Umcabango umthetho futhi izinhlobo imithetho. Regulatory. Theory of State and Law

Idivayisi ye isimo yesimanje akunakwenzeka ngaphandle ukusetshenziswa amathuluzi zomthetho. Ngu kokubukeza futhi enacting imithetho kwakheka ubudlelwane zomphakathi imithetho. Ngesikhathi iziqondiso ezifanayo, esekelwe okuyinto ezilungisiwe ububanzi zomthetho, ukumboza sphere eziningi impilo yezakhamuzi, ukuqinisekisa ukuze kuleli zwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kuhlolwe yesikhulumi zomthetho kwenteke ngaphandle gxila uMthethosisekelo. It hhayi kuphela inikeza umqondo amalungelo ayisisekelo kanye nemisebenzi izakhamuzi, kodwa futhi sibonisa i ibhalansi kahle kule ukulinganisela amabutho zezombusazwe. Ukuze ukulawula enkulu ngokwezinga le esele umthetho. Umqondo, izici, izinhlobo kanye nezici imithetho ezijulile zisiza ekukhanyiseni bemvelo yabo kanye nemisebenzi ezingokoqobo.

Umqondo umthetho

Ngokusemthethweni, umthetho idokhumenti yezomthetho, okutshengisa imithetho elawula ubudlelwano ebaluleke kakhulu emphakathini. Ngamanye amazwi, kuba isisekelo esingokomthetho isimo. Ukubaluleka ekuqondeni imithetho ababusi ezikhathini zasendulo. Enye into ukuthi ifomu bese okuqukethwe imithetho wakudala zazihluke kakhulu imibhalo zokulawula lanamuhla. Njengomthetho, imithetho esungulwe babe ngandlela-thile processing esihleliwe amasiko linqoba. Ukuze bakwazi ukuchaza kangcono umqondo komthetho futhi izinhlobo imithetho okufanele zisebenze isikhathi iNguquko wobunxiwankulu-yeningi. Labe ivume nemigomo yeNhlangano lokuhlushwa ilungelo umthetho ezandleni ePhalamende, emelela abantu.

Esikhathini sethu, umthetho kumelwe zibhekwe njengezindawo okungamelwe oluphakeme kakhulu intando yabantu. Ngosizo namandla isimo inquma futhi avuma lezisekelo wesi zomthetho. Ngesikhathi esifanayo iziqondiso ingaba njengesihluthulelo esebenzisa ngokugcwele uhlaka lomthetho olukhona. Kodwa-ke kubalulekile ukuthi ukuqonda ukuthi imithetho isimo musa ukuncika kolunye iziphathimandla ngaphezu egatsheni eliphakeme zomthetho. Kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi imithetho akukwazi ukukhanselwa noma ukuhlelwa. Kulokhu, balandela nakanjani futhi izinguquko izenzo ukuthi yayikade evunyiwe okusekelwe kokuqukethwe yomthetho ukulungiswa. Lokhu ikakhulukazi libhekisela mithetho kamasipala, ukusekela ukuqaliswa komthetho.

izimpawu nemithetho

Njengoba ukwakheka zomthetho ohlelweni iziqondiso izindlela ezihlukene. Kuze kube manje, izici ezilandelayo ezihambelana, evelela umthetho Russian Federation:

• Yokutholwa umthetho igunya kuphela ezigunyaziwe, okusho zomthetho. Kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi leli lungelo has abameleli okukhethekile iziphathimandla ezingeni sikahulumeni. Thuthukisa nokuvumela ngemithetho ehlongozwayo can uMbuso Duma neziphathimandla republic emizimbeni kamasipala ummeleli, nokunye. D.
• Umthetho yakhelwe ukulawula ubudlelwane zomphakathi ezibaluleke kakhulu. Ikakhulukazi, le dokhumenti ingalungiswa esekelwe izinhlelo kwezombusazwe nakwezomnotho, abantu amalungelo ayisisekelo izakhamuzi, kanye kwekhono likahulumeni kanye nabamele wendawo ukuzibusa.
• Omunye izici ezibaluleke kakhulu yomthetho njengoba sinjalo emhlabeni esibophezelayo. Nokho, kukhona imibhalo ezihlobene amaqembu athile abantu - isibonelo, abasebenzi endaweni ethile. Ngokwesibonelo, amaPhoyisa Mthetho enwetshiwe amandla komthetho kusukela 2011. Kodwa lokhu kwenzeka kuphela kubantu abamele amaphoyisa.
• Ukwamukelwa komthetho senzeka ngendlela ekhethekile nenqubo, okuyinto has a isiqondiso ezikhethekile. Ikakhulu, i-inqubo kunqunywa izenzo eyakhelwe ngaphezu komthethosisekelo.
• Umthetho enikeziwe ibutho zomthetho ophakeme. Lokhu kusho ukuthi yonke imithetho kukhona maqondana kubaluleke yesibili futhi akumelwe zingqubuzane.

