Umlando Rostov esifundeni kusuka wemizi yasendulo izikhathi zethu. History of the Don Cossacks

Insimu lapho namuhla nemizana we Rostov esifundeni endulo wazala amagama ahlukene. AmaGreki walibiza amaSkithe amaRoma Stsitiey futhi Dnipro Rus - the Khazars. Emibhalweni yaminyaka sangomhla XIV-XV leminyaka, ubizwa ngokuthi i-Wild Field. Kwakungenxa nje phakathi nesikhathi Ivana Groznogo lisetshenziswa livela esekhona igama zomlando elisho ubunikazi Don Cossacks ─.

Izakhamuzi Sakudala ogwini Don

Ebhekisela inkinga elikhulu kangaka, njengoba umlando we Rostov esifundeni, kubalulekile ukuba uqale kusukela nemizana Stone Age, iminonjana ezitholakala ezihlukahlukene kulo lonke uGu Don. Umnyaka okutholakele ngaphambili, ososayensi ukubala engu-2 million. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi, ngokuvumelana kubo, wabokuqala lasendulo osebeni lomfula.

Found zobuciko okuqondene kwesikhathi zakamuva zesikhathi ─ okuthiwa Acheulian isiko uye yasakazeka emhlabeni izinkulungwane 100-150. Eminyakeni eminingi edlule, bonisa ukuthi abahlala kulesi sifunda baziphilise yabo kuphela ukuzingela, ukudoba nokubuthanela.

Paleolithic izikhathi abazingeli

Umlando Rostov esifundeni ngesikhathi Ephakathi Paleolithic (40-50 izinkulungwane. BC. E.), nakuba elinesimo abalulekile ngcono amathuluzi, kodwa ke futhi imibukiso ukuthi main umthombo yokuziphilisa abahlali wangaleyo nkathi wahlala ukuzingela. Imivubukulo ibonisa ukuthi isizinda abantu bakudala baba zinyathi, izinyamazane giant, amahhashi, amabhere ngisho namabhubesi, vodivshiesya ke loMfula i-Don.

Ngalezo zikhathi lasendulo, abakhileyo Don ndawo babekhuthele sedentary yalungisa Amaqembu omdabu, okuyinto lula kakhulu inqubo ukuzingela. Nomads, baba kamuva kakhulu, izinkulungwane 16-18 kuphela. Eminyakeni eminingi edlule, ngenxa yezinguquko izimo zezulu ezaholela Ukuhoxiswa izilwane eziningi ezinkulu enyakatho. Kulesi sikhathi, futhi abokuqala magic wathola imifanekiso bezilwane nabantu, okubonisa umsuka amafomu bokuqala inkolo bakudala.

Inkathi entsha iqala

Kuyathakazelisa ukwazi ukuthi ekhulwini lokuqala leminyaka AD kulokho manje Rostov esifundeni imizi emibini ─ Tanais ne-silicon, iyona amakoloni ngesiGreki ezakhiwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, esikhathini esifanayo ezweni eside ngasogwini lomfula Don ingeyamakhosi Kingdom asendulo Bosporus, izakhamuzi ezingaphezu AD I ekhulwini, kwadingeka umbono ubuKristu yi-association elithunyelwa emuva emaphethelweni abalandeli ongumRoma imfundiso Gospel. Bafika njengoba izigebengu yesifundazwe, kodwa lokhu ayiwathiyi ukuhola umsebenzi wokushumayela zevangeli phakathi bendawo.

Esikhathini ezinkathini zakamuva insimu eseduze Don, eyayihlala amaSkithe Cimmerians, Alans, Sauromats kanye nenombolo bezinye izizwe. Basishiya iminonjana yobukhona babo, ngezinye izikhathi ukubonisa ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu isiko kanye nemisebenzi yezandla. Nokho, ngaphansi kwengcindezi kwezizwe eziningi ayimizulane, ukuhambisa ekuqaleni kwenkathi yethu, kusukela eMpumalanga kuya eNtshonalanga edolobheni lasendulo labhujiswa, futhi onqenqemeni bachuma kanye emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka yaphenduka ehlane.

