Kuyini ukuhlaziywa kwe-X-ray fluorescence?

I-XRF (ukuhlaziywa kwe-X-ray fluorescence) yindlela yokuhlaziywa ngokomzimba ebeka ngokuqondile cishe zonke izakhi zamakhemikhali ezinamakhemikhali, amakhemikhali namanzi aqinile.

Ukusetshenziswa kwendlela

Le ndlela iyonke, ngoba isekelwe ukulungiselela isampula esheshayo nesilula. Wathola indlela yokusabalalisa kabanzi embonini, ensimini yocwaningo lwesayensi. Indlela yokuhlaziywa kwe-X-ray fluorescence inamandla amakhulu, okuwusizo ekuhlaziyweni okunzima kakhulu kwezinto eziphilayo, kanye nokulawulwa kwekhwalithi yemikhiqizo nokuhlaziywa kwemikhiqizo eqedile kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa.

Umlando

Ukuhlaziywa kwe-X-ray fluorescence kuqala kwachazwa ngo-1928 ngabosayensi ababili-Glocker no-Schreiber. Idivayisi ngokwayo yadalwa ngo-1948 kuphela ososayensi uFriedman noBerks. Njengomtshina, bathatha i-counter Geiger, ebonisa ukuzwela okukhulu ngokuqondene nenombolo ye-athomu yenucley element.

I-helium noma i-medium vacuum endleleni yokucwaninga yasetshenziswa ngo-1960. Zasetshenziselwa ukunquma izakhi zokukhanya. Futhi, amacristali e-lithium fluoride asetshenziswa. Zasetshenziselwa i-diffraction. Ama-tubes e-Rhodium ne-chrome asetshenziselwa ukujabulisa iqembu le-wave.

I-Si (Li) - umtshina we-silicon i-lithium umtshina wasungulwa ngo-1970. Yanikeza ukuzwela okukhulu kwedatha futhi ayidingi ukusetshenziswa kwe-crystallizer. Noma kunjalo, ukulungiswa kwamandla kule divayisi kwakubi nakakhulu.

Ingxenye yokuhlaziywa okuzenzakalelayo kanye nokulawula inqubo kudluliselwe umshini nokufika kwama-computer. Ukulawulwa kwenzelwa iphaneli kudivayisi noma ikhibhodi yekhompyutha. Izingoma zokuhlaziywa zaziwa kakhulu kangangokuthi zazifakwe emisebenzini ethi "Apollo-15" ne "Apollo-16".

Okwamanje, iziteshi zesikhala nemikhumbi eyaqala emkhathini ifakwe la madivayisi. Lokhu kusivumela ukuba sibone futhi sihlaziye ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali amadwala kwamanye amaplanethi.

Okuyinhloko yendlela

Isihluthulelo sokuhlaziywa kwe-X-ray fluorescence ukuhlaziywa ngokomzimba. Hlaziya ngalendlela ongayenza ngayo imizimba emibili (ingilazi, insimbi, i-ceramics, amalahle, idwala, ipulasitiki), kanye noketshezi (amafutha, uphethiloli, izixazululo, amapende, iwayini negazi). Le ndlela ivumela ukucacisa izingqondo ezincane kakhulu, ezingeni le-ppm (ingxenye eyodwa ngesigidi). Okukhulu, kuze kufinyelele ku-100% yesampula, nakho kungeneka ekucwaningweni.

Lokhu kuhlaziywa okusheshayo, okuphephile futhi okungonakali kwemvelo. Inokukhiqiza okuphezulu kwemiphumela kanye nokunemba kwedatha. Le ndlela ivumela ukutholakala okulinganayo, okulinganayo nokulinganisela kwazo zonke izakhi ezisesampula.

I-essence ye-X-ray fluorescent indlela yokuhlaziya ilula futhi iyaqondakala. Uma ushiya i-terminology eceleni bese uzama ukuchaza indlela elula, kuvela. Ukuthi ukuhlaziywa kwenziwa ngesisekelo sokuqhathaniswa kwemisebe ebangelwa i-irradiation ye-athomu.

Kukhona isethi yedatha ejwayelekile eyaziwa kakade. Uma kuqhathaniswa nemiphumela nalezi zedatha, ososayensi benza isiphetho mayelana nokwakheka kwesampuli.

