Kwakungenzeka yini ukugwema seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili? German-Soviet Frontier Treaty (the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact atheleka). Stalin kanye Hitler

Nakuba umlando ayinakho kwemizwelo subjunctive, namanje futhi abacwaningi, nabantu abavamile ucela ngokwabo ukuthi kungenzeka ukugwema seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili. Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, kumelwe sibheke izimbangela ukungqubuzana ngobukhulu ahlomile yonke emlandweni wesintu.

Ukushweleza wodweshu

Ngo-1933, wathatha amandla okubusa eJalimane amaNazi kwafika, eholwa u-Adolf Hitler. Radicals babe esivuna kubuyeketa imiphumela neMpi Yezwe II, ngenxa okuyinto ezweni labo uye bancishwa ingxenye enkulu yalo washiya ngaphandle ibutho. Ngesikhathi esifanayo Hitler esifuze wobushiqela eyakhelwe e-Italy ngo-Benito uMussolini.

Ngobusuku obandulela seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili, le Fuehrer waqala izinyathelo lokuqala nokudliwa amasimu uthi angomakhelwane. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, wadinga ukuze ujoyine Austria anobuhlobo, futhi ngakolunye - ukuze asuse esifundeni Sudetenland yeCzechoslovakia, ingxenye enkulu yomphakathi yakhiwa amaJalimane yobuhlanga.

abaholi bamazwe aseNtshonalanga baye wabheka ngokusebenzisa iminwe yakhe ngesikhathi mpendulo kaHitler nolaka. Kodwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukugwema seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili? Namuhla, kunenkolelo yokuthi umsuka waso yangibeka "inqubomgomo appeasement", okuyinto lwenziwe eParis no-London. Futhi-United Kingdom, futhi France (njengoba amazwe anqobe ngeMpi Yezwe I nokuthi yisiboniso esemqoka ye Versailles Treaty) ngabe acindezele sokudumisa njengoba akazange abe nesikhathi ukwakha abaningi nesandla esinamandla, kodwa ayizange. Kungani kwenzekile? Enye yezimbangela ezinkulu appeasement maqondana Hitler kwaba nokwesaba amazwe aseNtshonalanga kosozimali wobukhomanisi neSoviet Union.

Ukungathandi sokubusa ngentando yeningi ukuze Stalin

Kusukela ngalowo nyaka, lapho amaBolshevik Russian liqala ukubusa, iYurophu yayingeke injongo "revolution emhlabeni". Impi yombango ayizange ibe imashi lokunqoba yesigaba sabasebenzi Elidala Umhlaba (yena ayiminyanisa emuva ePoland). Noma kunjalo, yonke 20s kanye 30s. uhulumeni wamaSoviet Bachitha izimali ezishisiwe bethenga ekugqugquzeleni imibono leftist phesheya. International entsha wadalwa ukusiza inguquko emhlabeni.

Ngoba konke lokhu izizathu, eNtshonalanga Yurophu kwakungekaNkulunkulu eU.SSR njengosongo olukhulu ngqo ukhona. Ngisho esisemthethweni enobudlelwane nge amaBolshevik emazweni acebile kosozimali waqala ukuqala kuphela ngo-1930. Ukuvela usongo amaNazi kungaba kwakuthiwa kuholele rapprochement phakathi izinhlelo ezimbili ezingahlangani, kodwa kwakungakaze kwenzeke.

Ngemva kokufa Lenin emandleni Soviet kancane kancane bagxila ezandleni uStalin. Kuchaza yonke inqubomgomo angaphandle yezwe futhi, nakuba iSoviet Union babengenalo ikhanda esisemthethweni isimo. Engxenyeni-1930 yesibili. Stalin omula repressions mass. Ngaphansi kwazo kulotshiwe ngokwamazwi wonke kusukela amaBolshevik ubudala impi nabantu abavamile. "Terror Omkhulu" ngaphezulu bamhlmuka eMoscow, abaholi Western. Kwakungenzeka yini ukugwema seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili? Ngisho noma kunjalo, kwakungeyona esimweni lapho abezombusazwe European uncamela nimunye Stalin ukujabulisa Hitler.