Kusukela ukufika zezizwe Avar phambi ayehlasela Turkish

Umlando Rostov esifundeni kwesikhathi Ephakathi iqala ekhulwini IV, ngemva kweminyaka eminingana komhlaba lutho lalakhiwe okokuqala Avars, futhi kamuva Khazars, wasiphosela ukwakha inqaba Sarkel. Futhi ngaleso sikhathi, kulo lonke usebe Don Ephakathi wagcwala izimpi njalo phakathi izizwe ayimizulane, inselelo nomunye kuleli zwe elibusisekile. I Khazars baxoshwa amabutho isiRashiya, futhi abahluleka ukugcina izindawo ayenqotshiwe, futhi yanika kubo kuze Pechenegs, nalabo yena, waxosha Cumans.

Kwaze kwaba ngekhulu XIII, kuze kube yilapho izwe akuyona Don lalibuswa iGolden zidlamlilo, okuyinto yena, abakwazanga ukumelana igciwane eqinile nokungabi nasihe Tamerlane, lanqoba ntshonalanga okuyingxenye yayo. Okuningi eminyakeni eyikhulu ngenxa buthakathaka kakhulu ngokuthi iGolden zidlamlilo, ingxenye enkulu ogwini loLwandle Azov, Rostov Region, kanye enyakatho Black Sea esifundeni kuye kwathonya ngokuvukela uMbuso WaseTurkey. Yakhelwe AmaTatar edolobheni Azak bona uqambe Azov futhi liphendulwe inqaba ungenakunqotshwa, ekulweni okuyinto emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka.

Ukwakheka Don Cossacks

Ekhulwini xv ukuvimbela intuthuko eyengeziwe abaseTurkey ngokujulile isimo isiRashiya, ngephimbo zasendle, yamisa inqaba futhi umngcele Zaseki. Khona-ke kwabonakala imizana wokuqala wabantu khulula ayebalekele ekuhlushweni neziphathimandla. Kuyinto nabo iqala indaba Don Cossacks. A indima enkulu kuwo eyadlalwa tycoon Orthodox Polish-ozalwa uDmitry Ivanovich Vishnevitsky, eyakha imali inombolo wezinqaba, enye yazo ─ Cherkassk - yaba inhloko-dolobha ye-Don Cossacks.

Eminyakeni eyikhulu kamuva, phezu Don, kukhona emadolobheni amancane amathathu lakhiwa Cossacks futhi wathola isimo zokuqondisa ─ Manych, Mityakina futhi ingabi isisusa sokungezwani kwamazwe. Njengoba la mazwe iziphathimandla wezikhulu baseMoscow abazange ukunweba, evela emaqenjini disparate Cossack ukumela at abakhululekileyo nabayizigqila kuqala angesabi akukaze kugqashuke Kungakabiphi kwamiswa inhlangano yezombangazwe wezempi, ebizwa ngokuthi i-Don Cossacks.

Yakhiwa ku nemigomo yentsandvo yelinyenti bangempela futhi ukuzithiba. Zonke izikhundla abakhethiweyo, futhi i-oda Ataman yaba ngumthetho kubo bonke. Njengegunya eliphakeme circle ─ Kuhlanganiswe Arms umkhandlu ihlangana njalo Cherkassk ─ inhloko-dolobha Cossack isimo.

izingxabano Cossacks nge uhulumeni waseRussia

Ukucwiliswa intonga YaseMoscow tsars Cossacks, okubonisa avaliwe ekilasini inkonzo yezempi, babejabulela inkululeko enkulu kakhulu kunamanye baseRussia. Kwakumelwe ekhululiwe intela, khulula kusuka zonke izinhlobo izibopho futhi, okuphambene nezimiso kaPetru mina, wathola ilungelo ukugqoka isitayela ubudala.

