Ilungelo lokuphila. Ilungelo lobumfihlo

Inherent kuwo wonke umuntu unelungelo lempilo, okuyinto ivikelwe umthetho. Ngo okuqukethwe yawo lubonisa ukuthi akekho kungenziwa ngamabomu akhethiwe ithuba lokuphila. Lo mthetho ziwumthwalo isibopho isimo ukwenza konke ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umuntu kwaba isiphumile engozini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo kufanele banakekele uphenyo ngempumelelo siyadabuka. ERussia, ukuba khona ilungelo lokuphila esungulwe nguMtsetfosisekelo.

bokuhlukaniswa ukuphila

Esimweni esifana ngokomthetho bangase ukuphuca umuntu wokuphila? Lesi senzo eyenziwa uma ngiphoqelekile ngempela ukusebenzisa amandla ukuvikela noma yimuphi umuntu kusukela kobushiqela emthethweni. Ngakho, eyenziwa ukuboshwa ngokomthetho noma ukuvimbela yokuphunyuka lomuntu isiboshwa avelelwe ngokomthetho. Futhi namanje kubalulekile ukucindezela ngumthetho, ukuvukelwa kombuso noma uthuli,.

Umkhuba ekunqanyulweni lempilo kubantu abaphethwe izifo ezingelapheki kanye othola ukuhlushwa ubuhlungu obunjeya, ngokuthi ukubulawa kwesiguli. Kwamanye amazwe, abantu bezinye izizwe uzosiza ngokushunyayelwa kwezindaba ezinhle ukuzibulala yokuzithandela ngokomthetho.

Ukuvikela amalungelo abantwana abangakazalwa

Amazwe amaningi cabanga ukuthi unelungelo lempilo umuntu ezuza ngesikhathi ukulethwa kuphela. Nokho, nezitha isisu futhi ucwaningo nge-stem cell uzame nkolelo lapho nje ebamba isisu. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi lesishiyagalombili Ukuchitshiyelwa seMtsetfosisekelo Ireland, esenziwa ngo-1987, samukela isithelo ilungelo lokuphila emikhawulweni efanayo, lapho kuyaqapheleka futhi unina ngakhothama ngokulila. E-Hungary ngo-2011, sacala kusebenta inguqulo entsha uMthetho Basic uqalelela ngokuvikela yokuphila komuntu kusukela ngomzuzu wokukhulelwa. Empeleni kuthiwa kuvinjelwe isisu.

yobudala sokukhulelwa lapho abantu ezibhekwa izidalwa kunqunywa izishayamthetho ezweni ngalinye. Elase sebemukele ezihlukahlukene ukusebenza amazinga kosana olungakazalwa. Ngakho, e-Ukraine kubhekwa umbungu iphila enesisindo kuphela kuka-500 g Lokhu isixazululo ochwepheshe wemfanelo azibonayo ehlukile. Futhi zonke ngoba izibhedlela eziningi womama azikwazi ukunakekela izingane ezinjalo.

insitha

Bokuhlukaniswa ukuphila beziphindiselela ngokuthi ukufa. Kungaba ngokomthetho nguHulumeni futhi wabulawa i ngempumelelo inkantolo isinqumo. Ngezinye izikhathi kungaba isixazululo nezinye izinhlaka lempi noma uhulumeni. Njengoba ubona, it has ukutolika eziningi unelungelo lokuphila.

Ngo nomhlaba ophucukile isigwebo sokufa akukho emthethweni ezindaweni eziningi. Kodwa abanye bakubheka njengodumo evamile isijeziso lobugebengu, nakuba isetshenziswa kuphela ezimweni kwamacala abucayi kakhulu. EChina, isigwebo sokufa isetshenziswa yonke indawo futhi amaphutha kancane. Kuleli zwe, kule ngesihluku ajezise izikhulu ezikhohlakele pimps, abazingela ngokungemthetho, forgers, labo abangamthandi akhokhe izintela, nokunye.

practice zomthetho Russian nawaseSoviet, ekutholeni isigwebo sokufa ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene, ngokuvamile isebenzisa euphemisms. Lowo ezifanele kakhulu emphakathini wanamuhla is esingu. Asetshenziswa izindlela ukubulawa esigodweni sokuhlunguphazwa esinjalo, njengoba isihlalo sikagesi, neveli, ngomjovo obulalayo engazi, akhandwe ngamatshe kanti ngokunqunywa.

yobumfihlo

Ilungelo yemfihlo isayensi jurisprudential engena isigaba inalienable. Lihlanganisa izici ezilandelayo:

• A ukuvinjelwa nokuqoqwa, isitoreji, ukudluliswa kanye nokusetshenziswa kolwazi mayelana nokuphila kwangasese abantu ngaphandle kwemvume yabo.
• Ilungelo ukulawula ulwazi mayelana ngokwabo.
• Ilungelo lokuvikelwa udumo igama elihle.
• Ilungelo lokuvikelwa kwedatha yomuntu siqu.
• Ilungelo ubumfihlo zokuxhumana. Ngezinye izikhathi ikhishwa njengoba wodwana.
• Ilungelo ukudayisa izimfihlo (yezokwelapha, imfihlo Ukuvuma izono ngokukhululeka nangokusuka ukwamukelwa et al.).

