Imfundo:, Isayensi
Inqubo ye-photosynthesis: emfushane futhi eqondakalayo kubantwana. I-Photosynthesis: isigaba sokukhanya nesimnyama
Indlela yokuchaza inqubo enzima kangaka njenge-photosynthesis, ngokufushane futhi ngokuqondakalayo? Izimila yizinto eziphilayo kuphela ezikwazi ukukhiqiza ukudla kwazo. Benza kanjani lokhu? Ukukhula nokuthuthukiswa kwezimila zithola zonke izinto ezidingekayo ezivela emvelweni: i-carbon dioxide - emoyeni, amanzi kanye nezakhi - kusuka emhlabathini. Bakudinga amandla abawutholayo emisebeni yelanga. Lezi zithonya ukushintsha kwamakhemikhali athile, lapho i-carbon dioxide kanye namanzi iphenduka i-glucose (ukudla) ne- oxygen. Lena izithombeynthesis. Ngamafuphi futhi ngokucacile, isisekelo senqubo singachazwa ngisho nezingane ezineminyaka esikoleni.
"Kanye Nokukhanya"
Igama elithi "photosynthesis" livela emazwini amabili esiGreki - "isithombe" nethi "synthesis", inhlanganisela okuhunyushwa isho "ngokukhanya." Ngenqubo ye-photosynthesis, amandla elanga ashintshwe abe ngamakhemikhali. Ukulingana kwamakhemikhali we-photosynthesis:
6CO 2 + 12H 2 O + ukukhanya = C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 + 6H 2 O.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi kusetshenziselwa ama-molecule e-carbon dioxide kanye namamolekhamli ayishumi nambili (kanye nokukhanya kwelanga) ukukhiqiza i-glucose, okuholela ekwakheni kwama-molecule ayisithupha we-oxygen namamolekli ayisithupha amanzi. Uma sikhuluma lokhu ngesimo somlinganiso wezwi, sithola lokhu okulandelayo:
I-carbon dioxide + amanzi + ilanga => i-glucose + i-oxygen + amanzi.
Ilanga liwumthombo onamandla kakhulu wamandla. Abantu bazama njalo ukusebenzisa ukukhiqiza ugesi, ukushisa amakhaya, ukushisa amanzi nokunye. Izimila "zavela" nendlela yokusebenzisa amandla we-solar million eminyakeni edlule, ngoba kwakudingeka ukuba basinde. I-photosynthesis ingachazwa ngokufushane futhi ngokucacile ngale ndlela: izitshalo zisebenzisa amandla okukhanya elangeni futhi ziguqula zibe ngamakhemikhali, okuwumphumela wawo ushukela (i-glucose), okweqile okugcinwe njenge-isitashi emaqabunga, izimpande, iziqu kanye nembewu yesitshalo. Amandla elanga adluliselwa ezitshalweni, kanye nasezilwaneni lezi zitshalo ezidlayo. Lapho isitshalo sidinga izakhi zokukhula nezinye izinqubo zokuphila, lezi zitshalo ziwusizo kakhulu.
Izitshalo zithatha kanjani amandla elangeni?
Ukukhuluma nge-photosynthesis kufushane futhi kuyaqondakala, kufanelekile ukukhuluma ngombuzo wokuthi izitshalo zilawula kanjani ukutholwa amandla we-solar. Lokhu kubangelwa isakhiwo esikhethekile samaqabunga, okufaka amangqamuzana aluhlaza - ama-chloroplast, aqukethe izinto ezikhethekile ezibizwa ngokuthi i-chlorophyll. Lokhu kuhlotshaniswa kwezitshalo, okwenza amaqabunga abe ngumbala oluhlaza futhi unesibopho sokubamba amandla okukhanya kwelanga.
Kungani iningi lamaqabunga elibanzi futhi eliphansi?
I-photosynthesis ivela kumaqabunga ezitshalo. Iqiniso elimangalisayo ukuthi izitshalo zifaneleke kakhulu ukutholwa kwelanga futhi zithatha i-carbon dioxide. Ngenxa yobuso obubanzi, ukukhanya okuningi kuzothathwa. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi amapaneli elanga, awakhiwe ngezinye izikhathi phezu kwamapulangwe ezindlu, nawo ahlukene futhi ahlala flat. Ukukhudlwana kwendawo, ukukhishwa kangcono kwenzeka.
Yini enye ebalulekile ezitshalweni?
Njengabantu, izitshalo nazo zidinga izakhi kanye nezondlo ukuze zigcine impilo yazo, zikhule futhi zifeze imisebenzi yazo ebalulekile kahle. Bathola izinto ezimbiwa ngamaminerali zihlakazwa emanzini zisuka emhlabathini ngokusebenzisa izimpande. Uma inhlabathi ingekho izakhi zamaminerali, lesi sitshalo ngeke sikhule ngendlela evamile. Abalimi bavame ukuhlola umhlabathi ukuze baqiniseke ukuthi unamakhemikhali okwanele okutshala izitshalo. Kungenjalo, sebenzisa ukusetshenziswa kwamaminerali aqukethe amaminerali ayisisekelo okudla kanye nokukhula kwezitshalo.
