Catherine kabusha 2 (kafushane). absoljutizm Bafunde Catherine 2

Yini esiyaziyo Russian Empress uCatherine Omkhulu? Ikhumbule inzalo ngokuvamile ziyaphuma amaqiniso, kancane ezihlobene lwenqubomgomo yomphakathi. Catherine kwaba umlandeli omkhulu kakhulu enkantolo amabhola, izingubo ezinhle. Ngemuva ke njalo kulandelwa string of abayithandayo. Impilo ka-Izintandokazi wakhe, kanye axhunyiwe luthando lwakhe othayi, wehlela emlandweni. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, iNdlovukazi isiRashiya kwakuwulimi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ehlakaniphile, elikhanyayo, ubuntu kokuvamile umhleli abanamakhono. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi isimiso sakhe ibhodi isimo kwaba ihlelwe kabusha okokuqala kusukela wokubusa Petra Velikogo. Omkhulu isithakazelo namuhla call Catherine kwekuhlela kabusha 2. Nokho, chaza kafushane, cishe ukuze aphumelele. Ngokuvamile, bonke izinguquko zalo zezombusazwe angena theory ezinkulu, ngokuthi absolutism ukukhanyiselwa. Lokhu kuthambekela ekhulwini XVIII, sekuthandwa kakhulu. ezicini eziningi zokuphila yomphakathi kanye nomphakathi wathinta Catherine kwekuhlela kabusha 2. Ithebula "Transformations kuleli zwe", ngezansi, kukuveza obala loku.

Ebuntwaneni nemfundo of Princess Fike

UZandile Augusta Fredericka Anhalt-Zerbst - ngakho kwakuzwakala igama eligcwele Ngokuzayo Empress Russian. Wazalelwa entwasahlobo ka 1729 edolobheni elincane German ngokuthi eStettin (manje insimu yase-Poland). ubaba wakhe e inkonzo Prussian King. Kwakuyisikhathi Umuntu oyize. Ngesinye isikhathi, kwaba umlawuli lokuqala regimental ke umlawuli nombusi kamuva lomuzi lwakubo. Umama ka iNdlovukazi esizayo bekungelegolide lunegazi lasebukhosini. Wayengumngane omkhulu-anti kaPetru III - umyeni esizayo indodakazi yakhe. Sofia, noma njengoba lalibizwa kanjalo nezihlobo, Fike, wafundiswa ekhaya. Wafunda isiFulentshi, isiNtaliyane, isiNgisi, i-geography, umlando, imfundiso yenkolo, wasina futhi idlala umculo. Intombazane ibe ejabule, kwaba udlubulunda, kwaba abangane nabafana. Abazali bebengeneme ukuziphatha kwakhe. Fike umndeni yayihlupheka. Kodwa unina ngiphuphe ukuthi inzuzo ukunikeza indodakazi yakhe abe ngumkakhe. Ngokushesha, amaphupho akhe ayezishaya ukuba empilweni.

Umshado nge indlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi sika-Russia

Ngo 1744, Zerbst Princess Fike wamenywa kanye nonina eRussia emagcekeni ezigodlo umshado nge Ngokuzayo Russian uMbusi uPetru III, owayeneminyaka umzala wakhe wesibili. umakoti eneminyaka eyishumi nesithupha ngokushesha ethulwa Elizabeth, okuyinto befuna ukumisa ilungelo ngokulandelana kuya Romanovs, enethemba lokushada ne'er-do-umshana wakhe. Russian Empress wacabanga ukuthi Sofia kuhle futhi ngomusa ezingaphazamisa uPetru umkhakha zezingane zakhe nge nomdlwana namathoyizi. Uma Fike uvele Russia, yaqala benesifiso nokufunda isiRashiya, ukuhlonipha enkantolo futhi umthetho kaNkulunkulu-Orthodox. Umshado kwakuhlelwe Agasti 25, 1745. Ngobusuku obandulela Sofia bamukela-Orthodox futhi wathola igama Catherine I. Ngosuku lomshado at 6 ezimpondweni ekuseni inkosazana wayiswa egunjini i-Elizabeth, lapho yena ugqoke futhi ayesebenza. Wedding emcimbini senzeka esontweni Kazan. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngemva kuka-17 eminyakeni ukuthi lapha ukuPhila Guard izothatha isifungo sokwethembeka Empress yabo entsha Catherine Alekseevna. Ngemva komshado wanikezwa ibhola elihle futhi idili esigodlweni, lapho Fick waphoqeleka ukudansa ukulandelana engapheli yabakhulu abadala. Ngokushesha emva komshado, kwaba sobala ukuthi umyeni entsha ngeke agcwalise izibopho zabo zasemshadweni. Zonke Ngesinye isikhathi uPetru ayichitha imidlalo ne amasosha ithini amakhadibhodi nezigodlo. nasekamelweni labo lomshado, yaphenduka isithumbanja okuzingela izinja. Kwaba sobala ukuthi le ignoramus akakwazi ukusebenzisa isimo. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, iRussia kwakudingeka kwekuhlela kabusha kwangaphakathi. Catherine 2, njengoba enjalo, wayengekho. Yebo, futhi ukuvala emagcekeni ezigodlo kulindeleke ukuthi indima umka umbusi kanye unina wezingane zakhe ngoba Fike kwaba zonke. Kungakanani Ayephambuke.