ezihlukahlukene imithetho

ngezigaba iziqondiso Basic angasuselwa ukubaluleka ukuthi analo isimiso somthetho sangaleso umthetho ethile. Umqondo, izici, izinhlobo kanye nezici lapho kwemukelwa idokhumenti - zonke lezi izici ezithonya indlela lapho iqembu uzongena umthetho. Okwamanje, Russian umthetho uhlelo kuhilela ukwehlukana lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo: ngokomthethosisekelo, imithetho yombuso kanye WaseRussia.

Isigaba sokuqala sihlanganisa imithetho evunyiwe ngezindaba eziphawuleka kakhulu ezihlobene uMthethosisekelo. Lezi, ngokukhethekile, zihlanganisa imithetho inhlolovo mayelana umfanekiso isimo, isimiso sokwahlulela, isikhundla kwezempi, nokunye. D.

Labo izenzo, okuyinto zithathwa ngesisekelo futhi kubulawa soMthethosisekelo, kukhona sikahulumeni. Ngosizo lwabo iziphathimandla lokulawula izici ezihlukahlukene zobudlelwano nomphakathi, ezithinta izitayela zezombangazwe, zezenhlalo nezomnotho. Ngokwesibonelo, okufanayo soMthetho Amaphoyisa akunakubangelwa leli qembu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imibhalo zomthetho kahulumeni babe division yabo - ikakhulukazi, kukhona ezivamile futhi eyabekwa izinto zomthetho.

Imithetho ukuthi zenziwa izikhonzi Russian Federation, kusengathiwa isixhumanisi wehliswe umsebenzi umthetho isimo, Nokho, okuyinto, hhayi eliphansi ukubaluleka kwabo. Izici ezikhethekile yale mibhalo Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi abakwazi ziyaphikisana umthetho kahulumeni futhi usebenze kuphela ngaphakathi isifundo sabo. Lokhu kungaba soMthethosisekelo weRiphabhulikhi, yesifunda nezimiso yesifundazwe.

Eminye imithetho ngezigaba

Ngaphezu kwalokhu ngezigaba, kukhona eminye imithetho eminingi nenqubo ngokuhlukana. I sezimiso ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezokuhlalisana systematization okuqukethwe nobuqiniso. Kulesisimo-ke, nomqondo umthetho futhi izinhlobo imithetho is ikakhulukazi ehlobene eduze. Uma sikhuluma okuqukethwe semantic ka lo mthetho, abelwe imibhalo jikelele futhi ekhethekile. Esimweni sokuqala kucatshangwa ukuthi umthetho ezosebenza zonke izakhamuzi. iziqondiso ekhethekile isebenza kuphela amakilasi namaqembu.

Futhi, imithetho ingase ibe inkathi ehlukile. Ukuhlukanisa phakathi imibhalo zomthetho unomphela futhi okukhethekile. Uma esigabeni sokuqala, isimo esicacile, wesibili kudinga ukuba ucacise. Ngokuvamile, leli gama lihlanganisa imithetho Russian Federation, umphumela esiklanyelwe isikhathi esithile, ngenxa yesikhashana isimo esiphuthumayo. izimo ezinjalo kungadalwa, isibonelo, emvelweni, kwemvelo, nomphakathi kanye nezinye izinto.

