Mensheviks - ngubani ezinjalo? Party Mensheviks. Abaholi Mensheviks

Namuhla, izazi eziningi emkhakheni ukukhuthazwa nemisebenti kanye netimphahla phikisana kakhulu ukuthi umholi inguquko yesigaba sabasebenzi, VI Ulyanov kwaba marketer abanamakhono kakhulu emhlabeni. ubuhlakani ayeligcizelela elokuthi wakwazi ukuphinde "ukuthengisa" uquqaba ezibanzi balingane, usebenzisa iziqubulo emfushane, nilumana futhi stroke. UVladimir Ilyich wakwazi ukwakha izimpawu emfushane ekhululekile (isando isikela, inkanyezi ezinhlanu enamaphoyinti), futhi ukucacisa ezifanele umbala yenkampani (obomvu). Kodwa impumelelo eyinhloko Lenin walala ngokukhetha brand. Esikhathini ukwazi mass sima siqine embonweni wokuthi Bolshevism into enkulu, enamandla, azinakugwenywa futhi ezingeguquleke. Kodwa Mensheviks - kungcono into encane udoti jikelele.

Ukudala brand iqembu wezombusazwe onamandla kunabo kwekhulu XX senzeka e-London ngo-1903, ehlobo.

Lapho kwakukhona amaBolshevik futhi Mensheviks

Okwesibili Party Congress owawuse zilandelana emadolobheni amabili - Brussels, nase-London. Ngokusobala, abagqugquzeli esatshwe ukushushiswa zafuna ekusithekeni, ngoba ngakho wahamba esinyathelweni eyayivamile ikhefu bese hambisa. Lenin futhi Martov kakhulu futhi ngangivame ukuphikisana, kanye okushiwo mpikiswano zingancishiswa yini noma cha ukulinda apula ngokwayo uwela, noma kunalokho rip ke? Okungenani amanye ala magama, umholi ikusasa amaBolshevik, echazwe icebo ukuphikisana. Elinye lamalungu omdala RSDLP futhi ephathini theoretician Martov izithelo ezinkulu angavuthiwe ungazange Babefuna ukwephula amagatsha uhlaza futhi adubule phansi kulapho kwakungeke unamathele.

Bobabili umphikisi ngesikhathi okuvunyelwene ukuthi inguquko kufanele kwenziwe embulungeni yonke, kuzokwenzeka emazweni ne umkhakha eziphambili kakhulu, futhi kuphela ke lasakazekela emuva umbuso-state, phakathi lapho inombolo Empire Russian. Umbuzo wawuwukuthi kuphela indlela makudle izindlela - zomthetho noma ngaphansi komhlaba. Ngemva ivoti, okwaholela ekunqobeni Leninist umugqa, iqembu bahlukana baba izigaba ezimbili. Ngokushesha Lenin ngokuthi abalandeli babo ukuba amaBolshevik, wanezezela ngokuthi abasekeli Martov - the Mensheviks. Lena ngezinga elithile ezanquma umlando wekhulu XX.

Inguquko lokuqala

Kuyadingeka ukuba unake okukhethekile yokuthi amaBolshevik zazingaziniki njalo enlists lokunqoba bokuphakama zezinombolo ngesikhathi poll party ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, ngokushesha. umugqa abazikhethele ekusebenzeni komhlaba-amaphekula kwaholela uqhekeko we RSDLP. Esikhathini III Congress, aphethwe futhi e-London (1905), abasekeli iqhaza Martov sika engafuni ukuthatha, baqonda sibhicongo wamavukelambuso kufana nokuya esigabeni esilandelayo yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle eRussia, ie republic wobunxiwankulu, okuyinto kwakuhambelana nokuka imfundiso yokuziphendukela kaMarx. Nokho, lelo tulo ahlomile Mashi abameleli iphiko wajoyina lapho beseyizinsizwa bamukela yempi "Potemkin" futhi phakathi kwezinye izibhelu. Ngakho, impikiswano raged endaweni ethile echelons engenhla party, futhi ezingeni aphansi musa ukudlala indima enkulu. Ngemva ukucindezelwa wesiyaluyalu Plekhanov bakhuluma ngakho njengoba engenamsebenzi ngempela, okuyinto akufanele, futhi bezama. Umholi Mensheviks, Martov wavumelana naleli umbono.