Ngo amazwe sezenhlalo, esikhundleni igama elithi "ukuvikela imfihlo", wasebenzisa inkulumo ethi "ukuphila komuntu". abameli Russian ngokuvamile ukwaba ilungelo lobumfihlo ngomqondo emincane futhi ebanzi. Esimeni sesibili libhekisela ukuvikelwa spectrum ezibanzi umsebenzi umuntu, hhayi okuhlobene nomsebenzi womphakathi. Eqinisweni, kulesi simo, ilungelo lobumfihlo kuhlanganisa imithetho umndeni izimfihlo siqu, ukuvikeleka kwemininingwane nokuphathelene, ubuqotho amakhaya kanye nokunye okufana nalokho. Inzwa emincane amadili ezilungile ukuvikelwa kuphela indilinga encane kakhulu yomsebenzi yomuntu ezingavezwa ayinawo umsuka zomthetho. Kungenzeka ngisho nabangane abangamathe evamile, isibonelo.

Yiqiniso, iningi lamazwe ngokusemthethweni ememezela kwamalungelo wobuntu kungukuthi njalo kwenziwe umkhuba. Futhi ubuqotho nokuphila kwangasese kuvame uhlala ephepheni, ngisho noma kuqinisekiswa uMthethosisekelo kanye nemithetho.

indaba

Ilungelo lokuphila - kuba kunalokho isiqubulo kunenani ethemini ngalokuvakalako. Hobbes wagomela ukuthi ukuzithiba ukulondolozwa kungumsebenzi eyinhloko umuntu ngamunye, ukuze kubhekwa ilungelo zemvelo ukwenza konke lokhu kunezela nekutilondvolota mine.

Ngakho, owaziwa kakhulu leli lungelo senziwa ngesikhathi amazwe aseYurophu esikhathini ukulwelwa wobunxiwankulu. salotshwa eFrance, umthetho zokulawula. Futhi e-US soMthethosisekelo futhi Umthetho Wamalungelo Abantu ka -United States kude kangaka ayizange fixed, nakuba lisuselwa eziningi ukutjhugululwa okufaneleko komthethosisekelo.

Ngokokuqala ngqá ilungelo ukuphila komkhaya iye ngokwesayensi athuthukile ukuba abe ososayensi adumile, abameli Brendaysa LD futhi "ilungelo lakhe lobumfihlo" SD Warren, eyakhishwa baseMelika 1890. Ngemva kwalokho, leli lungelo liye asekelwe uchungechunge iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-US eyandulele. Le nkantolo omamukele ukhona futhi welula eziningi izinguquko US uMthethosisekelo.

Ngo ngemva kwempi, ku kwamashumi amahlanu, ilungelo kuvikelwe eziningi izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe, emazweni amaningi emhlabeni. I-USSR futhi kulolu hla, futhi kamuva eRussia, lapho ilungelo lobumfihlo wokuvikela wombuso.

isiqondiso zomthetho

ERussia, lelilungelo kuthiwa 23, 24 no-25 izihloko soMthethosisekelo. Imithetho elawula kuvikelwe ilungelo lobumfihlo kuhlanganisa Civil Code, zoMthetho Federal "Ngo Personal Data" kanye nenombolo zezivumelwano ngamazwe. Okokuqala sikhuluma -Universal Declaration of Human Rights, European Convention on Human Rights, i kweSivumelwano Samazwe Ngamazwe Samalungelo Aphathelene Nezakhamuzi kanye Nezombusazwe.

Ubuqotho singakunaki ukuphila komuntu kulinda Art. 137 we-Criminal Code of Russia.

ucwaningo

ERussia ilungelo ukuphila ihlaziye kuleveli monographic M. N. Maleinos, IL Petruhin konstitutsionistami-IM Huzhokovoy futhi G. B. Romanovsky.

Ilungelo yobumfihlo angancishiswa kuphela ngendlela ebekiwe ngumthetho, futhi kuphela isinqumo senkantolo. -IM Huzhokova ukhomba umehluko phakathi umthethosisekelo isiRashiya, kwezinkambiso lomthethosisekelo zoMthetho Federal "Ngo isimo esibucayi" futhi namaqiniso okuphila kwanamuhla. Yena yagxila iqiniso lokuthi labo imibhalo ilungelo ubuqotho wokuphila komkhaya, ngalezi zindlela lungekho ngaphansi komkhawulo. Futhi lokhu kuwumphumela ekuchazweni yakhe ngokusebenza kwe-imithombo Western.

absolutism Hobbes

Ngo isivumelwano ezinengqondo zomphakathi Hobbes abantu anikezwa wonke amalungelo umzimba nobuntu bakhe salabo zikhetha inkosi. Ake sithi bathi ukugunyaza zonke izenzo zakhe. Absolutism Hobbes aqede iqiniso elilodwa: njengoba isivumelwano yomphakathi sihlose self-ukulondolozwa, izakhamuzi zakhona inkosi a awukwazi oda ukuzibulala.

Locke wakufanelekela umphakathi ezisetshenziswa umphakathi njengoba umfelandawonye, nokulondoloza ukuphila, inkululeko, kanye nempahla. Lesi sitatimende wakhonza njengephayona isibonelo egomela, kufakwe American Declaration of Independence: "Sivumelana iqiniso kusobala ukuthi abantu bazalwa belingana. Siyaqonda ukuthi indoda sinikezwe yoMdali wabo ne amalungelo athile inalienable, ohlwini okubandakanya ilungelo lenkululeko, ukuphila nesifiso ukuze zithole injabulo. " Unolwazi ezingeni eliphezulu enjalo, unelungelo lempilo, kodwa akulona olungenamkhawulo.