I kwetimboni Kazakhstan: impumelelo nokwehluleka

Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-20-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu elidlule lonke elase-USSR umkhakha crisis yayina kakhulu. Ubufakazi izinkinga kuye kwaholela kuvisisa nesidingo sokusheshisa kwezimboni. Kodwa e Moscow, waqala mpikiswano olunzulu mayelana nezindlela nezindlela ekwenzeni lokho okuhleliwe.

imiqondo ngxabano

Usihlalo Ephakeme Economic Council kwaba ngaleso sikhathi Dzerzhinsky. Wasikisela kwasekuqaleni ukuqala asathuthuka umkhakha ukukhanya. Lokhu kuzokwenzeka lula ukuthola imali ngokushesha futhi ukuqinisekisa imikhiqizo abantukazana umthengi. Isekela Dzerzhinsky Piatakov wakhuthaza ukusheshisa ukuthuthukiswa umkhakha esindayo. Lesi siphakamiso isekelwa Preobrazhensky, Trotsky futhi uStalin. Izimali kudingeka ukuze kwakhiwe izitshalo ezintsha kanye sesimanje kwamalimi kufanele uthole by reallocating kubo evela ekorweni yangeqadi - ngokusebenzisa intela ye abantukazana, collectivization futhi exchange ukungalingani. Ngo-1926, ezweni ngokusemthethweni sesidlulela ukusheshisa kwezimboni. Nokho, ngale ndlela ngokushesha ukuhlonza lezo nkinga.

Kazakhstan esikhathini kwezimboni

Ngokusho amacebo kuhulumeni, kule ndawo kwakufanele kube omunye izindawo ezibalulekile lezomnotho ngesivinini esikhulu. Ngezenzo waphishekela umgomo eMoscow F. Goloshchekin. Wakhuthaza kumiswa republic embonini yezimayini kanye izitimela, inikeza ukuthekelisa of izinto zokusetshenziswa. говоря, была направлена на создание материальной базы для передовых промышленных районов СССР. I kwetimboni Kazakhstan, ngamafuphi, yayihloselwe ukudala ngesisekelo impahla ezifundeni ezithuthukile yezimboni i-USSR. Ezinye iziphathimandla zendawo eholwa Sadvakasova kuqhathaniswa somgomo wokusetshenziswa kwezilimi eziningi. . Bacela inkambo kwetimboni Kazakhstan. umqondo wayo kwakuwukuba namabhomu ukudala yokukhiqiza kwezebhizinisi nezimboni ukukhanya. Lokhu kufanele kunakwe izithakazelo republic. Iziphathimandla zendawo wazama ngaleyo ndlela ukuvimbela ekuguquleni esifundeni balwenza ikoloni. Kodwa Kwakusinda kwehlela ohlangothini Goloshekin. приобрело неоколониальную форму. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni e Kazakhstan isibe ifomu neo-wamakoloni.

ukwakhiwa komgwaqo

началось с транспортной инфраструктуры. Ukuqala kokusetshenziswa kwezimboni e Kazakhstan uqalise nge ingqalasizinda yezokuthutha. Kwakuwusuku ukwakhiwa wesitimela Turkestan-Siberian / d iphrojekthi yokuqala enkulu. It ixhunywe ku-Alma-Ata futhi Semipalatinsk. Ukwakha kwaphothulwa ngo-1931. Ngo-1927 sebeqedile ukwakhiwa komgwaqo Petropavlovsk - Kokchetau. Ngo-1931 wanwetshelwa Akmola. Ngo-1939 yayakhiwe umgwaqo Rubtsovsk - Ridder, Ileck - okwethulwa ngomlomo, Aqmola - Karaganda, futhi ngo-1940 - Karaganda - Jezkazgan. Lezi izindlela ukunikeza ukuthekelisa of izinto zokusetshenziswa ezivela ezweni.

