UMussolini Benito (za): Umlando. Umashiqela Italy

Edolobhaneni elincane Italian Dovia, July 29, 1883, indodana wensimbi wendawo Alessandro uMussolini noRosa Maltoni uthisha ingane yokuqala ezalwa. Yanikwa igama Benito. Eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, umfana abanebala elinsundu kungaba umashiqela onesihluku, omunye wabasunguli be-wamaFascist Party lase-Italy, kwafaka izwe ku kwesikhathi ezinzima kakhulu kombuso wobushiqela kanye ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu zezombusazwe.

Intsha umashiqela esizayo

Alessandro kwaba ezisekelwe kunembeza kanzima nomkhaya wakubo okwadingeka incebo ukuthi avunyelwe ukuba ahlele abasha uMussolini Benito e esikoleni samaKatolika emzini Faenza. Ukuthola imfundo yesibili, waqala ukufundisa emabangeni aphansi, kodwa lolu hlobo lokuphila imithwalo yayo, futhi ngo-1902 uthisha osemusha ulibangisa Switzerland. Ngaleso sikhathi e-Geneva wayegcwele ababaleki zezombusazwe, phakathi okuyinto njalo uzungeza futhi Benito uMussolini. Izincwadi K. Kautsky, PA Kropotkin, Marx no Engels mesmerizing nomthelela emqondweni wakhe.

Kodwa umbono esiqine senziwa umsebenzi Nietzsche futhi umqondo wakhe "superman". Uma phezu inhlabathi evundile, umphumela ukuqiniseka ukuthi nguye - Benito uMussolini - imiselwe ukufeza injongo enkulu. Imfundiso, owawuthi abantu ziyancipha ezingeni wabaholi isinyathelo kuqokwa, sesamukelwe kubo ngaphandle kokungabaza. It akuzange kumenze ukungabaza kanye nencazelo impi njengoba ukubonakaliswa esiphezulu umoya womuntu. Yileyo ndlela wabeka isisekelo ngemibono we umholi wesikhathi esizayo le wamaFascist Party.

Buyela Italy

Ngokushesha Socialist sihlubuki axoshwe Switzerland, futhi ephinde ekhaya. Lapha uba yilungu Socialist Party lase-Italy futhi ngempumelelo uzama isandla sakhe journalism. Umsindo eyenziwe encane iphephandaba "Class Ukushikashikeka" eshicilelwe ngokuyinhloko sihloko ayo lapho heatedly wagxeka izikhungo esakhiweni somphakathi wonxiwankulu. Phakathi uquqaba isikhundla lo mbhali akuwo imvume, futhi ngesikhathi esifushane kwegazi ngesikhathi iphephandaba kabili. Ngo-1910, uMussolini Benito wakhethwa yiphini ingqungquthela elilandelayo le-Socialist Party, owawusedolobheni Milan.

Phakathi nale nkathi igama uMussolini uqale ukungeza isiqalo "za" - umholi. Kuyinto ezithophayo kakhulu nomoya wakhe. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili, waphathiswa amabombo isitho lemcoka Socialist - "! Avanti" iphephandaba ( "Phambili!"). Kwaba eqa omkhulu phambili umsebenzi wakhe. Manje, ngaphambi kokuba kuvula kungenzeka ukuthi ufake isicelo izihloko sabo kulo lonke kubantu multimillion Italy. Futhi uMussolini lolungenamaphutsa babhekana kanjani nalesi. Lapha kwembulwa ngokugcwele ithalente intatheli yakhe. Engingakusho nje ukuthi phakathi neminyaka engu eyodwa nengxenye, wakwazi ukwandisa nokusakazwa iphephandaba izikhathi eziyisihlanu. Yaba incwadi ethandwa kakhulu kuleli zwe.

Ukunakekela ekamu Socialist

Ngokushesha kulandele ikhefu yakhe nabantu ayejwayelene nabo. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, le uMussolini abasha ephethwe iphephandaba "Abantu Bakwa-Italy", lapho, naphezu kwegama layo, ibonisa izithakazelo onxiwankulu enkulu futhi oligarchy ezimbonini. Ngawo lowo nyaka sizalwa le ndodana engumlanjwana ka Benito uMussolini - Benito Albino. Ayemiselwe ukuqeda izinsuku esibhedlela ngokwengqondo, lapho efa nonina - umthetho unkosikazi, umashiqela esizayo Ida Daltser. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, uMussolini ashade Rachele Gaudi, nabo wayengeke abe nezingane ezinhlanu.

Ngo-1915, e-Italy, izitolo kuze kube yileso sikhathi hlangothi, wangena empini. UMussolini Benito Njengabanye abaningi abangontanga izakhamuzi zakubo, kwaba on the front. Ngo-February 1917, ngemva kokukhonza izinyanga nesikhombisa, le za kwaba esiqiwini yokulimala futhi wabuyela nemisebenzi yabo odlule. Ezinyangeni ezimbili kamuva, obungakulindele kwenzeka: Italy lahluleka kwasani kwamasosha Austria.