Ukulula nokufinyeleleka kwezixhobo zokusebenza zanamuhla kwenza kube lula ukuwasebenzisa ezimweni zokucwaninga kwamanzi, isikhala, izifundo ezihlukahlukene emkhakheni wenkambiso kanye nobuciko.

Isimiso sokusebenza

Le ndlela isekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwe-spectrum, etholakala ngendlela yokuthinta izinto, okuphenywa, yi-X ray.

Ngesikhathi se-irradiation, i-athomu ithola isimo esithakazelisayo, esilandelwa ukuguqulwa kwama-electron kumazinga angaphezu kwezinga eliphezulu. Kulo mhlaba, i-athomu yisikhathi esincane kakhulu, cishe i-microsecond engu-1, bese ibuyela esimweni sayo esisisekelo (isikhundla sokuthula). Ngalesi sikhathi, ama-electron aphezu kwamagobolondo angaphandle noma agcwalise izindawo ezingenamuntu ezingenamuntu, futhi amandla akhululiwe akhululwa ngendlela yama-photons, noma adlulisele amandla kwamanye ama-electron aphezu kwamagobolondo angaphandle (abizwa ngokuthi ama-electer angama-Auger). Ngalesi sikhathi, i-athomu ngayinye ikhulula i-photoelectron enegunya elinalo eliqinile. Isibonelo, i-iron irradiates i-X-ray eveza ama-photons afana ne-Kα, noma i-6.4 keV. Ngakho-ke, inani le-quanta namandla lingasetshenziswa ukukwahlulela isakhiwo sendaba.

Umthombo wemisebe

Indlela ye-X-ray fluorescence yokuhlaziywa kwensimbi njengomthombo wezokwelapha isebenzisa kokubili isotopes ezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene kanye nezibhamu ze-X-ray. Ezweni ngalinye izidingo ezihlukene zisebenza ekungenisweni kwe-isotopes, ngokulandelana, embonini yokukhiqiza amasu afanayo akhetha ukusebenzisa i-X ray ray.

Amapayipi anjalo afana nethusi, isiliva, i-rhodium, i-molybdenum noma enye i-anode. Kwezinye izimo, i-anode ikhethwe kuye ngomsebenzi.

Amanje namandla wezinto ezihlukile asetshenzisiwe. Kwanele ukuphenya izakhi ezikhanyayo nge-voltage ye-10 kV, ezinzima - 40-50 kV, eziphakathi - 20-30 kV.

Ngesikhathi sokucwaninga ngezici ezikhanyayo, isimo sendawo esizungezile sinethonya elikhulu kulo mkhakha. Ukuze unciphise lokhu, isampula ekamelweni elikhethekile lifakwe ku-vacuum noma igcwalise isikhala nge-helium. I-spectrum ejabule ibhaliswe idivayisi ekhethekile - umtshina. Ukuphakama kwesiphakamiso se-spectral se-detector kuncike ekutheni ukuhlukanisa ama-photons wezinto ezihlukile komunye nomunye. Manje isinqumo esinembile kunesilinganiso se-123 eV. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-X-ray fluorescence ngalolu hlu kuqhuba ngokunemba kwe-100%.

Ngemuva kokuthi i-photoelectron ishintshwe ibe yi-pulse ye-voltage, ebalwa ngamakhompyutha akhethekile wokubala, idluliselwa kukhompyutha. Ezingxenyeni ze-spectrum, ezanikeza ukuhlaziywa kwe-X-ray fluorescence, kulula ukulinganisa ukuthi yiziphi izakhi ezisemkhatsini wesifundo esiphansi. Ukuze kunqunywe ngokunembile okuqukethwe okulinganiselwe, kubalulekile ukutadisha i-spectrum etholakalayo ohlelweni lokulinganisela olukhethekile. Uhlelo ludalwa kusengaphambili. Ngenxa yalokhu, kusetshenziselwa imibono eyakhiwa ngokusengaphambili ngokunemba okuphakeme.

Ukukubeka kalula, i-spectrum etholakalayo yocwaningo oluqhathaniswa nalo liqhathaniswa ngokweqile nomuntu owaziwayo. Ngakho-ke, ulwazi olumayelana nokubunjwa kwempahla luyatholakala.

Izici

Ukuhlaziywa kwe-X-ray fluorescence kuvumela ukuhlaziya:

• Amasampuli obuningi bawo noma ubuningi abukho (100-0.5 mg);
• Ukunciphisa okukhulu eminganisweni (ephansi ngezindlela ezingu-1-2 zokuphakama kune-RFA);
• Ukuhlaziywa kucatshangelwa ukuhlukahluka kwamandla we-quanta.