I ilwa neJapane

AmaBolshevik wafuna kokunqotshwa Tsarist eRussia, futhi benza konke okusemandleni ukuze baqede khono ukuzivikela yezwe. Lokhu kubonakala ngokucacile isifiso German phakathi nempi, kodwa kwaqale zavela ekuqaleni - phakathi Japanese. Esinye sezizathu ukuthi baye benqaba iqhaza III iCongress of London RSDLP Mensheviks - iqiniso bazazi kuzo ukusekelwa ngezinto ezibonakalayo ezivela kwamanye nobutha amasevisi biko. Elahla impi Martovites ayikwazanga ukwamukela umqondo wokuthi inkululeko ngeke abeza bevela kwamanye amazwe, futhi ngeke ukuletha Japanese ku ashaya yabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, YeJapan ngesikhathi lalibonisa zezenhlalo ngobuchwepheshe kuqhathaniswa emuva isimo, nokwenyuswa esikhundleni zokunqoba yayo akaphenduli ubuhlakani aphansi. Ngokuvamile, le Menshevik amafilosofi, njengoba amaBolshevik wawususa okwamanje kungenzeka ukunqoba inguquko kwelinye izwe.

ndawonye futhi

Ngo-1906, abaholi amaphiko amabili RSDLP ephinde ehlangana kulowo mhlangano, kulokhu sasiqhutshelwa eStockholm. Amaqembu basibona isidingo sokuhlangana ukusebenza ndawonye, wafuna igebe. Umehluko Mensheviks futhi amaBolshevik ngalesi sikhathi akubonakali elibaluleke kakhulu, futhi ukhathazekile kuphela indlela okubekwe ngayo isigaba sokuqala se-Party Imithetho. Martov ezihlongozwayo ukushiya ingashintshiwe isibopho "ukukhuthaza", njengoba uLenin waphikelela ethi "iqhaza siqu" enhlanganweni. Uma uthi nhlá, umehluko mncane, kodwa eqinisweni Kwatholakala ukuthi kubaluleke kakhulu. Lenin wafuna ukumisa isakhiwo esiqinile phezulu ezakhiwa ukulwa, futhi Martov sika ozilindele nezihlakaniphi abavamile ukhuluma esitolo. Ukuguqulwa mbuso ka umholi we Mensheviks kubhekwe kwesikhathi, ukunikela ukugxila ezithile ebhasha labantu ezweni omkhulu kwezolimo, akuyona alungele socialism. Noma kunjalo, amaBolshevik iwine omunye yokunqoba: Lenin ukuthi inguqulo ye esihlokweni sokuqala siVumelwano RSBRP (o) sivunyiwe.

ukuphikisana interwar

Ngokusemthethweni, ngemva 'ubunye' we Stockholm Congress Party yazuza nokuqina, kodwa amaqiniso lwembula ukuba khona kwezinye zezimpi asele. Ukuhlulwa inguquko ophoqelelwe sotsdekovskoe Umhlahlandlela yathuthela nezikhundla zabo, waba ngukumkani ezidumazayo. Kudingeka imali, kodwa izindlela kwamaBolshevik sokulungiselela yabo yabangela ukusabela okuxubile abaphikisi okuphakade - Martov, Levitsky umfowabo, Potresov, Axelrod nezinye Mensheviks. Kube ukunyakaza "Bendawo" owaveza umbono mayelana isidingo ephelele nciphisa umsebenzi emthethweni, ekunqanyulweni kwe "eksov" (ie, ukuphanga), kodwa ngeke ukumboza ingxenye kuphela yemali ababeyitholile abasekeli yezenzo ethambile (kuhlanganise Plekhanov), abanye baye bathatha ukulinda, ememezela ukuzibophezela ubunye. Trotsky eshicilelwe ngo-1912 e Vienna, iphephandaba "Pravda", okuyinto banyathelisa izihloko obala anti-Leninist, futhi ngesisekelo ebekwe main party isitho zale ngqungquthela kwakuwukukhuthaza ukwakha isiteji, ebizwa ngokuthi i-Agasti. Iyunithi kwakhiwa emva ke wahlupheka Menshevik zonke isici esifanayo, okungukuthi ngomshikisho yangaphakathi futhi ngokushesha waphela. Izidingo Jikelele yokulwela inkululeko civil, amahhovisi omele ku IV State Duma kuzo zonke izizinda zokuphila, nokunye. N. Ingabe unganelisekile abanye abahlanganyeli kule nhlangano wamavukelambuso.