Ukuzalwa kuka-wamaFascist Party

Kodwa kungaba inhlekelele kazwelonke, okuyinto abulala amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu, uye wakhonza njengeNkosi Umfutho uMussolini endleleni eya amandla. Veterans kwakamuva, abantu abathukuthele futhi bekhathele beyingcuba ngenxa impi, idala inhlangano ebizwa ngokuthi yi "Battle Union." Ngo-Italian kuzwakala "Fashio de kombattimento". Lona "Fashio" futhi awunika igama lokuthi omunye ukunyakaza akunabuntu kakhulu - Fascism.

Umhlangano wokuqala ezinkulu amalungu union owawuse Mashi 23, 1919. Ngo kwathatha abantu abangaba yikhulu ukuwo. Kwaphela izinsuku ezinhlanu, sezwa izinkulumo ngesidingo ukuvuselelwa ubukhulu yangaphambili Italy nezimfuneko eziningi ukusungulwa kwenkululeko yombango. Amalungu ale nhlangano entsha, bazibize amaFascist kubhekwane izinkulumo zabo bonke amaNtaliyane, abaqaphela isidingo izinguquko ezinkulu ngokuphila isimo.

AmaNazi ngamandla kuleli zwe

izikhalazo Okufanayo yimpumelelo, futhi ngokushesha za wakhethwa ephalamende, lapho izihlalo amathathu nanhlanu kwakungekaNkulunkulu amaNazi. party yabo yabhaliswa ngokomthetho e-November 1921, kanye nomholi walo kwaba uMussolini Benito. I amaFascist ezinhlwini uthele wonke amalungu amasha. Ngo-October 1927 ikholomu abalandeli bakhe benze izinkulungwane eziningi mashi edumile eRoma, okwaphumela uMussolini iba undunankulu kanye namasheya kuphela amandla neNkosi Viktorom Emmanuilom III. Kumiswa IKhabhinethi Wongqongqoshe is kuphela kwamalungu wamaFascist Party. Ngekhono ukuxhaphaza, uMussolini wakwazi acele ukusekela izenzo zabo uPapa, futhi ngo-1929 i-Vatican baba geqe.

Silwe ephikisayo

Fascism, Benito uMussolini waqhubeka eziqinisa ngaphansi kwesimo ebanzi yokucindezelwa zezombusazwe - isici ebalulekile zonke kwemibuso yobushiqela. "A ekhethekile zezokuvikela ikundla" yasungulwa, okuyinto abanekhono wokufihla noma iyiphi ephikisayo. Engakabi yayo, kusukela ngo-1927 kuya 1943, kwakubhekwa njengento Emacaleni angaphezu kuka 21.000.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi wahlala esihlalweni sobukhosi le nkosi, bonke amandla bagxila ezandleni za. Wayehola ngesikhathi esifanayo, zezinkonzo eziyisikhombisa, kwaba undunankulu, inhloko yabangamashumi party kanye nenombolo ye abomthetho. Wakwazi yize cishe konke imikhawulo ngokomthethosisekelo ngokokusebenza kwamandla akhe. E-Italy, umbuso wezwe amaphoyisa. Phezu isimemezelo wakhishwa kuvinjelwa zwe wonke amanye amaqembu ezombusazwe kanye ukwesulwa ukhetho oqondile.

ze yezombusazwe

Njengoba zonke umashiqela uMussolini enamathiselwe kakhulu ukukhuthaza inhlangano. Kulesi isiqondiso, ke uye baphumelele eside, njengoba wayesebenze ku cindezela bese kwase kahle amasu nomthelela ukwazi kwezixuku. Zenzeka kuye abasekeli Amanga akhe umkhankaso wathatha obanzi kunayo. emakhasini amaphephandaba nomagazini ekumeni za egcwele, uyabuka izithupha Iphosta nezincwajana, elalihlotshiswe ibhokisi ushokoledi izidakamizwa lokugoqa. Zonke Italy wagcwala izithombe Benito uMussolini. Ucaphuna izinkulumo zakhe zazinqamukile kabili inqwaba.

izinhlelo Social okuphambili kanye nempi yokulwa mafia

Kodwa ekhaliphile nakude-sekuqhamuke, za wayazi ukuthi ukukhuthazwa ukuthembeka ehlala njalo nabantu hhayi ukwenza imali. Kule ndaba, ke lakhiwe futhi iqaliswe uhlelo olunzulu ukukhulisa umnotho wezwe futhi bathuthukise izinga lokuphila amaNtaliyane. Okokuqala, siye ukusebenza izinyathelo zokunqanda abangasebenzi, kuzokhuphula ngempumelelo umsebenzi. Njengengxenye yohlelo yakhe ngesikhathi esifushane yayakhiwe amapulazi wezolimo engaphezu kwemihlanu nabayizinkulungwane ezinhlanu nokuthi amadolobha. Ngenxa yale njongo, senza nkinga lo Pontine emaxhaphozini, insimu enkulu ukuthi sekungamakhulu eminyaka emelelwa Kugcwele umalaleveva.