Isivumelwano Munich

Acme Inqubomgomo ukuvusela abanye imizwa yothando sokudumisa Western osomaqhinga Usufike Septhemba 30, 1938. Okuyihlazo sasayinwa ngalolu suku Isivumelwano Munich, lidlule ngaphansi okuyinto eJalimane kwakungekaNkulunkulu eCzechoslovakia, Sudetenland. Hitler ngemvume ke, uMussolini, uNdunankulu waseBrithani Chamberlain, uNdunankulu French Daladier.

ECzechoslovakia ukwamukela oda entsha ngezinto ezenziwe ngesimo ugwayi katiki. ISoviet Union, abantu okuyinto waba nengxenye inhlanganiso yokusizana walelo zwe neFrance, ngokuvamile indiva. Stalin nemibono yakhe kwaba sibukela kwezombangazwe ngamazwe. Esikhathini eside kamuva, eYurophu ngemva kwempi yezwe yesibili, emadolonzima wakhumbula Isivumelwano Munich, ngemva konyaka kuholele ekuqaleni ukuqothulwa izimpi ezilwiwa ngezikhali.

Ngoba isinqumo kukaStalin eCzechoslovakia ngaphandle iqhaza lakhe kwaba ukuhlazeka siqu. Munich izenzakalo aye aqinisa nokwesatshwa umholi nezizwe zala uzungu amaFascist kanye nentando yeningi, umphumela okungase kube ithuba lokulwa German ngasempumalanga. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uStalin ayikwazanga basabela sigameko ngokombono ngamandla abo. Ukubuthelela Red Army waqiniswa Septhemba 1938, ku imingcele esentshonalanga yezwe, kodwa osopolitiki uma European ngokulambisa owayinaka isenzo sekukhomba. Kakade ngo-Okthoba odlule demobilization reverse, futhi uhulumeni wamaSoviet waqala ukufuna indlela zokubonisana aphume atihambi todvwa. Esikhathini ezibiyele, kwanqunywa ukuba kube liboda phakathi Fuehrer kanye ngayo embusweni Western.

I enkathini yokungaqiniseki

Ngaphambi Stalin kanye Hitler eduze, umholi Soviet wenza demarches eziningana ligxeke France kanye UK futhi, kunalokho, umema eJalimane inkhulumomphendvulwano. Kwaba njalo inkulumo ngesikhathi XVIII, iCongress of the Party ngoMashi 1939. Stalin ukuthi kwakungeke kube yinto for Western osopolitiki chestnut ephakathi komlilo wazibiza provocateurs ababezama embroil Berlin naseMoscow. Nje kwezinsuku ezimbalwa ngemva kwalokhu inkulumo, uHitler matasa eCzechoslovakia. Ngisho nabantu ababelindele okuhle kwaba sobala ukuthi umlandu usiwa ngezinga elikhulu empini entsha. Kulezi zimo, umbono kukaStalin, kuyinto "amandla wesithathu", kubonakala okubaluleke ngokwengeziwe.

Phakathi entwasahlobo nasehlobo 1939 baseYurophu uzama ukuxoxisana. Akekho akekho omethembayo futhi isivumelwano olungekho emthethweni kungenzeka liphuke ngosuku olulandelayo. Kulesi Maze izingxoxo osopolitiki wazama ukuthola ukuthi kungenzeka ukugwema seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili. Kwavela ukuthi kukhona.

