Japan Medieval. Injwayelo yokufuna ukuba i-Japan medieval

Ikakhulukazi Japan nokuthuthukiswa kwalo ngokomlando sibonwa namuhla. Leli zwe yasekuqaleni oye wakwazi ukuthwala phakathi namakhulu eminyaka cishe enjalo isiko ethize, ngezindlela eziningi enhle kakhulu ngisho eladabuka endaweni omakhelwane eliseduze. Izici eziyinhloko amasiko, ejwayelekile iJapane, bavela okokuqala ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi. Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, ubuciko abantu nokuthuthukisa kwaphawulwa isifiso zokusondelana nemvelo, ukuqonda ubuhle bayo nokuzwana.

izimo

Japan Medieval, etholakala kulesi siqhingi, bavikelekile nsada ngokwemvelo. Ithonya emhlabeni ngaphandle ezweni ikakhulukazi ebonakaliswa inqubo nokuxhumana abakhileyo baseKorea kanye Chinese. Futhi nge-Japanese wokuqala ayevame ukulwa khona, kanti owesibili agcwaliswa.

Ukuthuthukiswa yangaphakathi yezwe liye atehlukaniseki ne imvelo. Iziqhingi elincane cishe ndawo ukuya kusuka izivunguvungu esabekayo nokuzamazama komhlaba. Ngakho-ke, kulolu hlangothi, amaJapane wafuna yini umthwalo ngokwakho ngezinto ezingadingekile, ukuthi nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ungakwazi kalula ukuqoqa wonke kunesidingo kakhulu futhi basindiswe izakhi ayaluzayo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokunembile ngenxa izimo ezinjalo medieval isiko Japanese aluthola izici zayo siqu. Abantu abahlala kulezi ziqhingi waqaphela amandla izakhi kanye abasakwazi into nawo, baba nomuzwa wokuthi amandla ngesikhathi esifanayo ngokuvumelana nemvelo. Futhi wazama ukungabaphazamisi wakhe. medieval art Japanese athuthukile ngokumelene isizinda Shinto elalisethenteni inhliziyo ekukhulekeleni wemimoya izakhi, bese ubuBuddha, ekwamukeleni uvalo ecabanga emhlabeni ngaphakathi kanye nabangaphandle.

lokuqala State

Ensimini ka esiqhingini Honshu ku III-V eminyaka. akha umfelandawonye tribal Yamato. Ngu IV ekhulwini ku osekelwe kuyo ezakhiwe umbuso wokuqala Japanese ephethwe Tenno (Emperor). Japan Medieval kwaleyo nkathi wembula ososayensi ekuhloleni okuqukethwe amathuna Barrow. Esikhathini kudivayisi yomuzwa wabo ka ngokuqondene nohlobo izakhiwo wezwe: ngesiduli ufana esiqhingini yagcwala izihlahla sizungezwe umsele. Ukungcwatshwa ibekwe izinto ezihlukahlukene yasendlini, futhi lonke umbusi ngasekupheleni kuqashelwe Honeyview eziyize izibalo ngobumba, ibekwe phezu ngesiduli. Lezi imifanekiso emincane ubonise kanjani oqaphelayo bayizingcweti Japanese: zibonisa abantu nezilwane, eqaphela ethile kancane, futhi bakwazi ukudlulisela kwemizwa kanye nezimfanelo ezakhayo.

Inkolo wokuqala eJapane, ubuShinto, nonkulunkulu bezinto zonke imimoya imvelo abahlala yonke imithi noma amanzi. Amathempeli ezakhiwa endaweni sezintaba ezinamahlathi ezenziwe ngokhuni ( "bukhoma" impahla). Umklamo yayilula kakhulu futhi ohambelana nayo noma okuyo ezungezile. Amathempeli kwadingeka imihlobiso elakhiwe njengomuzi ngokushelela agelezela landscape. Injwayelo yokufuna ukuba i-Japan medieval wafuna hlanganani imvelo kanye izakhiwo ezenziwe umuntu. Namathempeli ukubonisa ngokucacile lokhu.