Kunezinye ngeengaba kwemithetho, okuncike ukulawulwa nodaba, ububanzi, ukulawula ivolumu kanye gxila ezindaweni. Ngokwesibonelo, ukulawula kungenzeka ibe ngaphansi kwegunya uhlaka ngokomthethosisekelo, umthetho zokuphatha noma lobugebengu. Umumo futhi kungaba ezahlukene, kusukela imithetho kungathinta kanye nezindaba zomphakathi, kanye ezicashile ibhajethi, yokuxazulula izinkinga zomnotho ngomqondo obanzi.

Umtsetfosisekelo njengemtsetfo lomkhulu eliyisisekelo

Ngo ngokoMthethosisekelo umthetho idokhumenti eyinhloko ukuthi ichaza lonke uhlelo lomthetho. Ngezinye ezindinganisweni ezifanayo egumbini based izimiso zalo lonke uhlaka lwezomthetho imisebenzi umthetho wokwenza. I osondele kulowo emoyeni yomthetho kuyisigaba eyakhelwe ngaphezu komthethosisekelo. Izenzo ezinjalo nje kuphela yakhelwe njenge- nqubekela soMthethosisekelo, kodwa futhi ukuthuthukisa kanye concretize nokuqukethwe kwalo.

imithetho nokuqoshwa nazo yithuluzi elibalulekile ukulawulwa zobudlelwano nomphakathi, umhlahlandlela ngqo uMthethosisekelo. Kulokhu, nomqondo umthetho futhi izinhlobo imithetho okufanele abhekwe njengesigebengu zokulawula nohlaka olubhekele izikhungo ngabanye yezinhlelo zokwenziwa kwemithetho. imithetho nokuqoshwa okuhloswe ngaso elawula sphere esikhulu elikhulu ubudlelwane, kuhlanganise umsebenzi, impahla nokunye. D. Ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho kungaba izinhlobo ezahlukene yokukhuluma leyo mithetho. Omunye wabo isenzo umthetho kahulumeni, equkethe ayisisekelo, imithetho jikelele mayelana nendawo ethile ahlangene isimo. Okungukuthi, ikhodi okunjalo kungaba azimisele kusukela isiqondiso yezihloko Federation.

Esikhathini kudivayisi sphere zomthetho, uMthethosisekelo angathathwa hhayi kuphela njengoba umthetho eziyisisekelo, futhi isishiya kumiswa base zomthetho. Nge kuziwa inhlangano kwamandla, uhlelo ngokomthethosisekelo fixed, ukusebenza isakhiwo sikahulumeni, kanye nesakhiwo kanye namandla we-emizimbeni ukuphathwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMthetho-sisekelo ichaza ukuthi kuyoba uhlelo ukhetho, kanye nohlaka ubulungiswa.

Ubani nendlela eyenza imithetho?

Ukuze uqale, kufanele kusho ukuthi inqubo ukwamukelwa kwemithetho ngokwayo kulawulwa imithetho, okuyinto yena, ithuthukiswe ngesisekelo soMthethosisekelo. Imithetho ezingeni federal zamukelwa yi Duma State, kulandele ukwamukelwa kwabo Federation Council. Kuzo zombili lezi zimo, isinqumo luyasetshenziswa ngevoti - okungukuthi, abaningi kakhulu amavoti ekuvumeleni imithetho eqondile. Uma Federation Council Wenqabe idokhumenti, khona-ke ingase ikhishwe futhi ngaphansi kombandela wokuthi uyithayiphe two-thirds majority. Lapho imithetho okusalungiswa futhi livuma Federation Council, izinsuku 5, wathunyelwa uMongameli isignesha. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, uMongameli ungabhalisela ukwamukelwa yomthetho emasontweni amabili.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthetho omusha ngikhiphé Incwadi engokomthetho. A platform for ukuthumela ulwazi mayelana idokhumenti ongakhonza abezindaba isimo noma website esemthethweni iPhalamende. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-10 selokhu kwakhululwa kwezingxenye ukukhanya yomthetho kuziwa phakathi force. Nokho, uMongameli ngeke akwazi ukungena ngemvume umthetho, usebenzisa ilungelo ilungelo likasihlalo lokunqabela. Khona-ke egomela ingatholakala sokunqoba two-thirds majority kuzo zombili izindlu weSigungu Federal. Ukwamukelwa umthetho idokhumenti inombolo yokubhalisa incwadi Inkomba. Esinye sezibonelo zalokhu F3 wokugubha esimweni imithetho abajwayelekile, kodwa uma kuziwa oda ngokomthethosisekelo, isiqu esisebenza ERPs format. Futhi egameni umthetho zihlanganisa nosuku lokwamukelwa kwabo.