izinkampani

Kanye imigwaqo yayakhiwa futhi kabusha izakhiwo zezimboni. Ngakho, abuyiselwe Karsakpay Ridder nezitshalo. Umsebenzi kwakwenziwa Karaganda ezimayini zamalahle. Waqala ukwakhiwa asebenzayo we Chimkent isitshalo owayephambili ukucutshungulwa, Zhezkazgan futhi Balkhash smelter, Ust-Kamenogorsk nomthofu-zinc isitshalo. осложнялся нагнетанием темпов и неоправданным завышением планов. Inkambo kwezimboni e Kazakhstan kwakunzima ngenxa yezinkinga ngu umjovo we ijubane futhi izinhlelo okungasekelwe ndawo. Ngo-1929, iziphathimandla zanquma ukuba abukeze uhlelo lweminyaka emihlanu izinkomba phezulu ukhiye. Lokhu kwabangela izinkinga esinazo imishini kanye nezisebenzi kuyakhiwa. Unezinkinga impahla eluhlaza. Isethi izakhiwo iye simisiwe. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi inkampani benza ivolumu ezithile ukukhiqizwa, zigcwele, abakwazanga amaphuzu. длилась в целом до начала Второй мировой. Ukwakhiwa kwezimboni Kazakhstan yathatha wonke ngaphambi kwempi yezwe yesibili.

inqubomgomo kufuduka

возник дефицит в рабочей силе. Eminyakeni kwezimboni e Kazakhstan kusweleke wezisebenzi. Kubangela ngesivinini yokwakhiwa ezimbonini. Ukuhlinzeka abasebenzi kanye izakhiwo ngesikhathi kulondolozwa ekuqeqesheni abantu bendawo amandla abaqhuba amasethi abantu ezindaweni entshonalanga ye-USSR. Kulezi zindawo, lizinga lalabamnyama labangasebenti laliphezulu kakhulu. Ukuze 1931-1940 biennium. republic. abantu abangaphezu kuka-550 eziyinkulungwane ziphuthunyiswe. Inani elikhulu lezisebenzi ngokuvamile liphansi-onekhono, baba abalimi kusukela emizaneni nasemadolobheni ecekelwe collectivization.

izinkinga

Ngenxa yalokho kwenqubomgomo ukufuduka in amabhizinisi uwile ngokucijile, ukusebenza nje kuphela, kodwa futhi isiyalo. Phakathi izisebenzi ezinekhono nabantu baseYurophu abangenamakhono, bendawo ngokuvamile kwadingeka izingxabano. Ngo amabhizinisi wanqoba ukudakwa, ngobudedengu. Konke lokhu uyawuthiya kakhulu embonini. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho kwakhiwa Turksib ebusika 1928 kwakukhona pogrom e Sergipole. On Karsakpay isitshalo yahlakazeka ukudakwa hooliganism, kukhona ngokuvamile izibhelu yobuhlanga. On Ridder isitshalo hhayi Kazakhs bavunyelwa ehostela nge Russian, bakhokhelwa kancane endawo esikhundleni izivakashi nezimfuneko efanayo. Kube nezinkinga ukuthola ukwelashwa. High inzuzo ingamaphesenti ngesikhathi amabhizinisi.

abavela kwamanye amazwe akhethekile

Baye bakhonza deku replenishment abasebenzayo. Izifiki Special - abalimi abaxosha, abomdabu yeSiberia, ezimaphakathi yezwe. Ngo-1931 wathuthela angaba yizinkulungwane 70. Man e Karaganda. Bakhandwa kumi emizaneni 25 kabani izimo zazizimbi kakhulu. Izifiki Special ayenqatshelwe ukuhamba ongaphandle kwendawo yokuhlala. Basebenza ezimayini, ku ukwakhiwa emabhalekisini ethu, ujantshi. Labo wasebenza, wathola 600 amagremu abondliwa - 300 amagremu esinkwa ngosuku. Kusukela kwezifo nendlala, izifiki ekhethekile abanengi bafa. Bona kwathathelwa indawo abantu abasha zalethwa. Ngokuvamile, Kazakhstan wathumela ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 189. Kulaks Owabe. 150,000 wabo kwalethwa ngo-1931 Inani izifiki ekhethekile ngo-1937 safinyelela ayizinkulungwane 360.

