I-cortex isebenza kanjani? Izindawo ze-cerebral cortex

Okwamanje, kuyaziwa ukuthi imisebenzi ephakeme isimiso sezinzwa, ezifana ikhono ukuqaphela amasignali etholakele imvelo, emsebenzini kwengqondo, wokwenza ngekhanda futhi becabanga ngokungefani, ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokuthi indlela cortex cerebral. Cortex, sizobe ukumboza kulesi sihloko.

Iqiniso lokuthi umuntu aqaphele lapho esebenzelana nabanye, ngenxa excitation amanethiwekhi kwemizwa. Sikhuluma naleyo etholakala emagxolweni. Kuyinto ngesisekelo isakhi intelligence ukwazi.

neocortex

14 bhiliyoni izinzwa endaweni cortex cerebral. Cortex, okuzoxoxwa ngezansi, olusebenza kubo. Kwenqwaba izinzwa (90%) yakha neocortex. It kungokwalabo ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo isimiso sezinzwa, ngokuba umnyango eliphakeme Integrative. Umsebenzi obaluleke kunayo yonke neocortex - ukucutshungulwa nencazelo ngokwaziswa esikuthola nge- izinzwa (sibonwa, somatosensory, ukunambitheka, ukuzwa). Kubalulekile futhi ukuthi nguye ophethe eyinkimbinkimbi imisipha ukunyakaza. Esikhathini neocortex ayizikhungo behileleka okuyinto enkulumweni izinqubo ekubeni nekhono lokuhlaziya nememori USB. Ingxenye esemqoka izinqubo ezenzeka ke, kuyinto isisekelo neurophysiological ukwazi.

paleocortex

Paleocortex - komunye umnyango omkhulu futhi obalulekile, okuyinto cortex cerebral. Cortex ephathelene naso, futhi kubaluleke kakhulu. Okuningi okuqukethwe yile ngxenye has a isakhiwo lula ukudlula neocortex. Izinqubo ezenzeka lapha, e ingqondo ngaso sonke isikhathi ayibonwa. ephakeme izikhungo autonomic asezindaweni paleocortex.

Ukuxhumana eyisisekelo cortex izingxenye zobuchopho

Kufanele kuqashelwe uxhumano we- cortex cerebral ekuhlukaneni engezansi yobuchopho (thalamus, nuclei basal, ibhuloho futhi ubuchopho obuphakathi). It is eziqhutshwa yilo Mnyango usebenzisa fibre izinyanda ezinkulu, akha i capsule kwangaphakathi. Lezi izinyanda fibre kukhona izingqimba ezibanzi, eyakhiwa elimhlophe okuqinile. Ziqukethe yezinzwa eziningi (izigidi). Abanye le micu (axons izinzwa we thalamus) inikeza ukudluliswa amasignali emsipheni cortex. Enye ingxenye, okuyi axons we izinzwa cortical elikhonza ukudlulisa ukuba izikhungo emsipheni ngezansi.

Isakhiwo cortex cerebral

Uyazazi ingxenye yobuchopho mkhulu kakhulu? Abanye benu cishe ukuyichaza ukuthi kwakwenzekani enkundleni. Kuyinto cortex cerebral. Cortex - lena nje uhlobo omunye izingcezu ukuthi ivelele kuwo. Ngakho, ihlukaniswe yaba ama- sokunene nesobunxele. Basuke exhunywe nomunye imishayo elimhlophe okuqinile esiyingxenye le callosum Corpus. Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-callosum Corpus wukuqinisekisa kusebentisana emkhatsini ama- ezimbili.