Ezinjalo njengoba izingxoxo ne-USSR, France naseGreat Britain akusethwanga kusukela ekuqaleni. Wabahola ne Yabantu Commissar eMnyangweni wezangaPhandle Maxim Litvinov, ukuxhumanisa idumela layo ngempumelelo yokubuthanela amabutho anti-lobuNazi, iqhaza eSoviet Union. Ngo-May 1939, inhloko eSoviet Union wayithuma umhlalaphansi. Kwakuyisikhathi isinyathelo sokwengeza. Wanquma kusengaphambili ikusasa Kuhlangana, okuyiwona waya Stalin kanye Hitler. Yabantu Commissar eMnyangweni wezangaPhandle Molotov waqala, futhi lokhu, akungabazeki, kwakuwuphawu friendly maqondana eJalimane. Ngosizo izisebenzi castling Stalin Inqubomgomo ebhekiwe ngokugcwele angaphandle ezandleni zabo. Ngokusebenzisa Molotov ke emsebenzini kwakuba lula kunalokho e Litvinov, akuvamile wavakashela ihhovisi umholi ezibiyele sika.

Non-ubudlova inhlanganiso

Umvuthwandaba rapprochement Soviet-German waba Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact atheleka. Ngo ncamashi eyaziwa lokho okuqalwe ukusayinwa le dokhumenti kwaba Hitler. Ukuphoqa umcimbi, wathembisa eMoscow agumenti yayo yokugcina. I sokudumisa unqume ukuthi ayehlasela okuseduze Poland hhayi angenza ngaphandle ubungane nomholi waseSoviet. Ngo-August 21, uHitler wathumela incwadi siqu ukuze Stalin lapho mfana esicacile unolwazi mayelana nempi okuseduze futhi wazicelela ukuba asayine isivumelwano okungezona ubudlova.

Kwakuthinta mayelana kamuva. Agasti 23, bafika e-uNgqongqoshe eMoscow German Foreign Joachim von Ribbentrop. Stalin futhi Molotov ngenhlonipho wambingelela, bese kwenziwa isivumelwano nonaggression le iSoviet Union neJalimane. Zombili izinhlangothi got lokho sobabili sasifuna. Ngesikhathi ukuphikelela ka Stalin kanye olandelwayo imfihlo yalungiswa. Wahamba wangena Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact atheleka.

Ngokusho kwale dokhumenti, iSoviet Union neJalimane phakathi eMpumalanga Yurophu. zone yaseSoviet yokuthuthela isithakazelo kufakwe ingxenye Poland (Western Belarus ne-Ukraine West), aseBaltic, Finland, eBessarabia. UStalin wafuna ukuthola izindawo kanye nokubuyiselwa imingcele ayengaphansi Empire Russian. Hitler kwaba isidingo ekuqinisekiseni ukuphepha imingcele yayo phakathi nempi ne Poland futhi lonke elaseYurophu. inhlanganiso Nonaggression iSoviet Union neJalimane, ukwanelisa isifiso wabaholi ezimbili.

iphutha pragmatists

Imicimbi yesikhathi esizayo ye seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili wabonisa ukuthi nobuNazi - sezenzo zobugebengu ezimbi kunazo zonke emlandweni wesintu. Nokho, ngo-1939, uStalin nabezombusazwe yeningi aziphathe Hitler, ngokuvumelana indlela nezimo. osomaqhinga Western uyakuthethelela ukujabulisa le sokudumisa amazwi afana edumile "uma kuphela akukho mpi." Isivumelwano naye kwakukhona ayivumelekile, yonke lendaba bubonakala ngesimo ngasinye sazo. Esebenza ngokulandela inqubomgomo pragmatic, uStalin, ngomqondo nsé labo ngemvume Isivumelwano Munich.

Nokho, kukhona umehluko. osomaqhinga Western baye bayishiya igalelo lamazwe abo kuphela (ngaleyo ndlela Hitler uphendukela likhiphe emazweni eziyingcosana). Kodwa Stalin abayekanga ngalesi "eyamukelekayo" ububanzi. Wanquma iqhaza division of izindawo. Yingakho abaningi kuleli zwe ngeMpi Yezwe II ekuqaleni ibhekwa waseSoviet Union njengenkolo sizana eJalimane.

