Okuqukethwe chromium ifinyelela 14%. Austenite is etholwe wethula ezimelana nokushisa nickel Alloys. Steel nge isakhiwo esifanayo babe brand eziningi.

Alloys Nickel ezisekelwe

Nickel enezinto eziningi izakhiwo ewusizo. Anakho nethonya elihle machinability we steel (kokubili ashisayo nabandayo). Uma leyo nto noma ithuluzi yakhelwe ukusebenza ezindaweni elibuhlungu, i-doping kwalesi sakhi kakhulu kwandisa ukumelana ukugqwala. Ukushisa ukumelana nickel-base izinto zihlukaniswa zibe amaqembu ezilandelayo: ukushisa ukumelana nokushisa ukumelana uqobo. Lesi sakamuva kufanele futhi okungenani ukushisa ukumelana izici. okushisa Operating ukufinyelela 1200 ° C. Ngaphezu kwalokho iqondiswa chromium noma titanium. Akumangalisi steel elixutshiwe ne-nickel, ube inani elincane ukungcola ezifana barium yombala, magnesium, boron, ngakho-ke, ngaphezulu okusanhlamvu imingcele kuthiwa nakakhulu. Superalloys yalolu hlobo ayatholakala ngesimo kwachuma iphuma. Kungenzeka futhi imininingwane kungasaziwa. Le ndawo main kwesicelo - izakhi yokukhiqiza gas abaphehla ugesi. Ukushisa ukumelana nickel-base Alloys abe Ukwakheka-30% chromium futhi. Ziyakwazi kahle ukuze nginyathela, Welding. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukumelana uyakekela kuphezulu. Lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuzisebenzisa ohlelweni wegesi.

Heat ekumelaneni steel, titanium ingxubevange

Titanium sethulwa esincane (0.3%). Kulokhu-ke kwandisa amandla ingxubevange. Uma okuqukethwe kwayo itsatfwa ephakeme, abanye ziwohloka izakhiwo mechanical (ubulukhuni, amandla). Kodwa plasticity kwale mali. Lokhu kusiza ukucutshungulwa steel. Lapho iqondiswa titanium kanye nezinye izingxenye kungaba ngokuphawulekayo ngcono ephezulu lokushisa izici. Uma kukhona isidingo ukusebenza endaweni enobutha (ikakhulu uma lapho ukwakhiwa kuhilela Welding), timphawu alloying amakhemikhali idatha siyavunyelwa.

ayibe Alloys

A semali ayibe (kufika ku-80%) isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza izinto ezifana superalloys nokushisa Alloys nemithi, njengoba kuyaqabukela esetshenziswa njengoba injalo emsulwa. Ezokuphathwa kwalo kuthuthukisa ductility kanye ukumelana ngaphansi okushisa aphakeme. Futhi ephakeme kangaka, ngaphezulu inani ayibe eyafakwa ingxubevange. Kwezinye isitembu nokuqukethwe kwalo ifinyelela 30%. Esinye isici sobuntu lezi lezinsimbi - ekuphuculeni izakhiwo kazibuthe. Nokho, ngenxa yezindleko eliphezulu ayibe, sekuyigama elisetshenziswa lolulingene.

Ithonya molybdenum ku superalloys

Active chemical isici kakhulu kuthinta ngamandla okokusebenza okushisa aphakeme. kuphumelela kakhulu ukusebenzisa kwayo kanye nezinye izakhi. It Ngokuphawulekayo kwandisa nobulukhuni steel (kakade ngesikhathi okuqukethwe 0.3%). amandla eqine kwandisa. Esinye isici esihle ukuthi babe superalloys doped molybdenum - ngezinga elikhulu yokumelana oxidative izinqubo. Molybdenum kunomthelela okusanhlamvu intuthuko. Ububi kuyinto nobunzima Welding.

Okunye lezinsimbi akhethekile Alloys

Ukuze enze imisebenzi ethile edinga izinto babe izakhiwo ezithile. Ngakho, singaxoxa mayelana nokusetshenziswa Alloys ekhethekile, okungaba kokubili elixutshiwe ne-carbon. Isethi sokugcina izici ezidingekayo attained ngenxa yokuthi womshini Alloys nokucubungula yabo yobuchwepheshe ekhethekile. Enye Alloys ekhethekile lezinsimbi zihlukaniswe kwesakhiwo nowezinsimbi. Phakathi kwezinkinga esiyinhloko lolu hlobo izinto yilezi ezilandelayo: Ukumelana ukugqwala futhi ukugqoka izinqubo, ikhono ukusebenza endaweni enobutha, kukhuphuke izici lokukhanda. Kulesi sigaba steel ukushisa ukumelana futhi Alloys nge lokushisa zokusebenza okusezingeni eliphezulu steel cryogenic ezingamelana nezinselele kuze kube -296ºS.

Ithuluzi steel

Ukuze womshini amathuluzi asetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni ekhethekile ithuluzi lensimbi. Ngenxa yokuthi izimo zokusebenza ngezinto ezahlukene futhi akhethiwe ngamunye. Kusukela amathuluzi nezidingo okusezingeni eliphezulu, futhi izici Alloys ekukhiqizeni kwabo njengoba kufaneleka kunalokho: kumelwe abe umuntu okungekho ukungcola zangaphandle bona, inclusions yenqubo deoxidation is kahle eyenziwa, futhi isakhiwo homogeneous. Ukuze ekulinganiseni amathuluzi kubalulekile ukuba ukusebenza ozinzile futhi simelane bafake. Ukukhuluma amathuluzi ukusika, ukuthi isebenze at okushisa ephakeme (onqenqemeni Ukushisa kwenzeka), ngomshikisho njalo kanye deformation. Ngakho-ke, ngabo kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba siqhubeke nobulukhuni eyinhloko lapho sishiswa ngakho. Olunye uhlobo ithuluzi lensimbi - ngesivinini. Empeleni, it is elixutshiwe nge tungsten. Ukuqina inakekelwa ezingeni lokushisa mayelana 600 ° C. Kukhona futhi afe lezinsimbi. Basuke eyenzelwe ukusonteka kokubili ashisayo nabandayo.

Ububanzi nenhloso Alloys ekhethekile

I izimboni ezisebenzisa Alloys ezinezici ekhethekile setha. Ngenxa izinga layo aphakeme, bona azinakusilela ubunjiniyela, ukwakhiwa, petroleum umkhakha. Ukushisa ukumelana nokushisa ukumelana Alloys asetshenziswa womshini izingxenye abaphehla ugesi, izingxenye izimoto. Lezinsimbi ezithinta izici okusezingeni eliphezulu anticorrosive, nalolo ukwenziwa amapayipi, carburetors izinaliti, amadiski, izakhi ezihlukahlukene umkhakha zamakhemikhali. I komzila ngoba ujantshi, amabhakede, isibungu ezokuthutha - ngesisekelo kwakho konke lokhu kukhona lezinsimbi bafake nemithi. Ngo ekukhiqizweni imishudo, ngezikulufo nezinto ezifanayo kusetshenziswa automaton Alloys. I iziphethu kumele kube ngokwanele nokunwebeka futhi iqine. Ngakho-ke, indaba them is entwasahlobo steel. Ukuze kwenziwe ngcono le mfanelo it is eminye elixutshiwe ne-chromium, molybdenum. Zonke Alloys ekhethekile lezinsimbi nge iqoqo izici ezithile kungaba ukwehlisa izindleko izingxenye lapho ababekade bezisebenzisa izinsimbi non-ayoni.