Cortex ngendawo

Nakuba e cortex cerebral has emphethweni eziningi, leli lungiselelo jikelele sulci ezinkulu gyri libhekene ukuqinisela. Ngakho-ke, labo eziyinhloko lokuma for division of izindawo cortex. Indawo yayo yangaphandle sehlukaniswe anemifantu ezintathu 4 ingxenyenamba. La masheya (esishintshashintshayo) - yesikhashana, occipital, parietal futhi engaphelele. Nakuba base abelwe ngendawo, ngamunye wabo lwenza umsebenzi walo ohlukile ethize.

cortex Temporal liyisikhungo lapho sokuzwa cortex analyzer. Endabeni ka umonakalo kwenzeka ubuthulu. Cortex sokuzwa, ngaphezu, has a isikhungo Wernicke inkulumo. Uma kwenzeka umonakalo walahlekelwa ikhono lokuqonda inkulumo. Kubonakala njengoba umsindo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, e-Lobe yesikhashana ayizikhungo kwemizwa ezihlobene apharathasi vestibular. umqondo kulinganisela kuyaphazamiseka uma kwenzeka umonakalo.

inkulumo izindawo cortical basuke bagxila Lobe engaphelele. Lapha kulapho isikhungo kunkulumo. Esimweni lapho Nenkabazwe kwesokudla Ufika ezilimele, walahlekelwa ikhono ukushintsha ithoni bese ngamazwi kwezwi. Kuba okuyisidina. Uma umonakalo libhekisela Nenkabazwe kwesokunxele, lapho kukhona izwi cortex ubalekela ukuhambisana. Iphele nekhono ukuhalalisa inkulumo abakhuluma kahle.

Cortex okubonakalayo namanoni aphezu occipital oluhambisana. Kukhona umnyango ukuthi unesibopho umbono wethu njengoba enjalo. Izwe elisizungezile ibonwa ubuchopho, hhayi emehlweni. Lubhekele umbono nje ingxenye occipital. Ngakho-ke, uma kwenzeka umonakalo ukwakha ubumpumputhe okuphelele noma okuyingxenye.

Lobe parietal Ubuye lwenza umsebenzi walo ohlukile ethize. Kuyinto unesibopho ehlaziya ulwazi oluhlobene ukuzwela jikelele: ethintekayo, izinga lokushisa, ubuhlungu. Esimeni ukulimala balahlekelwe ikhono ibone izinto ngokuthinta, kanye namanye amakhono.

motor endaweni

Ngithanda ukukhuluma ngakho ngokwehlukile. Iqiniso lokuthi cortex motor akusho correlate nge inhlangano mayelana nokuthi iziphi izinhlelo sakhuluma ngenhla. Kuyingxenye cortex, equkethe ukwehla ukuxhumana ngqo emgogodleni, noma kunalokho, ngokuzithoba okuhambisana motor yakhe izinzwa. Bayibiza izinzwa ukuthi ngqo ukulawula imisipha.

Main motor cortex Itholakala gyrus precentral. Nge izici eziningi zale gyrus kuyinto esibukweni isithombe kwenye indawo, touch. Kubhekiwe innervation contralateral. Ngamanye amazwi, innervation kwenzeka ngokumelene imisipha esisogwini esesayidini emzimbeni. Ukukhethwa ndawo ebusweni lapho ekhona yokulawula zamazwe amabili we Imisipha yemihlathi futhi engxenyeni engezansi ebusweni.

Enye yezimoto cortex ezengeziwe lisendaweni elise ngezansi band main. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi unakho imisebenzi ezimele ezihlobene motor ishayela okukhiphayo. Lokhu cortex motor nakho okuye wafunda ososayensi. Esikhathini ucwaningo esethwe ku izilwane, kwatholakala ukuthi imikhondo yayo ukushukuma motor izimpendulo. Futhi lokhu kuyiqiniso ngisho noma eyinhloko motor cortex esake ubhujiswe. Nenkabazwe evelele ehilelekile ngokugqugquzela ekuhleleni yokukhuluma ukunyakaza. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi kuholela umonakalo ka aphasia ashukumisayo.