Defeatists futhi alwa

Ngemva kokuqala kweMpi Yezwe II, uhlelo Menshevik wangena ubuyophikisana Inqubomgomo kwamaBolshevik. Potresov, Plekhanov nezinye "defencists" Akazange ababheke njengezinto ilungelo ukufuna ukufa umbuso tsarist intengo nhlekelele kazwelonke. Bona wayisola impi njengoba enjalo, ukusibiza eyodwa-nolaka ke ngokuphelele "iphuma" ukuze kuhlonishwe yokuthi impi Russian ivikela umhlaba kuphela. Camp RSDLP bahlukana baba izigaba ezimbili: i-"internationalists" futhi "alwa" izici eziphathelene umphumela kungenzeka impi ngaphambili. Isikhundla ngokwedlulele kunazo uyiswa ingafika eqophelweni lapho ubambeke nokususwa kwamaqembu alwayo "ngaphandle annexations noma indemnities." Incithakalo ukuphambana lokulwa e-angaba nempi yombango ukwedlula kwamaBolshevik engazimisele Iphiko RSDLP. I Mensheviks babekholelwa ukuthi isiphelo salesi ukuthula kulesi simo kungaholela inguquko emhlabeni. Babeshaye phansi.

I Februwari revolution empeleni yaqala ukuqaliswa "Uhlelo ubuncane", wamemezela ngaphambili RSDLP njengoba umgomo eshumini leminyaka elizayo.

I iziphakamiso eyinhloko inqubomgomo Menshevik

Ngakho-ke yini umehluko phakathi amaBolshevik kanye Mensheviks? Uhlelo party, noma kunalokho, Mashi zamaphiko alo, kwaba ngo zindima ezilandelayo:

a) ekuthatheni izintambo ezweni kungekho izimo esezikhona izimfanelo ngalutho, kunengqondo kuphela umzabalazo ukuphikiswa;

b) Russian revolution yesigaba sabasebenzi ngeke kwenzeke maduze, futhi kuphela ngemva kokuba anqobe sakhe e-United aseYurophu nawaseNyakatho Melika;

c) indima onxiwankulu ovulekile e emzabalazweni kumelwene nombuso autocracy kubaluleke kakhulu, futhi sidinga ukwenza ngokuvumelana nayo;

d) abantukazana - ekilasini emuva, kufanele sisetshenziswe njengesigungu sokufaka amandla asizayo futhi ally, kodwa awukwazi bathembele kuso;

d) isigaba sabasebenzi - main "esitimela" inguquko (leli phuzu Kuvezwe bedle Bolshevism);

e) ayethanda izindlela zomthetho emzabalazweni. Ubuphekula akwamukeleki.