Ukubusa yesihlalo sobukhosi sika-Catherine

Lamanje Empress Elizabeth Petrovna ukuthi lantambama usuku ngalunye oludlulayo, impilo yakhe wayebuthakathaka kakhulu. Ukuba nobuhlobo ezihlalweni zobukhosi bethwele nemiqhele owakwakhe engazange asungule. UPetru wayehlala ngokungafihli indlovukazi yakhe futhi wakhuluma ngokufuna ukumshada. Catherine yena ngokushesha kakhulu wathumba engu-26 kwekhamera-ubusosha Sergei Saltykov. Ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa ukuthi Fike izele indodana, ababebekwe ezikhundleni ngokuthi uPawulu. Ngesikhathi inkantolo sasihamba amahemuhemu ukuthi uyise ungumthandi uCatherine. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, iNdlovukazi Elizabeth wamemezela womfana yesibili ithuba indlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, eRussia, ngo-umfelandawonye Austria neFrance ilwa Prussia, lapho uwina anqobe izizwe eziningi. Lokhu kuhle emehlweni wonke umuntu ngaphandle kwezinsana uPetru, owacabanga King noFrederick II yasePrussia esingenakuqhathaniswa ubuhlakani lempi. Kwakusobala ukuthi esimweni ukubusa kwakhe esihlalweni sobukhosi Russia ukuphetha ukuthula ezilulazayo nge Prussia, ngilahlekelwe yiyo yonke ukuthi usezuze ngokuhamba empini. ngakho ngokushesha lezo zinto zenzekile. U-Elizabeth washona ngoSuku Christmas e 1761. Ngemva kwalokho, uPetru waba umbusi waseRussia. Ngo-March 1762 waphetha nge Prussia emhlabeni, okwabangela eziningi ukunganeliseki ebuthweni Russian. It wanquma ukusebenzisa ngokumelene abalandeli uPetru III Catherine Orlov abazalwane, oyedwa wabo, uGregory, kwaba lover wakhe futhi uyise wengane yakhe yokugcina. I Kazan Isonto Catherine labetibambile isiko okugcoba, ngokuthatha isifungo njengoba iNdlovukazi of All Russia. Eyokuqala bazithoba ukuba amasosha akhe. Kwathi June 28, 1762. Khona-ke akekho ukholwe lokho kuyoba Politika Ekateriny 2.