Uma ekhulwini XVII-XVIII, kanye land khulula aqala ukuphelelwa ukuzimela yabo futhi babe yingxenye umbuso isiRashiya, ibutho Don Cossack ilahlekelwe kakhulu amalungelo ayo, futhi ngokuvamile buphikisana uhulumeni. Iziqephu yesiteleka kakhulu sale mpi eyathatha isikhathi kwaba Cossacks ezihilelekile eziningana ongumlimi nokuvukela nezimpi oluqubuka empandleni ngaphansi kobuholi Stepana Razina, Emelyan Pugachev futhi Kondrat Bulavin.

Ukubukeka izikhungo ezimbili eziyinhloko ze-Don Cossacks

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi abaphikisa Cossacks, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ziye lithathwa amabutho Empire Russian amalungelo amabutho okungajwayelekile, waba nengxenye zonke izimpi ezalandela. Ngo 1749 umyalo Umbusikazi uCatherine II ngebhange kwesokudla Don, eduze confluence imifula ke Temernik, amasiko eliqaphile lakhiwa, futhi kamuva - inqaba, ogama lakhe behlonipha St. Dimitriya Rostovskogo. Wazala edolobheni, kwakhiwa kusukela nedlelo ezungeze bese uthole igama Rostov-on-Don.

Ekuqaleni Ekhulwini leminyaka elizayo, inhloko-dolobha Don Cossack Army wathuthela entsha, eyasungulwa ekuthatheni isinyathelo Ataman Matvei Platov idolobha ─ Novocherkassk. izibalo ukwambulwa kakhulu leyo minyaka, okubonisa ukwanda okusheshayo ngokungavamile labantu onqenqemeni. Ngokusho kwemibiko, ekuqa- we XVIII futhi XIX leminyaka le Cossacks akazange idlule ayizinkulungwane 225. Abantu, kuyilapho amahlanu kube ngakhula ngaphezu kwanoma mithathu wafinyelela ayizinkulungwane 775.

Impilo Don ndawo ngekhulu XIX

Ekhulwini XIX, isikhungo esikhulu lempi kanye nezokuphatha Don Cossacks Novocherkassk baba, kuyilapho idolobha lesibili ngobukhulu ye Rostov-on-Don usezuze izici esikhulu commercial futhi yezimboni. Ngu Nicholas I 1835 yonke indawo esifundeni ibilokhu ihlukaniswe yaba 7 izifunda: 1st Don, Don 2 nd, Cherkasy, Miusskaya, laseDonetsk, Hoporsky futhi Ust-Medvedetsky. Ngo-January 1870 senziwa umphakathi isimemezelo Government of Senate ngesisekelo okuyinto, eziphendulwa umoya zaqala ukusetshenziswa igama elisha ─ emaphethelweni Don Usokhaya alondolozwe kwaze kwaba ngo-1918.

Kusukela maphakathi nekhulu lesi-XIX ngenxa yokwanda abukhali sabantu, lapho lona wawulotshwe ngenhla uthi, kwaqala ukuvela uhlobo olusha isiphetho ─ ipulazi, ehlanganisa eyodwa, okungenani buqamama kusukela epulazini bathinteka. Ekupheleni kwekhulu inombolo wabo wafika amayunithi 1820. Izivuno eziyinhloko bakule ndawo likhule kanye nezakhamuzi Cossack nemizana ─ isiphetho, ezazihlanganisa nabaningi amakhaya - kakolweni sasithola emakethe ezifuywayo angaphandle.

I Yombango futhi eminyakeni eyalandela

History of the Don Cossacks ekhulwini XX ugcwele izenzakalo ezimangalisayo ngempela. Ngemva nje Okthoba Revolution loMfula neziphathimandla Don ashaqe amaBolshevik wamemezela ukusungulwa republic Don Soviet. Nokho, wahlala isikhathi esingaphansi konyaka ngemva kokuwa kwalo ngo-September 1918 wakhala isimo esisha ezimele ─ Elikhulu Don Army, kwakheka ngesisekelo isinqumo of the Army kwendilinga.