Kumiswa feudalism

Japan Ephakathi waboleka kakhulu eChina Korea: ikakhulukazi umthetho nokuphatha umhlaba, kubhala wekuba sive. Through the omakhelwane yangena kuleli zwe futhi UbuBuddha, wadlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni yayo. Umsizile izithathe ukuze ixazulule leyo kwehlukana yangaphakathi yezwe, hlanganani izizwe, okuyinto zihlukaniswe Japan. Asuka inkathi (552-645 GG.) Futhi Nara (645-794 GG.) Libhekene ngu ukuvela feudalism kanye nokuthuthukiswa isiko zomdabu ngesisekelo izinto waboleka.

Ubuciko isikhathi sasihlangene exhumene ukwakhiwa esasinegunya ukubaluleka engcwele. Isibonelo omangalisayo Buddhist ethempelini -Horyudzi lesi sikhathi, Isigodlo, yakhelwe Nara, inhloko-dolobha yokuqala Japan. Kuthinta yonke: langa umhlobiso ingaphakathi, omningi walo mbhoshongo emihlanu storied, lifulelwe omkhulu isakhiwo esikhulu, kusekelwa kubakaki eyinkimbinkimbi. Nesimo sesakhiwo esikhulu kakhulu eziyinkimbinkimbi njengoba ithonya emasikweni ukwakhiwa Chinese izici yasekuqaleni ezazivamile Japan Ephakathi. Akukho ububanzi, amathempeli isici lakhiwa e-China elikhulu. amathempeli Japanese babe emfishane, ngisho encane.

Umxhwele kakhulu amathempeli Buddhist waqala esizokwakhiwa ekhulwini VIII, lapho kumiswa isimo eyodwa ephakathi. Japan kwakudingeka dolobha, wabangumkakhe Nara, ezakhiwe imodeli Chinese. Amathempeli kuthiwa esakhiwe ukufanisa isikali komuzi.

ebaziwe

Umsebenzi wezandla athuthukile kanye izakhiwo - kusukela mbumbulu eenkhulwini Chinese ohlangothini yokuzuza ungubani nangokuzimisela okukhulu kunangaphambili. Ekuqaleni bathinteka emifanekisweni yasemhlabeni onkulunkulu wagcwala imizwelo imizwa kanye eyinqaba, abantu kunalokho, abavamile ukudlula izakhamuzi ezulwini.

yi lokuqala ebaziwe wesikhathi - kwesithombe Buddha 16 amamitha eliphezulu, ise Todaiji sezindela. Kuyinto umphumela ukuhlanganisa amasu amaningi asetshenziswa esikhathini Nara Cast abahle oqoshiwe, nginyathela, ekwakheni. UMbuso omkhulu futhi libalele kamnandi, uyakufanelekela iyisimangaliso isihloko emhlabeni.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho futhi ekumeni sculptural zabantu, ikakhulukazi izinceku ethempelini. Zakhiwo ehlotshiswe yasezindongeni esibonisa ipharadesi imihlaba.

round entsha

Izinguquko ku isiko Japan, okuyinto kwaqala ekhulwini le-IX, exhumene emikhankasweni yezombusazwe sikhathi. inhlokodolobha yezwe washukunyiselwa ukuba yeHeian, eyaziwa namuhla ngaphansi kwegama Kyoto. Ngu nekhulu kwakukhona Inqubomgomo engayodwa, medieval Japan ebiyelwe nyá omakhelwane usathola amanxusa. Isiko sesibe ngokwethukela yokuhamba kwami amaShayina.

nenkathi yeHeian (IX-XII leminyaka) - sokuthuthwa kwempahla izinkondlo ezidumile Japanese. Tank (pyatistishiya) ephelezelwa Japanese njalo. Akukhona ukuthi kumane kuqondane ukuthi isikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi inkathi yokuchuma izinkondlo Japanese. Lena cishe alibonise ngokugcwele kakhulu isimo sengqondo abakhileyo yelanga eliphumayo ukuba izwe, ukuqonda kwakhe uxhumano ezijulile phakathi komuntu nemvelo, ikhono uqaphela ubuhle ngisho ezincane. Psychology nefilosofi izinkondlo ekhethekile okukuwo wonke ubuciko nenkathi yeHeian: izakhiwo, imidwebo, temibhalo yephrozi.