ulwazi olujwayelekile mayelana nokubusa iNdlovukazi

ngemva kwezenzakalo ezichazwe, July 6 kwesonto, Catherine wathola incwadi evela Orlova ukuthi umyeni wakhe uPetru, owabhala abdication futhi badingiselwa Manor Ropsha wafa. Ngokusho ofakazi, esanda kwenziwa Empress baphuthuma, ukukhala nokuklabalasa ukuthi inzalo yakhe Angisoze ngimxolele. Nokho, eminye imithombo ibonisa ukuthi wayezazi umzamo kuhlelwe ahambele umyeni wakhe, njengoba wathunyelwa izinsuku 2 ngaphambi ukubulawa kwakhe kuye kudokotela Paulsen akuyona ngemithi enamandla, futhi nge izinsimbi autopsies. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi laliyini, ilungelo esihlalweni sobukhosi Catherine akekho phikisa. Futhi namuhla singaba afingqa wakhe kokubusa iminyaka engu-34. Elichaza ibhodi yayo ngaphakathi mlando isimo ngokuvamile basebenzisa elithi ezifana "absolutism ukukhanyiselwa". Amalungu lo mbono akholelwa ukuthi umbuso kufanele ube amandla eqinile autocratic, latawusebentisana ukuze kuzuze zonke izakhamuzi zawo. absolutism Ikhanyisiwe ka Catherine 2 sivezwe ngokuyinhloko ekuqiniseni ubushiqela, ubunye wezwe yinye ye nohlelo lokuphatha. UMbusikazi wacabanga ukuthi indawo enkulu Russia nase sezulu layo nokhahlo kube nesidingo ukuzalwa nokuchuma lapha autocracy. Schematically, ungakwazi ziveza Catherine kwekuhlela kabusha 2.

Ithebula "Transformations kuleli zwe"

Njengoba ubona kusuka etafuleni, e hlelwa kabusha ngokugcwele kukhombise ngokusobala absolutism ayesenakho Catherine 2. Yena uye wafuna ukuba agxilise wonke amandla isimo ezandleni zayo futhi uhlale ezweni lonke amakilasi ku ekhethekile, yaqalisa imithetho.

"Iziyalezo" idokhumenti - Umqondo absolutism ukukhanyiselwa Catherine 2

UMbusikazi, Rave mayelana emibhalweni Lakho futhi zamukele izimiso eziyisisekelo bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe, wazama ukubiza okuthiwa Legislative Commission, Injongo ogama main - ekutholeni izidingo abantu ukuze afeze izinguquko ezidingekayo ngaphakathi isimo. Njengengxenye ye-umzimba ukuwo yiphini 600 amakilasi ahlukahlukene. Njengoba idokhumenti isiqondiso weKhomishana Catherine wakhishwa "Iziyalezo", okuyinto kwaba Eqinisweni, ngesisekelo ezincwadini absolutism ukukhanyiselwa. Kuyaziwa ukuthi yashintsha cishe ngokuphelele kwemisebenzi Lakho - adherent abashisekayo theory. Catherine yena wavuma ukuthi fanele lapha "kwezinye izindawo umugqa owodwa, izwi elilodwa." Ikhomishana eyathatha iminyaka eyisithupha nje kuphela, futhi-ke siphela. Ingabe lesi umzimba ngambiza lokufeza kabusha nezokuphatha Catherine 2? Mhlawumbe, yebo. Kodwa izazi-mlando namuhla uyavuma yokuthi wonke umsebenzi weKhomishana yayihloselwe ngokwakha isithombe wajula iNdlovukazi eRussia nakwamanye amazwe. Kwaba lokhu umzimba wanquma umklomelo wakhe isihloko "Elikhulu."

kabusha nezokuphatha Catherine 2

Lezi ezintsha ziye ibhaliswe ngokomthetho Novemba 7, 1775. Kushintshwe simiso division zokuphatha insimu ka-Russia. Ngaphambili, ineminyaka emithathu ubudala-iyunithi: esifundazweni, esifundazweni, izifunda. Futhi manje emkhakheni isimo waqala ukwehlukana kuphela yokubusa futhi izifunda. Kwaholela governorships eziningana kwaba uMbusi-Jikelele. Ethobela nababusi, Ummemezeli-fiscals futhi refatgei. Izimali ku yokubusa wayephethe lo Exchequer ngokusekelwa Chamber of akhawunti. Ehola esifundeni ngasinye wema izinduna. Ngo ehlukile iyunithi zokuphatha ahlukanisa edolobheni, enhloko yalo Kwabeka izimantshi imeya.

Catherine iSigele kabusha 2

Lokhu neoplasm senziwa Empress ka-December 15, 1763. Ngokusho kwakhe, Umkhandlu Wezigele baba inkantolo ephakeme kunazo zonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ibilokhu ihlukaniswe yaba 6 neminyango:

• Eyokuqala - ophethe zonke izintambo zokubusa uhulumeni nezombusazwe Petersburg;

• yesibili - amacala Petersburg;

• Ngowesithathu - imithi, isayensi, ubuciko, imfundo, ezokuthutha,

• Four - izindaba asolwandle nezwe;

• Five - izindaba zomphakathi nezombusazwe eMoscow;

• Six - izindaba zokwahlulela eMoscow.