Stalin lakhipha i-sokudumisa izandla ukuze bamashe baye ngasentshonalanga, bekholelwa ukuthi France, Britain bebasunduzana, balinga ngokwabo ubudlova the Third Reich i isiqondiso mpumalanga. Kodwa ngisho noma umholi Soviet wayenze ngesisekelo izithakazelo zase-USSR, kusenzima wanika Hitler phakathi necilongo lokugcina ngoba ukugqashuka kwempi yezwe yesibili. Yingakho (ikhumbula futhi Isivumelwano Munich), kuzo zonke izinhlangothi ezintathu we "Umdlalo omkhulu" izinto avumela ukuba zenzeke kweminyaka eminingi olunegazi inyama grinder. I inhlanganiso le iSoviet Union neJalimane kwaba isihluthulelo, kodwa hhayi isinyathelo kuphela kokuqondisa nhlekelele embi kangaka.

Ilanga lokuthoma ukusebenza futhi ekupheleni kwempi yezwe yesibili (1 Septhemba 1939 kuya ku-1 Septhemba 1945) - iphuzu ukhiye emlandweni XX leminyaka. Cishe akukho muntu ku bangaphambi zinqobe wasikisela ukuthi ukulwa ngeke kuholele enombolweni omkhulu abalimala kanye umonakalo. Ngokufanayo, ngesikhathi osomaqhinga wabonisana izinto avumela ukuba zenzeke WWI.

Umthelela futhi ifa we inhlanganiso

Ekhuluma izisusa ukuziphatha kukaStalin ngo ubuhlobo bakhe Hitler, ingasaphathwa isici Japanese. izibhelu ahlomile umakhelwane esempumalanga zeSoviet Union, baqala ku entwasahlobo ka-1939. Ekuqaleni, izenzakalo Mongolia kwamiswa wangaphumelela ngokuba iRed Army. Kodwa ehlobo isimo saqala ukushintsha. Ngo-Agasti, lapho eMoscow ngemvume sivumelwano Soviet-isiJalimane, isikhundla ezibiyele sika ku inkhulumomphendvulwano Berlin kakhulu ukuqiniswa.

Pact atheleka zaphumela Japan ukunqotshwa zamanxusa. Manje useyakwazi akufanele bathembele kuleso ngosizo namadlelandawonye eJalimane ekulweni eSoviet Union. Ibhalansi ezimisiwe ithonya phezu ikambo yoke yokuhle sizosheshe ngokuthi "iMpi Yezwe II". Izizathu izigaba, imiphumela lengxabano ayikwazi kucatshangelwe ngaphandle kucatshangelwa umcimbi Japanese. Ngobusuku obandulela kuhlaselwa Pearl Harbor eTokyo ukuqagulisana sina ngokuthi ubani ukuhlasela: eSoviet Union noma e-United States. Kukhethwa senziwa esivuna iskripthi American ukuthi ukulondolozwa eSoviet Union empini nezimpi ezimbili.

Ukuze Stalin, basayine isivumelwano nonaggression kwakuwukunqoba wezindlela. Ukusayina inkontileka Wayifaka ukushayisana nesitha ngobukhulu ezingaba waphinde abanye balahlekelwa e ukubola ezindaweni Russian Empire. Umqondo "ubulungiswa zomlando", ezihambisana ukubusa kanye izifunda elihlubukayo, wahlangana ukuqonda nozwela yezakhamuzi eziningi zaseSoviet, ngisho ezinye eNtshonalanga. Ngaphambi nomholi waseSoviet uvele nethemba ngokulingene ephakathi kweJalimane ezilwayo nge amandla akhe Izwe Elidala.