Amathempeli izakhiwo wokuziphilisa

Izici of Japan ngaleso sikhathi kwakusekelwe ikakhulu ezihlobene ne ukuvela Buddhist amahlelo, ekuhlanganiseni phakathi kwakhe izimfundiso Buddha kanye Shinto amasiko. Izigodlo namathempeli zabuye elise ngaphandle kwezindonga zomuzi - emahlathini nasezintabeni. Abazange babe nohlelo olucacile, sengathi ngengozi kwakukhona izihlahla noma amagquma. Ukuhlobisa wakhonza kakhulu nemvelo, ebukeka isakhiwo babe kulula ngangokunokwenzeka. I landscape owayebonakala emkhulu ezinwetshiwe izakhiwo yezakhiwo. Izigodlo kungukuthi kuqhathaniswa imvelo, futhi kuyavumelana nalo.

Ngu izakhiwo Ngokufanayo wadala nowezwe. Shinden, phambi Manor inkundla yakha isikhala esisodwa uhlukanisa zesikrini, uma kunesidingo. isakhiwo ngasinye ngempela ephelezelwa engadini, ngokuvamile encane kakhulu, futhi ngezinye izikhathi, njengoba esigodlweni zombusi, ifakwe amachibi, amabhuloho futhi emadokodweni. Lezi izingadi ayikwazanga ukuziqhayisa lonke i-Asiya ephakathi. Japan, kabusha kwakhono lika lathathwa izitayela Chinese izakhi, wadala bokwakhiwa kwezindlu zayo siqu, kuhlangene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nemvelo.

imidwebo

Kushintshwe namatshe aqoshiwe: kukhona izithombe ezintsha, plastic isibe eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi multi-umbala. Nokho, ephawuleka kakhulu izici kubonakala Umdwebo kazwelonke. Esikhathini XI-XII namakhulu eminyaka iye yathuthukiswa isitayela esisha - Yamato-e. Ngaye, amanzi upende ziye zasetshenziswa. Okokuqala Yamato-e yasetshenziselwa ukufanekisa kweminye imibhalo nezinguqulo ezihlukahlukene. Ngalesi sikhathi ngenkuthalo ekuthuthukiseni eqanjiwe, kwakukhona imiqulu-ndaba, noma emakimono, okuyinto komculo emhlabeni asankondlo hlonipho bemvelo, isici Japanese ephakathi. Ngokuvamile, le mibhalo ephelezelwa imifanekiso. Benkathi Ephakathi Yamato-e bakwazi ukudlulisa ubuhle bemvelo kanye nakho okungokomoya kwabantu, usebenzisa imibala ehlukene, ekufezeni umphumela kulokolokoza futhi Translations.

kuveza ezinezinkondlo zezwe futhi ikakhulukazi ware lacquer wesikhathi - amabhokisi ngokoqobo elikhazimulayo nezitsha, zomculo bushelelezi, bele eyayibhalwe.