Catherine Administration Reform 2 lapha yakhelwe ukwenza iSigele ithuluzi esilalelayo kwamandla autocratic.

yizinguquko kwezomnotho

Ukubusa iNdlovukazi besihambisana nesiminyaminya ukuthuthukiswa olubanzi emnothweni kazwelonke. I yizinguquko kwezomnotho of uCatherine 2 kwathinta yasebhange futhi sphere zezimali namanye amazwe. Phakathi nokubusa kwakhe, amakhadi amasha esikweletu izindawo (loan izimali kanye State Bank) baqala ukulamukela imali kusuka emphakathini ezifakwa yokugcina. imali yamaphepha aqalwa ekhishwe - imali yephepha. Isimo ngaphansi Catherine athunyelwa imikhiqizo kwezilwandle izinto eziningi ezinkulu, ezifana cast iron, useyili ngezidwedwe, ngokhuni, Hemp, isinkwa. Kunzima ukusho ukuthi ayithelanga idatha omuhle uCatherine kwekuhlela kabusha 2. Sitshele kafushane ngakho akunakwenzeka ukuba aphumelele. ukuthekelisa kwenqwaba yamabele ngaphansi abaphathi bayo kuye kwaholela indlala iminyaka 1780 ezifundeni eziningi zaseRussia. Amacala uyaca of abalimi. Ukwandiswa intengo isinkwa. Izimali isimo lalingenalutho. Kodwa izikweletu waseRussia angaphandle kudlulwe ruble ayizigidi ezingu-33.

Innovations ohlelweni lwezemfundo

Kodwa akuzona zonke kugucuka iNdlovukazi kwadingeka imiphumela engemihle. Kuhlelwa kabusha imfundo Catherine 2 wethulwa 1760. Yonke indawo ngaqala ukuvula izikole, okungase khona izingane ezifundweni ezahlukene emphakathini. Ngokukhethekile ikhokhelwa ukuze imfundo yabesifazane. Ngo 1764 lenzeka Smolensk Institute for Noble emaNtombazaneni. Ngo 1783 wavula Russian Academy lapho umenyiwe ososayensi adumile angaphandle. Yini ubonakalisiwe kabusha imfundo Catherine 2? Iqiniso lokuthi e-izifundazwe kumiswa oda sa umphakathi, okuyinto ebhekele ukuphathwa kwezikole, izibhedlela, asylums ngokuba izibhedlela crazy ogulayo,. EMoscow Petersburg ziye babavulela imizi izingane emgwaqweni, owathola kubo bekhulisa nemfundo.

Estates e Catherine 2

Lokhu ukuguqulwa namanje impikiswano phakathi mlando. Estates 2 Catherine kabusha sasihlanganisa ukushicilelwa kuyo 1785. ababili izincwadi, elinye lawo ekugcineni kuvikelwe amalungelo yezikhulu, nezinye tigaba emadolobheni eziyi-6. UMbusikazi ngokuthi lezi zenzakalo kubo "umqhele nemisebenzi yabo." "Izincwadi izikhulu patent" kusho lokhu okulandelayo:

• Lokhu ikilasi emthwalweni quartering amayunithi lempi, kusukela kuhlawuliswa, kusukela ekuthatheni impahla amacala obugebengu;

• izikhulu atholwe unelungelo emathunjini omhlaba, ilungelo lokuba nomhlaba ubunikazi, unelungelo lokuba Institutions Class;

• laba bantu ayenqatshelwe sesikhundleni uma engenayo wayo uvela emafeni kwaba ngaphansi kuka- $ 100, futhi beswela ilungelo lokuvota, uma ungenayo isikhundla lo mphathi.

Uyini kabusha ezisemadolobheni Catherine 2? UMbusikazi ngaphambilini ukwehlukana labantu ku 6 izigaba:

• Izakhamuzi zasemadolobheni (abanikazi);

• abathengisi 3 inhlangano;

• ababazi;

• nonresident kanye angaphandle abathengisi;

• izakhamuzi ovelele (abathengisi ocebile, bebhange, abaklami abadwebi, ososayensi, abaqambi);

• umuzi wabantu (ngaphandle izakhiwo).