Cortex we Imisebenzi nesakhiwo

Ngenxa yalokho kokuma emitholampilo ucwaningo bokuphila eyenziwa engxenyeni kwekhulu le-19 yesibili, wabekwa izifunda umngcele, okuyinto afakwa ku ezahlukene yokwamukela ebusweni. Phakathi yokugcina ahlukanisa njengoba izinzwa, okuhloswe ngazo izwe ngaphandle (isikhumba ukuzwela, ukuzwa, emehlweni), nalabo okuhlanganiswayo ngokwazo izitho yokuhamba (kinetic noma motor analyzer).

esifundeni occipital - zone we analyzer ezibukwayo (Amasimu 17 kuya 19), aphakeme yesikhashana - acoustic analyzer (Amasimu 22, 41 no 42), esifundeni postcentral - isikhumba-kinesthetic analyzer (Amasimu 1, 2 no 3).

Abamele analyzers cortical ezahlukene by umsebenzi futhi isakhiwo zihlukaniswe izingxenye ezintathu ezilandelayo cortex we ama- cerebral: lokuqala, lesibili futhi ephakeme. Esikhathini esiyiminyaka ekuseni, ngesikhathi ukuthuthukiswa kwe-fetus, yabeka okuyinto zinezikhathi cytoarchitectonics elula. Okungenani ukuthuthukisa ephakeme. Sinenkosi isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Kuvele isikhundla Lesisemkhatsini kusukela lo mbono, hlala indawo yesibili ama- cerebral we- cortex cerebral. Sikunikeza sihlolisise Imisebenzi kanye nezimiso zakwa ngamunye wabo, kanye nobuhlobo babo ne izingxenye zobuchopho elise ngezansi, ikakhulukazi, kuya thalamus.

Emaphakathi ensimini

Ososayensi eminyakeni baye bathola okuhlangenwe nakho eside ekuhloleni izifundo zokwelapha. Ngenxa yalokho observation, kwatholakala ikakhulukazi ukuthi umonakalo emasimini athile lichaza ekwakheni abameleli analyzers cortical kuthinte jikelele isithombe emtholampilo ayilingani. Phakathi kwezinye imikhakha, omunye ivelele kulokhu, okuyinto usesikhundleni emaphakathi endaweni zenuzi. Ubizwa ngokuthi i-primary noma enkabeni yedolobha. Bona Inkambu olunezinombolo 17 endaweni ezibukwayo, sokuzwa - ngaphansi inombolo 41, kanye kinesthetic - 3. umonakalo yabo kuholela nemiphumela emibi kakhulu. Lost nekhono lokuqonda noma ukufeza ezicashile kakhulu kwamangqamuzana ezishukumisa elihambisana analyzers.

indawo eyinhloko

iqoqo izinzwa is amaningi asethuthukile ezonini eyinhloko, okuyinto ingashintshwa ukuze unikeze izibopho cortico-subcortical zamazwe amabili. Iyona emfushane futhi endleleni eqondile ixhuma cortex noma kwenye ingxenye yemizwa. Ngenxa yalokhu, cortex eyinhloko kungaba secrete ezishukumisa ngokwanele.

Isici esibalulekile ezivamile inhlangano tekusebentisa isakhi lezi zindawo - ukuthi yonke kubo kukhona kwelivi ecacile somatotopical. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umuntu amaphuzu azungeze (i-retina, isikhumba ebusweni, cochlea, imisipha lwamathambo) kuthiwa afakwa ku esihambelanayo amaphuzu ngokuqinile delimited ise zone eyinhloko elihambisana analyzer cortex. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu bebizelwa lelivakalako.

yesibili zone

Kungenjalo ukubizwa ngokuthi neuropathy, futhi lokhu akukho ngozi. Ziyakwazi ezindaweni enuzi cortex, ezingxenyeni zalo neuropathy. esishintshashintshayo Secondary zihlukile ekubonakalisweni eyinhloko noma maphakathi bokuphila, ikakhulukazi inhlangano neuronal futhi architectonic.