Imfihlo olandelwayo ukuhlukana iMpumalanga Yurophu yaba izindawo ayezozibusa Yiqiniso, yayenza isithunzi idumela eSoviet Union. Nokho, uma kukhona umbuzo mayelana amathuba okulwa eJalimane, uStalin kwakungelona ukhathazekile ngakho. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ifa ezingemnandi kwesokunxele elandelayo amakhosi ama-Kremlin sika. Kwase kuphele amashumi eminyaka, iziphathimandla zaseSoviet wenqaba ukuqaphela khona olandelwayo imfihlo. Wonke amakhophi ukuthi uvele cindezela Western, ngokuthi elinegazi futhi ukucunula. Iqiniso zomlando ibuyiselwe kuphela ngenkathi yokwakha kabusha, lapho iSoviet Union ekugcineni wavuma iqiniso imininingwane ezingemnandi mayelana Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact atheleka.

Ukwahlukanisa of Poland

Ngemva kokusayina isivumelwano okungezona ubudlova neSoviet Union, uHitler owawuyoqala ngaso uqondise lokulwa e-Europe. Events of the Second neMpi Yezwe waqala 1 Septhemba 1939 , lapho-Third Reich yahlasela iPoland. kubangane bawo France, Britain yayiphambana eJalimane, kodwa empeleni wazinika isikhathi zingena ukungqubuzana wezimpi ezalandela.

Ngazaza futhi uStalin. Ukwahlukanisa of Poland ephepheni Sekwenzekile. Kodwa ayehlasela yaseSoviet yokuthuthela Septhemba 17 kuphela waqala kuleli zwe, lapho kwaba sobala ukuthi yini umphumela ubudlova-German. Stalin wayengafuni ukuba ibukeke umhlaseli wesibili. Ngakho-ke, nezikhulu zase-USSR kwaphuma iqiniso lokuthi iRed Army ululama insimu ka Western Belarus naseNtshonalanga ye-Ukraine, akhethwe ePoland ngo-1921.

Iqiniso kwakuhlukile kuyinkulumo-ze. EU.SSR lasetshenziswa ngenxa yabantu Belarusian futhi Ukraine, kodwa ukufakwa izindawo ezintsha kuyi-Union wayengafani Ukuhlangana ahlukaniswe abantu anobuhlobo. IRed Army athatha indawo wazibonela kweSoviet okusheshayo, kuhambisana ngokuphoqelelwa futhi ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu. Okuholela lezi zindawo ukuze amazinga sezenhlalo, le ezibiyele wabhubhisa izidleke ephikisayo, waqeda uhlelo kosozimali futhi ihlelwe yokuhlanza mass.

inkontileka entsha

Lapho Poland yayingaphansi kokulawula ephelele iRed Army kanye Wehrmacht yokutholwa isivumelwano esisha zobungane nomngcele ophakathi eU.SSR eJalimane. Lo mkhosi ezisemthethweni isisayine ku 28 Septhemba 1939.

Protocol Okokuqala alawule exchange of izakhamuzi German nawaseSoviet owayehlala ezingxenyeni ezahlukene endaweni Polish ihlukaniswe. nezinye ezimbili sivumelwano imfihlo kushintshwe kwenkululeko izithakazelo uthi yachaza Agasti Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact atheleka. German-Soviet Frontier iSivumelwano kwaba ukuqhubeka yayo okunengqondo. Soviet zone ehlobo isithakazelo Baltic kuhlanganisiwe Estonia futhi Latvia. Manje kwathiwa nazo zathathwa Lithuania. Leli zwe isibe "imbuyiselo," ngokuba ingxenye Lublin futhi Warsaw sifundazwe ukuthi elalihlala amabutho aseJalimane (nakuba lezi kwakukhulunywa khona ngamasimu yanika kokuphindela eSoviet Union).

Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, iSivumelwano Ubungane umkhawulo kwakukhona ibhekwa. Yayisayinwe ngoJanuwari 1941. Isicelo ezibekwe emngceleni Soviet-German eduze noLwandle iBaltic, kanye nenqubo ukwakhisa lamaJalimane kusukela aseBaltic baseSoviet ukuthi abenze noma eJalimane lwakubo. Lezi zakhiwo ezenezelwe zihlanganisa amalungiselelo ukukhokhela nezindaba ezihlobene ngempahla. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili baqhubeka eYurophu. Ingxabano main kwaba phakathi eFrance naseJalimane (-Third Reich ukunqotshwa kungalindelekile okusheshayo Third Republic).