Minamoto lwamakhosi

Ekupheleni kwekhulu XII ngenxa yempi izinduna inhloko-dolobha yaseJapane waphinda lihlehlisiwe. Yokunqoba Minamoto clan okwakwenza lo muzi eyinhloko Kamakura zwe. New umbusi ongaphansi lonke Japan ephakathi. Kafushane Kamakura isikhathi kungenziwa kwachazwa ngokuthi esikhathini shogunate - rule yezempi. Yena emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka. Ukuze uqalise isimo baye baba amasosha - Samurai. EJapane, bafika amandla, waqala ukwakha izici ezintsha kwamasiko. Esikhundleni izinkondlo ithangi weza DGCPI - amaqhawe nobuqhawe ngikhazimulise isibindi lamasosha. Inkolo waqala ukudlala indima enkulu Zen Buddhism, owafundisa sithole insindiso phansi ngosizo ukuqeqeshwa ngokomzimba, ukuzimisela ezijulile ukuzazi. Isicwebezelisi yayingabalulekile, ohlangothini zemikhosi inkolo ithatha isihlalo emuva.

Samurai Japan wabeka isiko ehlukile zomoya, nodumo ukwethembeka. Ngobudoda namandla esivela kubo, kubantu bawo wonke art kusukela izakhiwo ukuze imidwebo. Izigodlo zakhiwa ngaphandle pagodas kubo enyamalala intuthuko nenkathi yeHeian. Amathempeli njengendlwana yokuqapha elula, kungani kuphela kungaqinisa ubunye bazo nemvelo. Inani elikhulu ekumeni sculptural. Masters wafunda amasu amasha ukudala izithombe ezazibonakala ziphila. Esikhathini izikhundla, bobunjwa nokwenziwa kwayo kuwo wonke isibindi esifanayo futhi eqinile.

Emakimono le nkathi zinezikhathi ezingu-hhayi ngokomzwelo nesakhiwo ashukumisayo, ngilandisa ezimpini ezichitha igazi phakathi kwamaqembu.

Garden - ukuqhubeka endlini

Ngo 1333 inhlokodolobha waphindiselwa nenkathi yeHeian. Ababusi abasha baqala kangcono kwezobuciko. Umklamo kwalesi sikhathi bathambekele wenhlanganyelo namanje eduze nemvelo. Austerity ngobulula baba ziphila ndawonye nezinkawu nezingwenya izinkondlo nobuhle. Ukuthi ukubhujiswa kwamaJuda Zen ihlelo izimfundiso wahlabelela kokuphakama angokomoya ngokutadisha nokucabanga nemvelo, nokuvumelanisa naye.

Phakathi nale nkathi, ithuthukiswe ubuciko-ikebana, futhi izindlu ezakhiwa ngendlela yokuthi ezingxenyeni ezahlukene ekhaya kungase zibabaza engadini Ukuyiqhamukela kuyiwa. Ucezu ezincane zemvelo bavame ukungamukelwa uhlukanisiwe endlini, ngisho umbundu, ke kwadingeka ukuqhubeka yayo. Lokhu Into ephawuleka kakhulu e Ginkakudzi isakhiwo elalakhiwe kompheme, ngokushelela egeleza ensimini futhi ilenga phezu echibini. Le ndoda esendlini, wadala banenkolelo yokuthi imingcele ephakathi egumbini lokuphumula futhi amanzi futhi ingadi ukuthi izingxenye ezimbili iyonke.

tea nefilosofi

Ngo xv-XVI eminyaka eJapane yaqala ukubonakala teahouses. injabulo Unhurried baphuze labo zivela China kwaba lonke isiko. Tea endlini wakhumbuza hermitages. Bakhandwa ifakwe ngendlela yokuthi kubahlanganyeli emcimbini kungaba bazizwe uhlukane nezwe elingaphandle. Ubuncane balesi siqiwu, egumbini wavala amafasitela iphepha kwenza umoya okhethekile kanye nemizwelo. Konke - kusukela emangelengele cobbled itshe eya umnyango, kuya zobumba kanye umsindo ukubilisa amanzi elula - wagcwala izinkondlo ifilosofi ukuthula.