Februwari

Menshevik party ngokuthi ungamandla ezimele zezombusazwe kwamiswa ekuqaleni kuka-1917. Uma uthi nhlá, konke kwahamba ngokuvumelana lomumo elivunyiwe, kwaphakama republic wobunxiwankulu ku emanxiweni umbuso, futhi manje kuphela silinde lapho abantu abavuthiwe futhi afuna inguquko entsha, kulokhu yesigaba sabasebenzi. Inkathazo kwaba ukuthi izehlakalo ezinkulu zalezi zikhathi Februwari 1917 sekwephuzile kobuholi RSDLP. I Mensheviks, njengoba amaBolshevik akazange ukulawula indawo yawo, enhlanganweni kokugumbuqelwa Inkosi ayizange iqhaza futhi manje kabuhlungu uzama ukusebenzisa lesi simo ukuze lelisu izinjongo zabo hlelo njengoba ngempumelelo ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngokushesha indlela Martovites. It kwakhiwa le Yesikhashana Uhulumeni, futhi ezithunyelwe nababamele e ngezithako zawo. Mensheviks entsha isakhiwo amandla kwadingeka ezintathu (AM Nikitin, K. Gvozdev, PN Malyantovich), N. S. Chheidze ephethwe i Petrograd Soviet, bese, ngo-June, emva mina Zonke-Russian iCongress of abaseSoviet waze waba usihlalo Russian Central Executive Committee. oluqinisayo okuqhubekayo isikhundla seqembu, ukwandisa amathuba umthelela wabo uquqaba.

Party Mensheviks, naphezu impumelelo sobala, izifo esanda izinkontileka ejwayelekile wakhe: amandla akhe zahlukaniswa imisinga ezintathu. Kwesokudla (emelelwa Potresov) matasa kakhulu izikhundla yokushisekela izwe, centrists (Dan, Tsereteli) agodliwe ilungelo ukuqhubeka ukuba afeze umsebenzi Yokuvukela nemibandela intando yeningi ngendlela yobunxiwankulu, kodwa kuphela emva uzowanqoba isitha esivela ngaphandle kanye ngakwesokunxele (Mashi) ukugxekile lokhu nokuhlanganyela emsebenzini we Yesikhashana Uhulumeni, Bafune ukusatshalaliswa ngokushesha komhlaba ukuthula.

Ngaphambi inguquko entsha

Ngokushesha ngaphambi Okthoba Revolution kwesokunxele ezinhlwini party, Mensheviks abaningi abavelele. Uhlelo yangaphandle vagueness yayo wacasulwa abasekeli zivele futhi akashintshashintshi, phakathi kwabo kwakukhona Yuri Larin, Leon Trotsky , ngisho Plekhanov. Inqubo kufuduka zezombusazwe isibe mass mayelana 4000 Petrograd tsentristov- "Interdistrictite" wajoyina Leninist Iphiko RSDLP entwasahlobo ka-1917. Kujutshwe izizathu lokhu kuziphatha esiphoqayo: imibono Menshevik ukuthi ehlisa usekelo empini, kusuka labantu, neliphithene asebenzayo kwamaBolshevik ze, nje ukhathele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuye kwaba khona ukuphikisana njalo phakathi imigomo yezombusazwe futhi abanye ukwethembeka we ubuholi beqembu, okuyinto akazange alinge athembisa abantu ukuthi abakwazi ukwenza. lalahleka Game Ukuphokophelela amandla okuphatha, futhi ngo-Okthoba, the Mensheviks akuqonda ngokugcwele.

Icebo lika

Okthoba 25 kwakukhona revolution futhi ekuthatheni izintambo ngo amaBolshevik. RSDLP (o) ngokushesha lakhiwa elahla isinqumo, ebiza abantu ezenzweni ezinjalo a usurpation, kodwa kwase kwephuze kakhulu. ubunye Yangaphakathi futhi ukungaguquguquki namanje ningagcini. Izingcingo ukwakha uhulumeni omusha, "umfaniswano", omelele bonke imisinga zezombusazwe ku-nokuwumisa alinganayo, futhi ukusekela ababamele LoMhlangano futhi akusizi ngalutho. Eziyishumi we amalungu eKomiti Central kanye ukhetho ezintathu kwesokunxele ezinhlwini party. Kwakuthinta obize esiphuthumayo Congress of the RSDLP (o) okungavamile, kodwa wabuye wahlala ingaphelele, ngaphandle kokuphela ababamele LoMhlangano ngu amaBolshevik ekuqaleni 1918. Kwabe sekufika kulwiwa, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho kwesokudla-wing Mensheviks ngaphansi kokuqondisa O. Levitsky, V. N. Rozanova futhi A. N. Potresova wathatha isikhundla, ke kungubutha iziphathimandla ezintsha.