umthetho

Abameli ucabangela isinyathelo amaphrojekthi zomthetho ngokwemigomo ebalulwe isikhathi, isikhala kanye nabantu sitjheja. Ngakho, isikhathi kukhawulwe amaphuzu komthetho kusukela ngosuku entry walo force futhi ukukhansela. Umthelela ingahle imiswe ngomunye umthetho. Yinkathi umthetho usebenza, kungaba azimisele ekuqaleni. Kodwa iningi ekunqanyulweni yomsebenzi wakhe ngenxa noma inguqulo ethuthukisiwe ye ukukhishwa noma ukukhanselwa ngokugunyazwa zokwahlulela. Kumelwe futhi bathi bephule umthetho kungenziwa kuphela zenzeke uma Kwakubonakalisiwe ngesikhathi ubuqiniso idokhumenti.

Ngokusho imithetho jikelele we isinyathelo umthetho idokhumenti esikhaleni ihlanganisa yonke indawo isimo, kuhlanganise izikhonzi zawo, amanzi yangaphakathi futhi ulwandle indawo, futhi kwathi wezasemoyeni. Futhi, imithetho esebenza ohambweni zokubonisana, amayunithi lempi, izimoto eyabelwe nezimbobo zomphakathi nokunye. D. Kodwa lapho kungase kungagcini ngokusebenza komthetho emkhathini. umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama anjalo nazo kunqunywa usebenzisa amathuluzi zomthetho.

Ukusabalala on njengobunengi bemiphefumulo ngokuhambisana nezinhlinzeko jikelele njengoba kuchazwe imingcele ukusabalala ubukhosi isimo kanye kwegunya layo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isicelo yomthetho awasebenzi kuphela izakhamuzi ngqo isimo, kodwa futhi abantu ensimini kwakhona isimo ababaleki ngubani. Kodwa kukhona inala zonke izinhlobo okuhlukile ngaphansi komthetho osebenzayo emaqenjini ahlukene abantu. Ngokwesibonelo, kukhona imibhalo, ezihlobene kuphela izigaba ezithile abasebenzi.

Izibonelo imithetho Russian Federation

Njengoba sekuphawuliwe, imithetho uzisibekele ezindaweni ahlukahlukene apharathasi isimo, kokuphila komphakathi umphakathi. Yaba umthetho kwezemfundo, eyamukelwa ngo-2013 Phakathi imibhalo ezibaluleke kakhulu kule minyaka yamuva. Ngokusho kwakhe, zonke izakhamuzi usenelungelo ukukhulula imfundo, ukuqapha amanyuvesi kufanele kwenziwe njalo ngonyaka, futhi ukugcizelela kakhulu indlela siqu abafundi enqubweni yokufunda yonke.

Hlala efanele futhi eziningi imithetho ukuthi babenikwa ekuqaleni kwawo-1990. Njalo is umthetho mayelana nokuvikelwa abathengi kusukela ngo-1992. It ulawula ubudlelwano phakathi abakhiqizi, abahlinzeki by abathengisi, ezidayiswayo bese abanye abahlanganyeli emakethe. Nokho, izichibiyelo eziningi eziye zenziwa ekuhlelweni Eminyakeni yamuva yomthetho, kodwa umnyombo luhlala okufanayo.

Izinguquko zabhekana futhi umthetho empeleni esasisesisha ku ukukhangisa, eyamukelwa ngo-2006. Ngakho, amazwi alo Isenzo 2014 ababhali ziye zakhomba eziningi imikhawulo abakhangisi. Ikakhulukazi, ukuvinjelwa kumasevisi isisu, kanye nohlu izimpahla ngaphambilini imbozwe mthetho linwetshelwe ukuhlola, zokuvimbela, ukuvuselelwa kanye nezindlela of imithi yendabuko.

umthetho yesibili

umthetho ngamunye kungenziwa kulekelelwa izenzo ezikhethekile. Phakathi kwezimpawu kwemibhalo efana bungabonakala futhi uhambisane nomthetho okuhloswe ngaso elawula izici nobudlelwano zomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, kuze kube manje, okukhulunywe umthetho ukuvikela amalungelo umthengi has imithetho 20, umphumela lapho igxile ekukhishweni idokhumenti main.