Ngenxa Olwenziwe ngaphansi kokuqondisa Uhlelo umhlaba sokufunwa uMussolini sika, izwe uzothola izincwajana ezingaba izigidi eziyisishiyagalombili amahektha umhlabathi olimekayo. Izihloko ezingamashumi ayisikhombisa nesishiyagalombili abalimi ezivela ezindaweni telive letiphuyile bawamukele izindawo evundile. Phakathi neminyaka yokuqala engu ayisishiyagalombili wokubusa kwakhe inani izibhedlela e-Italy kane. Ngenxa inqubomgomo yezenhlalakahle bezingelwa kubo, uMussolini yazuza nenhlonipho ejulile hhayi kuphela ezweni lakhe kodwa futhi abaholi lamazwe ahamba phambili emhlabeni. Phakathi nokubusa kwakhe, lo za wakwazi ukwenza kungenzeki - wacishe wabhubhisa mafia abadumile Sicilia.

izibopho Military nge eJalimane futhi bengena impi

Ngo inqubomgomo angaphandle, uMussolini wazala izinhlelo imvuselelo okubi okwakugcwele eMbusweni WaseRoma. In practice, lokhu kuholele kokuquleka ahlomile Ethiopia, Albania futhi kwezinye izindawo iMedithera. Phakathi Civil Spanish neMpi uMussolini wathumela ibutho elikhulu ukusekela uJenene Franco. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi waqala inhlekelele kuye rapprochement noHitler, futhi ukusekela isizwe Spanish. Ekugcineni, umshado wabo esungulwe ngo-1937 ngesikhathi evakashele uMussolini eJalimane.

Ngo-1939, phakathi eJalimane nase-Italy yasayina isivumelwano ku isiphelo sesimiso umbimbi ukuzivikela futhi zihlasela, okuholele Juni 10, 1940 e-Italy engena neMpi Yezwe II. amabutho uMussolini sika iqhaza umsebenzi France futhi ukuhlasela amakoloni British eMpumalanga Afrika, futhi ngo-Okthoba bahlasele Greece. Kodwa ngokushesha impumelelo of the ngezinsuku zokuqala zomhlangano impi wakhala ukunqotshwa ebabayo. Amabutho we-anti-Hitler sokusebenzisana bandisa wezenzo zawo kuzo zonke izindawo, futhi amaNtaliyane abangu abase bebaleka, ukulahlekelwa ngaphambi endaweni athumba futhi bephethe ukulahlekelwa esindayo. Ukuze wenze izinto ezimbi ezenzeka izinto zibe zimbi nakakhulu, ngo-July 10, 1943 British wathatha phezu izingxenye Sicily.

Ukuwa umashiqela

Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka salandelwa intshiseko jikelele Ukunganeliseki mass. Dictator usolwa ngokunukubeza zezombusazwe esifushane okwesa-, ngenxa letiphutfumako lapho live letfu ngasondelana empini. Sakhumbula futhi usurpation samandla nokucindezela ephikisayo, futhi zonke yezinqumo kwinqubomgomo ezifuywayo angaphandle, okwenza ukuba ngaphambi Benito uMussolini. Za wagudluzwa ozakwabo siqu kusuka kukho konke okuthunyelwe kwabo, futhi waboshwa. Ngaphambi kwecala, wafakwa aphethwe e kwelinye lamahhotela entabeni, kodwa webiwa paratroopers German iphansi kwesandla sika-edumile Otto Skorzeny. Ngokushesha ngemva kweJalimane Italy.

Ukudalelwa wanikeza ithuba yangaphambili za isikhathi esithile ukuba ngihole uhulumeni upopayi usethe uHitler republic. Kodwa sincumo kwakusondela. Ekupheleni kuka-April 1945 umashiqela wangaphambili futhi indlovukazi yakhe Clara Petacci bathunjwa by abashokobezi ngenkathi kuzanywa neqembu labangane bakhe ukushiya Italy ngokungemthetho.

Ukubulawa Benito uMussolini nentombi yakhe ilandelwe Apreli 28. Badutshulwa emaphethelweni edolobhaneni Mezzegra. Kamuva izidumbu zabo baphuthunyiswe IMilan hung izinyawo zabo esigcawini edolobheni. Nobe kunjalo, waphetsa izinsuku zakhe Benito uMussolini biography ukuthi kukhona okushaya amanzi nakanjani esiyingqayizivele, kodwa ngokuvamile kuba ejwayelekile iningi bomashiqela.