uhlelo ekamu

It yadalwa ukuze ahlinzeke amabhizinisi ezinkulu ngamandla ezishibhile. Ngo-1931, ekamu Karaganda kwamiswa. Yayiqukethe nokubacindezela kuzo zonke izifunda ze-Union. Phakathi 30-40-yalolucwaningo kwamakamu eziningana ezifana adalwe ku-republic. Kazakhstan, ngaleyo ndlela, liye laba yindawo emikhulu edingisiwe.

izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali

проводилась за счет ухудшения качества жизни населения, в частности, крестьянства. I kwetimboni Kazakhstan owawuse ngezithukuthuku izinga lempilo, ikakhulukazi abantukazana. Esikhathini esiyiminyaka emihlanu kusukela ngo-1929 kuya 1934, kwaba khona izinga okusezingeni eliphezulu emali. imali supply ukukhula safinyelela 180%, futhi izindleko emphahleni wavuka 250-300%. Isethi amaphuzu uhlelo lweminyaka emihlanu ephathelene, ngokukhethekile, umkhakha ukukhanya, futhi atikasetjentiswa.

imiphumela emihle

, эксперты отмечают существенный рост объема промышленного производства, увеличение доли его продукции в хозяйстве. Ngokufunda izici kwezimboni e Kazakhstan, ochwepheshe uqaphele nokwanda okuphawulekayo ngevolumu ukukhiqizwa yezimboni, okwandisa share ukukhiqizwa yayo epulazini. Ngu Imininingwane ak. Ashinbaeva, ngesikhathi plan yeminyaka emihlanu yokuqala wamabhizinisi 40 ezinkulu, kulo wesibili wethulwa lizwe - 120, kanti eyesithathu has 700 ukwakhiwa emikhulu waqala Aktobe zamakhemikhali Balkhash zethusi smelter, isitshalo phambili ku Shymkent, Karaganda amalahle elisemcengezini, njll Ukhiye kwaba. ujantshi Turkestan-laseSiberia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakhiwa izitshalo amandla amakhulu.

umkhakha extractive

Kulesi wemboni futhi wathatha kwezimboni ngesivinini esikhulu. в первые довоенные пятилетки акцент ставился на добыче природных ресурсов для удовлетворения народного хозяйства всего Союза в продукции нефтяной, угольной, пищевой и легкой промышленности, цветной металлургии. Ngo Kazakhstan e pre-impi uhlelo lokuqala oneminyaka emihlanu, ukugcizelela wabekwa isizinda ngokuphelele kwezinsiza zemvelo ukuze zihlangabezane umnotho sonke ukukhiqizwa-Union emafutheni, amalahle, ukudla nokukhanya umkhakha, yokusansimbi nonferrous. Ngo-1939, isabelo Republic ukukhululwa ingqikithi phambili nethusi ezweni zaba 84,8% futhi 16,2%, ngokulandelana. Ngu-1940, Kazakhstan kwaba endaweni yesibili ku-Union for yokusansimbi non-ayoni, kanti eyesithathu - uwoyela namalahle. I isabelo umkhakha e okukhipha okwedlulele kwaba 63,7% uma kuqhathaniswa no 13.5% ngaphambi lokuqala Five Year Plan.