Ukwamukelwa iziqondiso nayo eyenziwa iziphathimandla ngokuvumelana nemingcele eyintando ikhono lakhe futhi njalo ngesisekelo lomthetho. Kulokhu, kukhona izinhlobonhlobo eziningana iziqondiso kungenziwa labizwa ngokuthi yesibili. Lokhu, ikakhulukazi, izinqumo, zasayindwa nguMongameli. Futhi, kungase kube isinqumo esithathwe nguMkhandlu we Izingxoxo.

izenzo Ukuthuthukisa angase afune ejensi, zezinkonzo kanye nezinye iziphathimandla, okuyinto inkinga iziyalezo, oda neziqondiso. Kuyinto izenzo uzinake zemizimba kamasipala. Ziphinde ziphathe ngokuhambisana nemithetho kanye zisebenza kuphela imingcele umasipala othize. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi isenzo zomthetho akuphazamisi ilungiselelo yomthetho, kuphela kwandisa nekusebenta kuqalisa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ke ngeke kukhonjwe okubekwe umthetho.

isiphetho

Kuze kube manje, i-Russia inohlelo lovumelanako ukukhiqizwa zomthetho, okuyinto isakhiwo phezulu efaka phakathi imithetho eqondile, iziqondiso, amakhodi, nokunye .. Ngakho, umqondo umthetho futhi izinhlobo imithetho kulokhu kufanele sithathwe ngokuthi izici ezibalulekile imfundiso yokuziphendukela umthetho . Indima ebaluleke kunazo zonke kudlalwa nguMthethosisekelo, esekelwe izisekelo zazo umzimba ogunyaziwe kwenza imithetho isakhiwo zomthetho kohlelo.

Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, umthetho kunamandla aphakeme wezomthetho, kodwa akusho kungqubuzana uMthethosisekelo. Banikezwe ukubaluleka isenzo umthetho ngamunye, okungenxa yezimo ezikhethekile imithetho zenqubo ukwemukelwa kwemithetho lakhiwe. Le nqubo futhi inquma umthethosisekelo, ogxile imihlahlandlela isishayamthetho. I-oda yokwemukela kuhlanganisa izigaba eziningana, wedlula ngamunye enikeza imvume yokugcina futhi ukungena force. Ekuqaleni wahlanganyela ukuthuthukiswa komthetho, State Duma ke kokucubungula izinto eqeda eya Federation Council. Ngesikhathi ngxenye yokugcina Russian Federation uMongameli avumela imithetho. Lokhu kulandelwa ukushicilelwa idokhumenti.

Ngokweyame isenzo zomthetho kungaba ezindaweni ezahlukene kakhulu empilweni yomphakathi - kusukela inhlangano isimiso sezombangazwe sakhona ngaphambi ukufakwa nezinzuzo zezenhlalo. imithetho Jikelele ngokuvamile amboze zonke izingxenye sabantu futhi yasakazwa kulo lonke izwe, kodwa zikhona ezehlukile. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho phezu isibopho lempi udlulisela kuphela abesilisa.

Sesiphawulile ukuthi umthetho Russian Federation sinikezwe ibutho eliphakeme zomthetho. Kodwa kule ndaba mangisho ku izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe, okuyizinto sabaphathi lomthetho kungahle futhi iyophakama kuno-umthetho waseRussia. Yiqiniso, lokhu kwenzeka kuphela kubantu yalezozsivumelwane, okuyinto kwasayinwa abameleli ogunyaziwe isimo. Ngokuvamile inqubo is kwahambisana ukusayinwa futhi kuciniswa idokhumenti, kodwa akudingeki ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi igunya zezivumelwano ngamazwe phezu kwemithetho kuMtsetfosisekelo.