Buhle buni obungaba kuyagcinwa ukushukuma lapho kagesi noma ukuhlulwa? Lezi imiphumela ezihlobene ngokuyinhloko yinkimbinkimbi izinqubo engqondo. Uma washaya zone yesibili, emizweni aphansi kuqhathaniswa balondolozwa. It kuyabacasula ikakhulukazi ikhono kahle libonise ubudlelwane mutual kanye izakhiwo yonke izingxenye lezinto ahlukahlukene, okuyinto thina yamukelwe. Uma ucasukile yesibili zone sokuzwa kanye cortex ezibukwayo, le ukusangana waphawula sokuzwa nokubukwayo, efakwe ngokulandelana (isikhathi nendawo).

Lezi izindawo ezibalulekile for ukugcwaliseka kuchumana phakatsi ezintweni, okuyinto Ukukhetha kwenzeka esebenzisa esishintshashintshayo eyinhloko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, badlala indima ebalulekile zokuhlanganisa emasimini ezintandane imisebenzi enuzi analyzers ezahlukene lapho kuhlangene reception kumasistimu eziyinkimbinkimbi.

indawo yesibili, zibaluleke kangaka for ukugcwaliseka ngaphezulu amafomu eyinkimbinkimbi izinqubo engqondo, ezidinga ukubambisana wahlanganyela nokuhlaziya ngokucophelela okungu ezishukumisa ndaba, futhi ne ukuma ngesikhathi futhi Isikhala ezungezile. Kule ndaba uzaqiniswa ngokuthi assotsionnymi. amaza Afferent kusukela receptor okuyinto iyezwa ebusweni ahlukahlukene ziqondiswe cortex, ukufinyelela emkhakheni idatha ngokusebenzisa sebuningini ukushintsha ezengeziwe assotsionnyh nuclei thalamic (thalamus). Ngokuphambene, pulses afferent ukuthi ukulandela indawo eyinhloko attain umzila wabo emifushane ngokusebenzisa thalamus edluliselwe-nucleus.

Uyini thalamus

Ukotini Wekhethelo kusukela nuclei thalamic (elilodwa noma ngaphezulu) efanelekayo Lobe we ama- ubuchopho ngamunye. Thalamus noma thalamus, etholakala the forebrain, esifundeni APC. Siqukethe sebuningini cores, ngalinye elikwazi okuhambisa ishayela ethile echaziwe kahle cortex.

ukudlula Wonke amasignali okokufaka nalokho (ngaphandle olfactory) ngokusebenzisa edluliselwe kanye Integrative nucleus thalamic. Imicu yotshani ephakeme ivela ukuba ezindaweni touch (ku Lobe parietal - ukunambitheka somatosensory futhi, kule yesikhashana - ukuzwa ku occipital - kuya ezibukwayo). Pulses ufika ngokulandelana kusukela basal-eziyinkimbinkimbi ventral, le medial kanye nuclei lateral. Ngokuphathelene motor izindawo cortical, banayo ukuxhumana ventrolateral futhi ventral anterior nuclei we thalamus.

Bheka desynchronization

Kwenzekani uma umuntu uyaphumula, ngokungazelelwe ukukhiqiza umfutho onamandla? Yiqiniso, masinyane isexwayiso futhi sigxile kule umfutho ukunakekela kwakhe. Inguquko womsebenzi kwengqondo, wenziwa kusukela ukuphumula isimo umsebenzi oluhambisana esikhundleni the Bheka-alpha isigqi e isigqi beta, kanye nezinye iyehla iyenyuka njalo. Lolu shintsho, ngokuthi Bheka desynchronization, livela ngenxa ukuthi uqweqwe kusuka nonspecific nuclei thalamic fed ukushukuma sezinzwa.