Yombango phezu Don waba umlingisi esindayo ikakhulukazi kanye kwegazi, njengoba kule ndawo baba omunye izikhungo of the White ukunyakaza, futhi kulapha lapho, ngezindlela eziningi, isiphetho esizayo waseRussia. Ngemva kokunqotshwa kwe Abamhlophe, kanye nekusungulwa kwamandla iSoviet, Omkhulu Don Army beqiniso lashabalala, futhi onqenqemeni saqanjwa Don esifundeni, maphakathi okuyinto okwakuseduze layo umuzi Rostov-on-Don.

Phakathi nale nkathi, ukuncipha Cossacks hit eningi ubunzima. Iningi lazo baba izisulu yokucindezelwa eyenziwa iziphathimandla kukaHulumeni omusha. Labo ababenze kwadingeka ithuba lokusinda umkhankaso bawaxosha, Decossackization bonke lakhishwa endleleni yabo komkhuba ukuphila, futhi awusona khona esidabukisayo.

Le mpi for "eCaucasus Gate"

Amaqiniso amaningi ezithakazelisayo iqukethe umlando we Rostov esifundeni ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe. Kuyaziwa ukuthi, okwenza uhlelo lwakhe lokufundisa abantu elidumile "Barbarossa", uHitler wayegxila ezempi ezindaweni aseningizimu ezwe elaliyiSoviet Union.

A abalulekile indima yanikwa futhi ukuthunjwa Rostov-on-Don, ngoba okungukuthi uhlobo esangweni eCaucasus. Inhloko-Third Reich kwaba njalo beqiniseka ekuphumeleleni kwalo lohleliwe operation, ukuthi ngisho nangaphambi kokugqashuka ubutha beyalwa ukuba Mint zethusi indondo "Ngoba Capture of Rostov." It waphonswa ukwahlukana 13, phakathi kwabo kwakukhona amandla Italian expeditionary ukwenza imiyalo le sokudumisa sika.

Esikhathini kusuka Okthoba 1941 kuya ku-August 1943 Rostov-on-Don futhi wonke ezungeze endaweni wagcwala yabambana ngezihluthu. Ukuze isibindi futhi wedwa esiboniswa ngesikhathi ezempi kuleyo minyaka, 11 Soviet amayunithi lempi futhi wathola isihloko "Don". Lezi zilimi zazihlanganisa elihamba, wezikhali, imvunulo kanye emoyeni amayunithi.

Imizamo ngivuselele Cossacks

Eminyakeni eyalandela wokugoqa zase-USSR, ke yakhethwa inqubo ukuvuselelwa Don Cossacks, ngakho bavele yenombolo yezinhlangano zomphakathi limenyezelwe Inhloso isixazululo yayo umsebenzi kule nkinga. Nokho, akungabazeki ukuthi abanye babo wasebenzisa izimpawu Cossack todvwa kusukela ngokulandelana yangempela, izimbangela zezinkumbulo engasasetshenziselwa kumele baqonde mlando.

Isakhiwo samanje Rostov esifundeni kanye nabaholi bayo

Okwamanje, ngokuvumelana nomthetho ku division zokuphatha-indawo ye Rostov esifundeni, it siqukethe 12 izifunda zasemadolobheni kanye 43 omasipala bezifunda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, insimu yayo kukhona 18 ezigudle emadolobheni kanye 380 yasemakhaya. Ngokwakhe emzini Rostov-on-Don kuhlanganisa 8 ezindaweni: eSoviet, Pervomaisky, Lenin, umholi zemininingwane, lena yesigaba sabasebenzi, Okthoba, Voroshilov futhi Kirov.

Kwake kwathi ngo-1991 e-Russian Federation laqanjwa umthetho zombusi, umbusi wokuqala Rostov esifundeni isibe sezombangazwe esivelele kweSoviet futhi okuthunyelwe namaSoviet isikhathi Chub uVladimir Fedorovich. Ngezinye yakhe okuthunyelwe Wahlala uJuni 2010. Lapho beqeda ihlandla lakhe ehhovisi lokhu okuthunyelwe wathatha Golubev Vasiliy Yurevich, ngubani Mphathi Rostov esifundeni kuze kube manje.