Ukuxabana we bomashiqela ezimbili

Ubuhlobo phakathi Stalin kanye Hitler ezakhiwa ngokuvumelana isimo sezombangazwe eyayivamile Yurophu ngaphambi naphakathi neminyaka emibili yokuqala Second neMpi Yezwe. Ekhaya kule ezibiyele, umholi Soviet akazange aphike ukuthi kungenzeka kokugqashuka zinqobe eJalimane. Nokho, wabe kusukela lokuthi empini kungenziwa ilibele okungenani eminye iminyaka embalwa nje nome ungakhiphi nhlobo ukuyigwema. Hitler yokutholwa epulanini kuhlasela iSoviet Union ngamandla amakhulu engxenyeni 1940 yesibili.

ESoviet Union ngaleso sikhathi igcwaliswe uxhumano izindawo asemngceleni ithonya endaweni German. Ngemva izifunda esentshonalanga Belarus ne-Ukraine kwaba ukuqala aseBaltic. Ukuthola uzibuse Estonia, eLatvia naseLithuania sekukhona ngemva kokuwa koMbuso Wase-Russian. Lezi uthi babe amabutho amancane ahlomile ayikwazanga sina simelane iRed Army, okuholela evulekile kwakungekho ukumelana uxhumano ehlelekile. Amandla emazweni aseBaltic nasengxenyeni ngenxa izingxoxo imfihlo neziphathimandla zendawo Molotov wadluliswa LamaKhomanisi. Labo, esikhundleni salokho, ebuzwa eMoscow ukuvuma okwakufunwa eSoviet Union.

Ehlobo lika-1940 wanikela Romania ngaphandle kwegazi Soviet naseMoldavia. Monarch uCarol II akazange ukuchitha igazi, futhi wavumelana ultimatum kaStalin. Nokho, ngisho nangaphambi kokuba lokhu impumelelo kuya ezibiyele ehlaselwa ukuhluleka esabekayo. Ngokusho isivumelwano ne eJalimane ezonini izintshisekelo Soviet kwakuhlanganisa Finland. Leli zwe liye ayenqabe ukwamukela ultimatum kaStalin. Ngo-November 1939, iMpi Winter (kwaqhubeka ngoba emithathu nezinyanga nengxenye). I iRed Army ezazilahlekelwe omkhulu. Finland bavikela ukuzimela (nakuba kunikezwa ezinye izindawo, kudlule nasemkhawulweni ka Karelia).

Hitler Stalin fiasco ngisho eqiniseka kakhudlwana ukwehluleka zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa abe ukumelana namandla kuze Wehrmacht. Ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa ekupheleni kweMpi Winter Berlin uhlelo "Barbarossa" kwavunyelwana. Ngalesi sikhathi eJalimane alithatha lonke ukumelana yezwekazi laseYurophu. Sikwazile ukufeza umgomo oyifunayo entshonalanga, uHitler wazibekela umgomo empumalanga. Ngaphambi kokuhlasela iSoviet Union ngamandla amakhulu ayekade esesikhundleni aseBalkan futhi wenza umbimbi Romania futhi Bulgaria - emazweni ezazisemizini sphere Soviet ithonya. Step by step esondela impi nge eJalimane, kodwa uStalin babukholelwe kwayo okusheshayo. Akakashintshi kimi, ngisho nangemva indiva Hitler izikhumbuzo zakhe mayelana nezingxoxo entsha zokubonisana kanye nemibiko ayo zezobunhloli ukuminyana webutho lezempi emngceleni. Waba yini umphumela walesi Inkani baba ukulahlekelwa enkulu ngezinga elikhulu ukubaleka iRed Army ezinyangeni zokuqala lweMpi Enkulu Patriotic, okuyinto waqala ngo-June 22, 1941.