Ubukhulu be-specimen okufanele ihlolwe akufanele kube ngaphezu kuka-1 mm.

Endabeni yobukhulu obunjalo besampula, ukususwa kwezinqubo zesibili kusampula kungenzeka, phakathi kwazo:

• Ukusabalalisa okuningi kwe-Compton, okuyinto emaphashini ase-mastritis ngokuphawulekayo kukhulisa kakhulu;
• I-Bremsstrahlung ye-photoelectrons (ifaka isandla esiteji sangemuva);
• Ukuzijabulisa phakathi kwezinto, kanye nokwamukelwa kwe-fluorescence, okudinga ukulungiswa kwezinto zangaphakathi ngenkathi kusetshenzwa i-spectra.

Izinkinga zendlela

Enye yezinto ezikhungetheyo eziyinkimbinkimbi yinkimbinkimbi, ehambisana nokulungiswa kwamasampuli amancane, kanye nezidingo ezinzima zesakhiwo. Ukuze kuhlolwe, isampula kumele ihlakazeke kakhulu futhi ihlonishwe kakhulu.

Enye impendulo ukuthi indlela ihlanganiswe ngokuqinile emazingeni (amasampula okubhekisela). Isici esinjalo sitholakala kuzo zonke izindlela ezingekho ezilimazayo.

Ukusetshenziswa kwendlela

Ukuhlaziywa kwe-X-ray fluorescence sekuye kwande ezindaweni eziningi. Akusetshenziswa kuphela kwisayensi noma ekukhiqizeni, kodwa futhi emkhakheni wendabuko kanye nobuciko.

Isebenza ku:

• Ukuvikelwa kwemvelo kanye nemvelo yokunquma izinsimbi ezinamandla emhlabathini, kanye nokutholakala kwawo emanzini, imvula, ama-aerosol ahlukahlukene;
• I-mineralogy kanye ne-geology yenza ukuhlaziywa okulinganiselwe nokwalinganiswa kwamaminerali, inhlabathi, namadwala;
• Imboni yamakhemikhali kanye ne-metallurgy - lawula izinga lemishini, izinto eziqediwe kanye nenqubo yokukhiqiza;
• Imboni ye-Paint ne-varnish - hlaziya amapende wokuhola;
• Imikhiqizo yezigqoko - faka ukuhlushwa kwezinsimbi eziyigugu;
• Imbonini yamafutha - sinquma izinga lokungcola kwamafutha kanye nophethiloli;
• Imbonini yokudla - thola izinsimbi ezinobuthi ekudleni nasezingxenyeni;
• Ezolimo - hlaziya i-microelements enhlabathini ehlukahlukene, kanye nasemikhiqizweni yezolimo;
• Imivubukulo - ukuhlaziywa okuyisisekelo, kanye nokuthandana kokuthola;
• Ukutadisha ubuciko kwezithombe, izithombe, ukuhlola izihloko nokuhlaziywa kwazo.

Ukuhlala kweGorost

Ukuhlaziywa kwe-X-ray fluorescence GOST 28033 - 89 ilawula kusukela ngo-1989. Le dokhumenti iveze yonke imibuzo ephathelene nenqubo. Naphezu kokuthi izinyathelo eziningi zithathwe eminyakeni edlule ekuthuthukiseni indlela, lo mbhalo usasebenza.

Ngokusho kwe-GOST, ukulingana kwamasheya ezakhiwe ngaphansi kokutadisha kusekwe. Idatha iboniswa etafuleni.

Ithebula 1. I-Mass fraction ratio

Into echazwe	Ingxenyana yemisa,%
Sulfure	I-0.002 kuya ku-0.20
I-silicon	"0.05" 5.0
I-Molybdenum	"0.05" 10.0
I-Titan	"0.01" 5.0
I-Cobalt	"0.05" 20.0
I-Chrome	"0.05" 35.0
I-Niobium	"0.01" 2.0
I-Manganese	"0.05" 20.0
Vanadium	"0.01" 5.0
I-Tungsten	"0.05" 20.0
Phosphorus	"0.002" 0.20