Mayelana lezi ezintsha singasho ukuthi Politika Ekateriny 2 lapha iye yabangela ukuphela babhekane nezinga elikhulu enamandla umphakathi ku-abacebile nabampofu. Ngakho kwezomnotho isikhundla Ingxenye kwezicukuthwane sawohloka. Abaningi babo abakwazanga ukungena inkonzo yomphakathi, hhayi ukukwazi uthole kuyadingeka ukuba naye lo izingubo nezicathulo. Ngesikhathi inombolo esifanayo yabakhulu ezinkulu eziphethwe izindawo enkulu yezwe futhi amakhulu ezinkulungwane serfs.

Inqubomgomo zenkolo

Ezinye izindawo namanje abathintekayo kabusha uhulumeni Catherine 2? Lona wesifazane, nginenhliziyo ozama ukulawula yonke into isimo okukhulayo, kuhlanganise nenkolo. Ngo 1764, yena wakhipha isimemezelo wayencisha emazweni isonto. Bekanye izindawo idatha abalimi abaye idluliselwe ukuphathwa imali ethile Association. Ngakho, abefundisi bathembele emandleni obukhosi. Ngokuvamile, iNdlovukazi wazama ukushela Inqubomgomo senkululeko yenkolo. Eminyakeni yokuqala kokubusa kwakhe saphela ukushushiswa Old Amakholwa, Uthole ukwesekwa isimo, ubuBuddha, EsengamaProthestani, nobuJuda.

Catherine 2 njengenhlangano adherent imfundiso yokuziphendukela Ukukhanyiselwa

kweminyaka engu-34 ye-Empress ligcwele imicimbi eminingi engqubuzanayo. absolutism ayesenakho Catherine 2, okuyinto yena wazama ukushumayela phakathi kwamadoda asebukhosini, futhi ukuvela lapho yena wadala ingxenye ethi "Iziyalezo", futhi ukubiza we Legislative Commission, kanye kabusha izindlu, kanye division zokuphatha insimu ka-Russia, guqula emkhakheni wezemfundo. Noma kunjalo, konke kube lenguquko bekulokhu kulinganiselwe. uhlelo Class, ukuphathwa autocratic isimiso, serfdom wahlala buqinile. ukunakekelwa okukhethekile kunikezwa ubudlelwano phakathi Catherine French Ukukhanyiselwa (uVoltaire, Diderot). Yena wahola ukuxhumana esebenzayo nabo, ukushintshana imibono. Kwakumelwe ngaye kakhulu. Nokho, izazi-mlando zanamuhla bakholelwa ukuthi lezi ubudlelwane babe luyingxenye uhlamvu uxhaso. UMbusikazi ngokuvamile bazigodle "abangane" yabo.

Imiphumela wokubusa iNdlovukazi enkulu

Isikhathi eliye laphawula Catherine kabusha 2 futhi kafushane fingqa nokubusa kwakhe. It kugucuka eziningi zenziwa, ngezinye izikhathi ephikisana kakhulu. Inkathi Empress libhekene kokugqilazwa esiphezulu abalimi, sibancisha amalungelo abo okungenani. Lapho-ke yakhipha isimemezelo esivala abalimi ukuba ukufaka isimangalo esiphikisana umninindlu yakhe. nokukhohlakala okwakudlangile, futhi inani elikhulu ikakhulukazi. Isibonelo bafaka Empress yena, ngesandla esivulekile endowing izihlobo futhi uvale egcekeni nemikhulu nokwabela izintandokazi zakho okuthunyelwe ezisemqoka zikahulumeni. Akumangalisi ukuthi ngemva kweminyaka embalwa kokubusa kwakhe, yengcebo lizwe lalingenalutho. Kugcina yaphela 2 Catherine kabusha? Kafushane, muntu ongathi lokhu: nesimo esibucayi kakhulu kwezomnotho kanye kokuwa ngokuphelele uhlelo lwezimali kahulumeni. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi laliyini, yena wahileleka kakhulu empilweni yomphakathi nabathandwayo baba Russia lakubo.

Safunda, kulokho ibonakala bakhanyiselwa absolutism Catherine 2 phakathi nokubusa kwakhe, abanye izinhlinzeko zoMthetho futhi wakwazi ukuletha ekuphileni.