Izinkomba zokuzibophezela zi ... Izinhlobo zengqondo ezifakiwe. Ukunciphisa ukucabanga okufakiwe

Izimo ezinengqondo zemizwelo yindlela yokuphendula ngayo yonke inyama noma enye ingxenye yayo kwisimiso sangaphandle noma sangaphakathi. Kubonakala ngokunyamalala, ukwehlisa noma ukuqinisa umsebenzi othile.

Izimo ezinengqondo ezinjalo ziyizisebenzi zenyama, okuvumela ukuba zisabele ngokushesha kunoma yiziphi izinguquko futhi zivumelane nazo.

Umlando

Umqondo we-reflex conditioned waqala phambili yifilosofi yesiFulentshi nomsayense R. Descartes. Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi, i-physiologist yaseRussia I. I-Sechenov yadala futhi yazama ukuhlola inkolelo emisha ngokuphathelene nokusebenza komzimba. Ngokokuqala ngqa emlandweni wezobuciko, kwaphetha ngokuthi izimo ezibukeka kahle ziyisindlela esingaqhutshwa kuphela izingxenye zomgogodla. Emsebenzini wakhe, yonke isimiso sezinzwa siyabandakanyeka. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi uhlale uxhumane nemvelo.

Wafunda i- reflex Pavlov enemibandela . Lo ososayensi ovelele waseRussia wakwazi ukuchaza indlela yokwenziwa kwe-cortex ye-cerebral kanye ne-hemispheres ye-cerebral. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XX wadala inkolelo yezindinganiso ezimisiwe. Lo msebenzi wesayensi uye waba inguquko yangempela emzimbeni. Ososayensi baye baboniswa ukuthi ukucabangela okufakiwe kunomzimba womzimba otholakala kuwo wonke ukuphila, ngokusekelwe ekuzindleni kwabantu abangenakho.

I-Instincts

Izingcaphuno ezithile zezinhlobo ezingavunyelwe ziyizici zezinhlobo eziphilayo eziphilayo. Zibizwa ngokuthi izinkanyezi. Ezinye zazo ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Isibonelo salokhu kungaba yizinyosi ezibunjiwe zamehlo, noma izinyoni, izidleke zokuhlala. Ngenxa yobukhona bemvelo, umzimba ukwazi ukuvumelanisa kahle nezimo zemvelo.

Ukucabanga okungaqondakali kuzalwa. Bazuze njengefa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, babhekiselwa esigabeni sezinhlobo, ngoba ziyisici sabo bonke abameleli bezinhlobo ezithile. Izinkanyezi zihlala njalo futhi ziphikelela kulo lonke ukuphila. Bazibonakalisa ngokwabo ngokwanele, okuyinto enamathele emkhakheni owodwa owamukelayo. Ukuziphendulela okungenakulinganiswa kwemvelo kuvaliwe engxenyeni yobuchopho kanye nasezingeni lomgogodla. Zibonakaliswa ngokusebenzisa i- arc reflex ngokwemvelo .

Ngokuqondene ne-monkey nomuntu, abakwazi ukusebenzisa ingxenye enkulu yezindinganiso ezingenakulinganiswa ngaphandle kokubandakanya i-cortex ye-cerebral. Ukwephula ubuqotho bayo, izinguquko ezinzima zivela ezingqondweni ezingenakulinganiswa, futhi ezinye zazo zivele zinyamalale.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemvelo

Ukucabanga okungaqondakali kunamandla kakhulu. Kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, lapho ukubonakaliswa kwabo kungadingekile, kungabonakala. Isibonelo, i-canary, efuywe eminyakeni engaba ngu-300 eyedlule, okwamanje ayinaso isimo sokwakha isidleke. Kunezinhlobo ezilandelayo zezizindla ezingenakunqunywa:

- Ukuzimela kokuzimela, okuyinto ukuphendula komzimba ezihlukahlukene ezicasulayo zomzimba noma zamakhemikhali. Izinkomba ezinjalo, nazo, zingazibonakalisa zendawo yangakini (ukuhoxiswa kwesandla) noma kube nzima (ukubalekela engozini).
- Isimo somsoco, esibangelwa indlala nokudla. Lesi sakhiwo esingenakulinganiswa sihlanganisa uhla lwezinyathelo ezilandelanayo - kusukela ekufuneni inyamazane ukuyihlaselwa nokuqhubeka nokudla.
- Izizukulwane zabazali nezokucansi ezihlobene nokugcinwa nokukhiqizwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane.