Imishini esebenzayo

Ukuhlaziywa kwe-X ray ray fluorescence kwenziwa ngosizo lwemishini ekhethekile, izindlela nezindlela. Phakathi kwemishini esetshenzisiwe kanye nezinto ezisetshenziswa ku-GOST zibalwe:

• Ama-multichannel ne-scanning spectrometers;
• Umshini wokugaya (ukugaya-ukugaya, uhlobo lwe-3B634);
• Umshini wokugaya phezulu (imodeli 33000);
• I-screw-cutting lathe (imodeli 16P16).
• Ukusika ama-disc (GOST 21963);
• Amasondo abonakalayo e-Electrocorundum (isibopho se-ceramic nesayizi yokusanhlamvu 50, ubunzima St2, GOST 2424);
• I-sandpaper, ukugaya (iphepha, isigaba sesibili, ibanga lesi-БШ-140 (П6), i-BR-240 (i-П8), i-United States (i-П7), i-electrocorundum - evamile, ubungako bezinhlamvu 50-12, i-GOST 6456);
• I-ethyl alcohol technology (ilungisiwe, i-GOST 18300);
• I-argon-methane ingxube.

I-GOST ivumela ukuthi ezinye izinto nezinto zokusebenza ezinganikeza ukuhlaziywa okunembile kungasetshenziswa.

Ukulungiselela nesampula ngokusho kwe-GOST

Ukuhlaziywa kwe-X-radi fluorescence yezinsimbi ngaphambi kokuhlaziywa kuthatha isampula ekhethekile yokulungiselela ukuphenywa okuqhubekayo.

Ukulungiselela kwenziwa ngendlela efanele:

1. Ubuso obuzobe bubukhali bubukhali. Uma kunesidingo, ke usula ngotshwala.
2. Isampula icindezelwe ngokuqinile ngokuvulwa komamukeli. Uma ubuso besampula akwanele, kusetshenziswe izikhawulelo ezikhethekile.
3. I-spectrometer ilungiselelwe ngokuya ngemiyalelo yokusetshenziswa.
4. I-X-ray spectrometer iphothulwa ngokusebenzisa isampula evamile, ehambisana ne-GOST 8.315. Futhi, amasampuli ahambisanayo angasetshenziselwa ukulinganiswa.
5. Ukuqeda iziqu eziyinhloko kwenziwa okungenani izikhathi ezinhlanu. Lokhu kwenziwa ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwe-spectrometer ngezinsuku ezahlukene.
6. Uma wenza ukulinganiswa okuphindaphindiwe, uchungechunge lwezinkambo ezimbili lungenzeka.

Ukuhlaziywa kwemiphumela nokucutshungulwa

Indlela yokuhlaziywa kwe-X-ray fluorescence ngokusho kwe-GOST ithatha ukusebenza kokubili uchungechunge lwezilinganiso ezifanayo ukuze uthole isignali yokuhlaziya yento ngayinye ihlolwe.

Ukubaluleka komphumela wokuhlaziya kanye nokungafani kwezilinganiso ezifanayo kungasetshenziswa. Ezinyunithi zokulinganisa kwezinga, idatha etholakala ngosizo lwezici ze-gradient ibonisiwe.

Uma ukuhlukana okuvumelekile kudlula izilinganiso ezifanayo, ukuhlaziywa kufanele kuphindwe.

Kungenzeka futhi ukwenza isilinganiso esisodwa. Kulesi simo, izilinganiso ezimbili zithathwa ngokufanayo ngokuqondene nesampula esisodwa kusuka ku-lot ehlanjululwe.

Umphumela wokugcina yi-mean arithmetic yezinyathelo ezimbili ezenziwe ngokufana, noma umphumela wesilinganiso wedwa.

Ukuxhomeka kwemiphumela kwikhwalithi yesampula

Ukuhlaziywa kwe-X-ray fluorescence, umkhawulo uhlotshaniswa kuphela nesici lapho isitho sitholakala khona. Ngokwezinto ezihlukile, ububanzi bokutholakala okuningi kwezakhi kuhluke.

Indima enkulu ingadlalwa ngenombolo ye-athomu ukuthi isici sinalo. Ezinye izinto zilingana, kunzima kakhulu ukucacisa izinto ezikhanyayo, futhi kunzima kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okufanayo kulula ukucacisa kumatrix alula, kunokuba ku-matrix esindayo.

Ngakho-ke, le ndlela ixhomeke kwikhwalithi yesampula kuphela ukuthi isakhi esakhiweni sayo singatholakala.