Ukuze noma ngokumelene kokubusa kweSoviet?

Abaholi RSDLP (o) esithathwe ngesikhathi kulwiwa, iqhaza kule izakhiwo amandla wadala ezindaweni kwamandla amaBolshevik. Ngesikhathi esifanayo lo Mensheviks ushintshe igama iqembu futhi waqala ukubiza ngokwabo ngokumane Russian Social-Democrats, ngaphandle izinhlamvu kubakaki. Ayekholelwa okuthunyelwe ekhonzayo Samara Komuch, Yesikhashana laseSiberia Uhulumeni, Central iCaspian, Ufa umhlangano, Urals uhulumeni lesifunda. Ngo-1918, bona (SPD) empeleni ashaqe amandla Georgia emva isimemezelo kukhona republic yeningi. Besabela kuleso simemo, amaBolshevik waxosha abameleli RSDLP ka yonke imikhandlu. Nokho, ngo-August 1918, iqembu Menshevik iye kancane avuselelwa, ukwala umfelandawonye ne izinhlangano wobunxiwankulu.

Ukunqotshwa kwe-Mensheviks

I ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu bahlala e-entwasahlobo ka-1919, ngemuva kokuhlanganiswa isikhundla kwamaBolshevik ngesikhathi kulwiwa. Ekhatsi Kiev, Odessa, sabe Georgian Cheka, yokuhlanza olubanzi amalungu okufunwayo we RSDLP. Ukuba netjhebiswano Zinikele Army of Denikin, amaBolshevik babesolwa. I Mensheviks and Socialist-mbuso, Labaqalayo kanye nabamele nezinye izinhlangano todvwa, kwezinye izimo (njalo) badutshulwe, kanye nabaholi babo baye "ixazululwe" ngenjongo ukulahlwa. Yini lokhu kusho eside, akwaziwa, kodwa umuntu angabona ukuqagela. Yu Martov futhi Abramovich nenhlanhla: kwadingeka ukuba abalekele ezweni ngo-1920. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili, wathunyelwa phesheya omunye umholi sotsdekov Russian - a Menshevik F. Dan. Ngesikhathi esifanayo eMoscow asebophe lonke iqembu iphiko yentsha RSDLP, phezu kwawo yayilungiselela enkantolo evulekile, kodwa ekugcineni, ubulungisa laseSoviet inkomba elinganiselwe. I ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu kwaholela ukunqotshwa pheze ephelele Mensheviks; amangqamuzana ngamanye, gone komhlaba, wadonsa kwaze kwaba ngu-1925.

Kwenzekani Mensheviks ke

Isiphetho Mensheviks bazithola bethunjiwe, kuyinto unenviable. Imizamo ukushicilela nakomagazini yabo esamlahlekisela kakhulu, kuxazululwe ngokuthi "obaba sokubusa ngentando yeningi Russian" eJalimane ngo-1933 baphoqeleka ukuba bathuthe eFrance kamuva eMelika. Kodwa okubi "brand" luye lwaba uhlobo inhlamba labo abasala e-Soviet Union ngesizathu esisodwa noma kwenye kwenzakala okunganambitheki nobuholi kaStalin. Uma kudingekile, noma yiliphi ilungu party wayekhumbula Menshevik akwenza esikhathini esidlule, samanje noma engokomfanekiso. Eyokuqala Isivivinyo ephezulu iphrofayela owaqhutshelwa e-1931: ngamacala inhlangano esiphikisayo mbuso ka abasebenzi 14 we State Bank kanye neKomidi lokuHlela State bagwetshwa isikhathi eside bebhadla ejele.

Nokho, akubona bonke ababekade Menshevik kwamaBolshevik Party kugwenywe ngakho kanzima. Attorney General Wyszynski, osomaqhinga A. A. Troyanovsky futhi Maisky, namanye amalungu inhlangano engekho emthethweni waphila ukuphila kahle. Nakuba phezu kwabo hung esidlule yabo inkemba Damocles.