- Indalo enempilo, ekhonza ukugcina umzimba uhlanzekile (ukugeza, ukukhahlela, ukuthuthumela, njll).
- Isimiso esifanayo, lapho amehlo nekhanda bephenduka eceleni. Lokhu kubonakala kuyadingeka ukulondoloza impilo.
- Isimo senkululeko, esibizwa ikakhulukazi ekuphatheni kwezilwane ekuthunjweni. Bahlale befuna ukukhululeka futhi bavame ukufa, benqaba amanzi nokudla.

Ukuvela kwezinguquko ezifakiwe

Ngesikhathi sokuphila, ukuphendula okutholakala kwezinto eziphilayo kuhlanganiswa ezihlotsheni ezizuze njengefa. Babizwa ngokuthi yizimo ezinengqondo. Zitholakala ngomzimba ngenxa yentuthuko ngayinye. Isisekelo sokuthola izimo ezibucayi isimo sinokuphila. Ngokungafani nemvelo, lezi zindlela zenziwa ngabanye. Kungaba khona kwezinye izithunywa zezilwane futhi zingekho kwabanye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-reflex conditioned is reaction okungenzeka singaphiki kulo lonke ukuphila. Ngaphansi kwemibandela ethile, ithuthukiswe, ihleliwe, iyanyamalala. Izimo ezinengqondo ezithinta izinyathelo zingase zenzeke ezimisweni ezihlukahlukene ezisetshenziselwa izinkambu ezahlukene ze-receptor. Lona umehluko wabo kusuka emvelo.

Indlela yokwakhiwa kwe-reflex ivaliwe ezingeni le- cortex ye-cerebral. Uma uyisusa, khona-ke kuphela ukuhlala kwendalo.

Ukwakheka kwezinguquko ezimisiwe kwenzeka ngesisekelo sabangenamthetho. Ukuze uqalise le nqubo, kubalulekile ukufeza isimo esithile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, noma yikuphi ukuguqulwa kwendawo yangaphandle kufanele, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kuhlanganiswe nesimo sangaphakathi semvelo futhi kuqondwe yi-cortex ye-cerebral kanye nokusabela okungahambisani nalokho okuphilayo. Kuphela kulesi simo kukhona isisusa esimisiwe noma isignali ukuthi kusiza ukuvela kwe-reflex conditioned.

Izibonelo

Ukuze kubonakale ukuphendula okunjalo komzimba, njengokwakheka kwemimese kanye nemifoloko, kanye nokushaya inkomishi yokuncelisa isilwane (kubantu nasezinja, ngokulandelana), isimo esibalulekile ukulandelana okuphindaphindiwe kwalezi zomsindo ngenqubo yokuhlinzeka ukudla.

Ngokufanayo, umsindo we-bell noma ukufakwa kwe-bulb kuyobangela ukuguqa kwesikhumba senja uma lezi zenzakalo zenzeka ngokuphindaphindiwe zihambisana nokugqugquzela kagesi umlenze wesilwane, okwaholela ekuboneni kwe-flexlex reflex yenhlobo engavunyelwe.

I-reflex efakwe esimweni ukuhoxiswa kwengane ekubhekaneni nomlilo nokukhala okulandelayo. Nokho, lezi zenzakalo ziyokwenzeka kuphela uma umlilo, ngisho kanye, uhambisana nokushisa.

Izingxenye zokuphendula

Ukusabela komzimba ukucasuka kuyishintsho ekuphefumuleni, ekusithekeni, ekunyakaza, njll. Njengomthetho, ukucabanga okungenakunqunywa kungcono kakhulu. Yingakho ziqukethe izingxenye eziningana. Isibonelo, i-reflex evikelayo ayihambisani nokunyakaza okuzivikela kuphela, kodwa futhi ngokukhufumula okwandayo, ukusheshisa komsebenzi we-muscle wenhliziyo, kanye nezinguquko ekubunjweni kwegazi. Kulokhu, kungase kube khona ukusabela kwezwi. Ngokuqondene ne-reflex yokudla, kunezinto zokuphefumula, izinhlamvu zemfihlo kanye nezinhliziyo zomzimba.

Ukuphendula okunemibandela kuvame ukukhiqiza isakhiwo sabangenamthetho. Lokhu kwenzeka ngokuphathelene nokuxhaswa kwezikhungo ezinomsolo ezifanayo nge-stimuli.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezingqondo ezifakiwe

Izimpendulo ezitholakalayo zomzimba ezenzakalweni ezahlukene zihlukaniswe yizinhlobo. Ezinye zezinhlawulo ezikhona zibaluleke kakhulu ekuxazululeni izinkinga, kodwa nezinkinga ezisebenzayo. Enye yezindawo zokusebenzisa lolu lwazi yimisebenzi yezemidlalo.