ezinombala ofanayo imidwebo

In parallel ubuciko yokuzalanisa izingadi kanye itiye emcimbini savela nokudweba. Umlando Japan medieval nangamasiko ekhulwini XIV-XV. kuphawulwa ukuvela suyboku-ha - inki imidwebo. Isithombe uhlobo babesenkonzweni ezinombala ofanayo landscape imidwebo, esemgwaqweni ku le miqulu. Masters suyboku-ha, ukwamukela izici Umdwebo Chinese, baletha ngokushesha ku yokudweba ungubani Japanese. Baye bafunda ukuba adlulisele ubuhle bemvelo, isimo yayo, bobukhulu imfihlakalo. Ekuqaleni amasu ngekhulu XVI suyboku hectare angu-organically ihlanganiswe ne amasu Yamato-e, ukudala uhlobo olusha imidwebo.

Ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi

ibalazwe Medieval of Japan ekupheleni kwekhulu XVI uyekile abe "zezindwangu Quilt" ka Holdings kwamaqembu ehlukene. Yaqala lizwe yokuhlanganisa. Baqala ukusungula oxhumana ne uthi Western. A indima ebalulekile manje ukudlalwa izakhiwo wokuziphilisa. Shoguns izinqaba esesabekayo ngesikhathi Umhlaba steel izigodlo ehlotshiswe ukuthula onesizotha. Facilities delimited ngokuhambisa ngodonga, zaveza ohlotshiswe ngokukhethekile chitha ukukhanya, ukudala esimweni zemikhosi.

Kano Umdwebo esikoleni amakhosi, okuyinto ithuthukiswe phakathi nalesi sikhathi zambozwa hhayi kuphela esikrinini, kodwa futhi izingange zezindlu zayo zamakhosi. imidwebo Scenic kukhona egqamile awuchaza ubukhazikhazi solemnity bemvelo. Kukhona izindaba ezintsha -I izithombe zokuphila kwansuku zonke kwabantu abavamile. Wayekhona sezigodlweni futhi ezinombala ofanayo imidwebo, aluthola imiva ekhethekile.

Ngokuvamile, ezinombala ofanayo Umdwebo ehlotshisiwe izindlu itiye, lapho kukhona nomoya wokuthula, engekho solemnity kwamakamelo castle. Compound ubulula ogcwele yonke Ubukhosi isiko Edo inkathi (XVII-XIX leminyaka.). Ngalesi sikhathi, i-Japan medieval waphinda waphishekela umgomo lokwehlukaniswa. Kukhona amafomu amasha yobuciko, esichaza isimo sengqondo esithile Japanese: Kabuki yaseshashalazini, isitayela seshidi, novellas.

Edo isikhathi libhekene budebuduze naleli umhlobiso omangalisayo izinqaba nesizotha izindlu zetiye, amasiko Yamato-e imidwebo amasu kanye ngasekupheleni kwekhulu XVI. Uxhumano ezahlukene imisinga kwezobuciko kanye nemisebenzi yezandla bubonakala ngokucacile kwendandatho. izindawo Master ezahlukene ngokuvamile basebenza ndawonye, eqinisweni, ngezinye izikhathi igama elilodwa futhi kumculi ofanayo ngesineke wakhonza njengephayona abalandeli kanye izikrini, kanye yezicathulo kanye caskets.

Ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi libhekene bagxila injongo yokuphila ukugcwaliswa: kukhona izindwangu ezintsha esetshenziswa zobumba, izinguquko timphahla tekubhukusha. Nge ahlobene yokugcina ukuze okuvela netske emelela izinkinobho elincane uhlobo noma brelochki. Babé yalokho ezithile ukuthuthukiswa ebaziwe Japan.

isiko Japanese kunzima ukudida imiphumela yokucabanga okudala abanye abantu. ungubani wakhe yasungulwa ngo izimo ezithile zemvelo. Budebuduze njalo ithanda zona lezi zici umshawushile emenza ifilosofi olukhethekile inhlala kahle, okuyinto ukuvela kuzo zonke izindawo yobuciko izikebhe.