collectivization

Eminyakeni 1928-1930 lavuselelwa division zokuphatha-USSR. Esikhundleni izifundazwe kanye namalokishi nezindawo ezihlala izifunda wafika endaweni kanye nesifunda. Nazo ngokufanayo, ihlukaniswe ngezigodi. Lezi amayunithi babe izifunda ezincane, kodwa izifunda kakhulu endaweni. сопровождалась коллективизацией. Esikhathini sokuqala kwezimboni oneminyaka emihlanu e Kazakhstan ephelezelwa collectivization. Phakathi onesiqongo lizwe kwadingeka ngaphezulu ayizinkulungwane 550 amapulazi uhlobo ayimizulane kanye lulwimi ayimizulane. Collectivisation waqhubeka umugqa kumiswa ngokuhlanganyela esimweni amapulazi, haying umshini-iziteshi (yesandla). Ngaphambi kwempi, kwakunabamemezeli inhlangano mass. Njengengxenye amapulazi collective babe 99% wonke amapulazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, 4 yepulazi sesakhiwe futhi 331-MCC.

amaphutha

Ngo inqubo collectivization zingeniswe amaphutha. Kwasekuqaleni, kanye nekwakhiwa kwetimboni, eseneminyaka ukuhamba ngokushesha phakathi nesikhathi esifushane kakhulu. Ngo-February 1930, ngokwesibonelo, amapulazi collective banda baba ngaphezu kuka-70%, kanti kwezinye izindawo - kufike ku-80% wamakhaya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mkhuba ngokuthi "nigxumagxume" elususa kwesinye isimo yomsebenzi komunye ngaphandle kokudala izimfanelo, ikhumbula ngokucacile komkhakha wakuleli wezolimo yezwe. Okubaluleke ngendlela efanayo kwaba komphakathi ophoqelelwe nezilwane ezifuywayo. Izilwane athathwa ngisho nabampofu. Lokhu kwabangela ukunganeliseki phakathi abantukazana. Abantu baqala ukuthengisa impahla, imfuyo kanye ukuthuthela angomakhelwane izifunda - Central Asia amazwe ensimini ka phakathi futhi aphansi iVolga, Western eSiberia, Bashkiria, futhi kwezinye izimo futhi kwamanye amazwe - Mongolia, China nabanye.

Imiphumela

I kwetimboni Kazakhstan kuye kwabangela umonakalo omkhulu kwezolimo. Ngokungafani ubunye 80% amakhaya asendaweni amapulazi collective ngo-1930 (entwasahlobo) wabo waqhubeka mayelana 10-15%. Ukuze imikhawulo weRiphabhulikhi baye kwashiya abantu abangaphezu kuka-180 eziyinkulungwane. Amapulazi. Lokhu kakhulu kubukela phansi umnotho Kazakhstan yabangela umonakalo omkhulu imfuyo. Ngemva kwalokho, izinyathelo baphuthunyiswe ayisuse imiphumela ye ukweqisa uzibophezele. Nokho, kwakunzima ukubuyisela labantu lost in pre-impi uhlelo lweminyaka emihlanu. Inselele ukhiye kwayo yonke le nqubo kwaba backwardness kwezenhlalo noma kwezomnotho. Ezimweni ezinjalo, abantu weRiphabhulikhi kwadingeka enze isinqumo esibonisa eqa okusheshayo kusuka feudalism ukuba socialism ngaphandle kokuya esigabeni zama-Capitalist. Isimo sibe sibi nakakhulu ukuthi nokuvulwa eziyinkimbinkimbi kwezomnotho ngemva kokungenela angaphandle kanye kulwiwa imisiwe kakhulu. Ngo-1926, umkhakha kuleli zwe ifinyelele% 61 kuphela ngonyaka we-1913 ezingeni, at a / s - 82,9%. Kwaba aphansi kakhulu, izinga zangaphambi wamavukelambuso. Indawo okuholela embonini wanikwa ukukhiqizwa yabadobi, oveza izimpahla ngokuyinhloko umthengi futhi kuhlanganisa amabhizinisi amancane wahlanganyela ukucutshungulwa izinto isilwane engahluziwe imikhiqizo kwezolimo kuphela.