Kungani i-photosynthesis ibaluleke kangaka?
Ukuchaza i-photosynthesis imfushane futhi iyaqondakala kubantwana, kufanelekile ukuphawula ukuthi le nqubo ingenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwamakhemikhali emhlabeni. Yiziphi izizathu zesitatimende esinjalo? Okokuqala, i-photosynthesis inondla izitshalo, eziphinde zondle zonke ezinye izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni, kuhlanganise nezilwane nabantu. Okwesibili, ngenxa ye-photosynthesis, i-oxygen edingekayo yokuphefumula idedelwa emkhathini. Zonke izidalwa eziphilayo zifaka umoya we-oxygen futhi zithuthukise i-carbon dioxide. Ngenhlanhla, izitshalo zenza okuphambene nalokho, ngakho zibaluleke kakhulu kubantu nasezilwaneni, ngoba zibavumela ukuba baphefumule.
Inqubo Enhle
Izitshalo, zivela, zikwazi nokuphefumula, kodwa, ngokungafani nabantu nezilwane, zithatha umoya we-carbon dioxide, hhayi umoya-mpilo. Izitshalo nazo ziphuza. Yingakho udinga ukuwahambisa, ngaphandle kwalokho uzofa. Ngosizo lwesistimu yempande, amanzi nezakhi zihanjiswa kuzo zonke izingxenye zomzimba wesitshalo, futhi ngokusebenzisa izimbobo ezincane emaqabunga e-carbon dioxide. Inqubo yokubangela ukukhishwa kwamakhemikhali ilanga. Yonke imikhiqizo yokushintshaniswa elandelwayo isetshenziselwa izitshalo zokudla, i-oksijeni ikhishwa emoyeni. Yileyo ndlela ongayichaza ngayo ngokucacile futhi ngokucacile indlela inqubo ye-photosynthesis eyenzeka ngayo.
I-Photosynthesis: izigaba ezikhanyayo nezimnyama ze-photosynthesis
Inqubo okucatshangwayo iqukethe izingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko. Kunezigaba ezimbili ze-photosynthesis (incazelo kanye netafula - okuqhubekayo emibhalweni). Okokuqala kubizwa ngokuthi isigaba sokukhanya. Kwenzeka kuphela lapho kukhona ukukhanya emangqamuzaneni ye-thylakoid ngokuhlanganyela kwe-chlorophyll, amaprotheni wokudlulisa i-electron kanye ne-ATP synthetase enzyme. Yini enye efihla i-photosynthesis? Izigaba ezikhanyayo nezimnyama ze-photosynthesis zishintshana njengomunye nobusuku ziqala (imijikelezo kaCalvin). Phakathi nesigaba somnyama, i-glucose efanayo, ukudla kwezitshalo, ikhiqizwa. Le nqubo ibizwa nangokuthi ukuphendula okungafani nokukhanya.
| Isigaba sokukhanya | Isigaba esimnyama |
1. Ukusabela okwenzeka kuma-chloroplast kungenzeka kuphela lapho kukhona khona ukukhanya. Kulezi zindlela, amandla okukhanya aguqulwa abe ngamakhemikhali 2. I-Chlorophyll nezinye izingulube zithatha amandla avela elangeni. Le nandla idluliselwa kuma-photosystems aphethwe i-photosynthesis 3. Amanzi asetshenziselwa ama-electron kanye ne-hydrogen ions, futhi ahlanganyele ekukhiqizeni umoya-mpilo 4. Ama-electron nama-hydrogen ions asetshenziselwa ukwakha i-ATP (i-molecule yesitoreji samandla), okudingekayo esigabeni esilandelayo se-photosynthesis | 1. Ukuphendukela komjikelezo okhanya ngokwengeziwe kwenzeka kwi-stroma yama-chloroplast 2. I-carbon dioxide namandla avela ku-ATP asetshenziswa ngendlela ye-glucose |
Isiphetho
Kuzo zonke ezingenhla, singathola iziphetho ezilandelayo:
- I-photosynthesis yinqubo evumela ukuthi uthole amandla kusuka elangeni.
- Amandla alanga elangeni aguqulwa ngamandla amakhemikhali nge-chlorophyll.
- I-Chlorophyll inikeza izitshalo umbala ohlaza.
- I-photosynthesis ivela kuma-chloroplasts amangqamuzana amaqabunga ezitshalo.
- I-carbon dioxide namanzi kuyadingeka ukuze i-photosynthesis.
- I-carbon dioxide ingena kulesi sitshalo ngokusebenzisa izimbobo ezincane, i-stomata, futhi ikwazi ukungena kuwo amaqabunga e-oxygen.
- Amanzi afakwa esitshalweni ngokusebenzisa izimpande zawo.
- Ngaphandle kwe-photosynthesis, bekungekho ukudla emhlabeni.
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