Ukusabela okwemvelo nokufakelwa komzimba

Kukhona izizindla ezifakiwe ezivela lapho izimpawu zenza isenzo, isici sezinto ezihlala njalo ezingenzi lutho. Isibonelo salokhu ukubukeka nokuphunga kokudla. Ukucabanga okunjalo okuhlelekile kuyimvelo. Zibonakala ngejubane lokukhiqiza nokuqina okukhulu. Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, ngisho nangabe kungabikho ukuqiniswa okulandelayo, kungagcinwa kulo lonke ukuphila. Ukubaluleka kwe-reflex condition kuhle kakhulu ezinyathelweni zokuqala zokuphila komzimba, uma kuhambisane nemvelo.
Kodwa-ke, ukuphendula kungabuye kwakhiwe ngezibonakaliso ezihlukahlukene ezingafani, njengokunuka, umsindo, ukushisa kwezinga lokushisa, ukukhanya, njll Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, akuzona ukucasula. Yilezi zindlela ezithathwa ngokuthi zikhona. Ziyakhiqizwa kancane kancane futhi lapho kungekho khona ukuqiniswa ngokushesha. Isibonelo, ukucabanga okufakwe ngokomzimba womuntu kuyindlela yokuphendula, ukuthinta isikhumba, ukwehlisa noma ukukhulisa ukukhanya, njll.

I-oda lokuqala nokuphezulu kakhulu

Kunezinhlobo ezinjalo zezimo ezibucayi ezifakiwe ezakhiwe ngesisekelo sezindinganiso ezingenakunqunywa. Lezi zindlela zokuqala zokuphendula. Kukhona nezigaba eziphakeme. Ngakho-ke, ukusabela okwenziwe ngesisekelo sezindinganiso ezivele zikhona kubhekiselwa ekuphenduleni okuphezulu. Bavuka kanjani? Ekuthuthukiseni izizindla ezinjalo, isimpawu esimisiwe siqiniswa nesifiso esimisiwe esifanelekile.

Isibonelo, ukucasuka ngesimo sensimbi kuqiniswa njalo ngokudla. Kulesi simo, i-reflex conditioned ye-oda lokuqala ikhishwa. Ngesisekelo salo, ukusabela kungabuye kulungiswe kwesinye isisusa, isibonelo, ukukhanya. Lokhu kuzoba yinkinga ye-second condition.

Ukuphendula okuhle nokubi

Ukucabanga okunemibandela kungathonya umsebenzi wenyama. Ukuphendula okunjalo kubhekwa njengokuhle. Ukubonakaliswa kwalezi zizindla ezifakiwe kungasebenza njengemfihlo noma imisebenzi yemoto. Uma kungekho msebenzi wezinto eziphilayo, khona-ke ukuphendula kubhekwa njengento engalungile. Ukuze inqubo yokujwayela izimo ezishintshashintshayo zendawo yokuphila, kokubili uhlobo olulodwa nolwesibili lubaluleke kakhulu.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kukhona ubudlelwane obuseduze phakathi kwabo, ngoba ukubonakaliswa kohlobo olulodwa lomsebenzi kucindezela omunye. Isibonelo, uma "Smile!" Umlayezo uzwakala, imisipha isesimweni esithile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuphendula kwezimoto (ukugijima, ukuhamba, njll) kuvinjelwe.

Indlela yokufundisa

Izingqinamba ezinemibandela zenzeka lapho isisusa esimisiwe nesenzo esingazange senzeke ngaso kanyekanye. Ngokwenza kanjalo, izimo ezithile kufanele zihlangane:

- ukucabanga okungenakulinganiswa okunamandla okuphilayo;
- ukubonakaliswa kwesimo esimisiwe esifana nesenzo sokwemvelo;
- isisusa esimisiwe siqiniswa kakhulu yizenzo zesisusa esingenakunqunywa;
- umzimba kufanele ube sezingeni eliphuthumayo futhi ube nempilo;
- isimo sokungabikho kwezinto eziyingozi, okuveza umphumela wokuphazamisa, kubonakala.

Izikhungo ze-reflexes ezifakwe esimweni se-cortex ye-cerebral zakha uxhumano lwesikhashana (ukuvalwa) phakathi kwabo. Kulokhu, ukuvuselela kubonakala yi-neurons ye-cortical, ekhona ekubunjweni kwe-arc ye-reflex engenakunqunywa.