Reticular uhlelo Kuvuselela

nucleus Nonspecific umthetho ngokukhukhumala kwentamo ezinzwa net, ise thalamus, ezigabeni zalo medial. Lokhu ARS anterior (reticular isebenze), elawula excitability we cortex. amasignali abahlukahlukene inzwa kungase kusebenze APC. Zingaba ezibukwayo, vestibular, somatosensory, olfactory futhi sokuzwa. APC - isiteshi lapho amasignali idatha kuthiwa ngobulili izingqimba ebusweni cortex ngokusebenzisa nuclei nonspecific ise thalamus. Excitation APC linendima ebalulekile. Kuyadingeka ukuba silondoloze isimo namalanga. Ezilwaneni zokuhlola owahletjhulwa ohlelweni, kwakukhona isimo dreamlike ka ikhoma.

ephakeme zone

ubudlelwano obusebenzayo ezaqala phakathi analyzers ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukudlula ngisho kuchaziwe ngenhla. Morphologically kuphakama inkinga yabo okuthuthukile yokuthi ngesikhathi ukukhula ebusweni Nenkabazwe zenuzi ensimini analyzers, ala maqembu kuyendlulela nekhululekile. Endaweni cortical we analyzer isithombe "endaweni ezedlulayo", ie zone ephakeme. Lezi zokwakheka baphakathi izinhlobo nzima kakhulu imisebenzi inhlangano isikhumba-kinesthetic, sokuzwa kanye analyzers ezibukwayo. esishintshashintshayo Tertiary kakade nangale kwemingcele emasimini abo siqu zenuzi. Ngakho-ke, ukucasulwa ubala futhi umonakalo aliholeli ukulahlekelwa izenzakalo. Futhi maqondana nemisebenzi ethile analyzer babengekho nemiphumela ephawulekayo.

Tertiary zone - endaweni olukhethekile cortex. Bangakwazi ngokuthi umhlangano 'bahlakazeka "tincenye analyzers ezahlukene. Okungukuthi, izakhi bebodwa ingasakwazi ukwenza noma yiluphi syntheses leze yinkimbinkimbi futhi ihlaziya of ezishukumisa. Le ndawo hlala, kuyinto ehluke ebanzi. It ahlahlele enombolweni izindawo. Chaza kafushane kubo.

parietal engaphandle esifundeni kubalulekile ukuhlanganiswa kwabo bonke ukunyakaza ne analyzers ezibukwayo umzimba futhi umzimba ekwakheni wesifunda. Ngokuqondene parietal eliphansi, ibhekisela inyunyana amafomu abstract futhi generalized zokubonisa elihlobene ne inkulumo eyinkimbinkimbi futhi fake umahluko futhi uphikisana izenzo, ukuqaliswa esiyinyama esilawulwa umbono.

Area temporo-parietal-occipital nakho kubalulekile kakhulu. Kuyinto unesibopho ukuhlanganiswa ezinhlobo eyinkimbinkimbi analyzers ezibukwayo futhi sokuzwa ngolimi telulwimi lolukhulunywako.

Qaphela ukuthi izingxenye babe ephakeme uxhumano eziyinkimbinkimbi wesifunda kuqhathaniswa ne zamabanga aphansi naphezulu. izibopho Bilateral babone nge thalamic nuclei izakhiwo exhunywe yena, edluliselwe-cores ngokusebenzisa uchungechunge eside abaxhumene yangaphakathi etholakalayo ngokuqondile thalamus.

Ngokusekelwe osekushiwo, kuyacaca ukuthi izingxenye endaweni eyinhloko womuntu, izingxenye nemayunivesithi kukhona cortex, okuyinto ezikhethekile kakhulu. Ikakhulukazi kumele kugcizelelwe ukuthi amaqembu 3 izindawo cortical ezichazwe ngenhla, e ngentambo ngokuvamile ezisebenza ndawonye uhlelo lokuxhumana kanye usuke phakathi kwabo kanye izakhiwo subcortical umsebenzi njengoba omunye wonke nzima umahluko.