Ukunciphisa ukuphendula okufakiwe

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuziphatha okwanele kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuzivumelanisa kangcono nezimo ezizungezile, ukuthuthukiswa okukodwa kokuzindla okufakiwe ngeke kwanele. Kuthatha okuphambene nokuqondisa kwesenzo. Kuyinto yokuvimbela ukucabanga okufakiwe. Lena inqubo yokuqeda lezo zenzo zomzimba lapho kungekho sidingo. Ngokusho kwengqikithi eyenziwe yiPavlov, izinhlobo ezithile zokuvimbela ama-cortical ziyahlukahluka. Owokuqala awunemibandela. Kubonakala njengempendulo kwisenzo sezinto ezithile ezithandanayo. Kukhona nokuvimbela kwangaphakathi. Kubizwa ngokuthi okunemibandela.

Ukususwa kwangaphandle

Lokhu kusabela kuye kwanikezwa leli gama ngenxa yokuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwalo kuhlinzekwa yizinqubo ezenzeka kulezo zindawo ze-cortex ezingabambi iqhaza ekusebenzeni umsebenzi we-reflex. Isibonelo, iphunga elimnyama, umsindo noma ukushintsha okulula ngaphambi kokuqala kwe-reflex yokudla kunganciphisa noma kukhuthaze ukuqedwa okuphelele. Isisusa esisha siyisikebhe sokuphendula ngendlela efanele.

Ukucabanga okunomsoco kungasuswa kanye nokucasula okubuhlungu. Ukunciphisa ukuphendula komzimba kuhlinzekwa ukuchichima kwesisu, ukuhlanza, izinqubo zangaphakathi zokuvuvukala, njll. Zonke zivimbela ukucabanga kokudla.

I-braking yangaphakathi

Kwenzeka uma isignali esamukelwe ingasekelwa yi-stimulus engavunyelwe. Ukuvimbela kwangaphakathi kwezimo ezinengqondo ezifakiwe kufaka uma, isibonelo, isilwane emini sishintsha njalo phambi kwamehlo kagesi, ngenkathi ingalethi ukudla. Kuye kwafakazelwa ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwe-saliva kuzokwehla njalo. Ngenxa yalokho, ukusabela kuyophela ngokuphelele. Nokho, i-reflex ngeke iphele ngaphandle kokulandela. Wamane wamisa. Lokhu kuboniswa futhi ngokuhlola.

Ukuvimbela okunemibandela yezindinganiso ezimisiwe kungasuswa ngosuku olulandelayo. Kodwa-ke, uma lokhu kungenziwanga, ukuphendula komzimba kulokhu kuvuselela kuzobe sekunyamalala kuze kube phakade.

Izinhlobo zokuvimbela kwangaphakathi

Hlunga izinhlobo eziningana zokuqeda impendulo yomzimba ekukhulekeleni. Ngakho-ke, ngesisekelo sokunyamalala kwemibono eyinkimbinkimbi, engadingi nje kulezi zimo ezithile, kukhona ukuvimbela ukubola. Kukhona olunye uhlobo lwalezi zenzakalo. Lokhu kuhlukile, noma ukuhlukaniswa, ukuvimbela. Ngakho-ke, isilwane singakwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwenani le-strokes e-metronome elizolethela ukudla. Lokhu kwenzeka lapho i-reflex efakwe kahle iqala ukusebenza. Isilwane sihlukanisa phakathi kwe-stimuli. Lokhu kusabela kusekelwe ekuvimbeleni kwangaphakathi.

Kubaluleka kokuqeda ukusabela

Ukuqhuma okunemibandela kunendima ebalulekile empilweni yomzimba. Siyabonga, inqubo yokujwayela imvelo ingcono kakhulu. Ukuhleleka kokuqondisa ezimweni ezihlukahlukene eziyinkimbinkimbi kunika inhlanganisela yokuzijabulisa nokuvimbela, okuyizinhlobo ezimbili zenqubo eyodwa yezinzwa.

Isiphetho

Kunenombolo engapheli yezizindla ezifakiwe. Ziyizinto ezibangela ukuziphatha komzimba ophilayo. Ngosizo lwezimo ezibukeka kahle, izilwane nendoda zivumelane nemvelo yazo.

Kunezibonakaliso eziningi ezingavamile zokuphendula komzimba ezinencazelo yesignali. Isibonelo, isilwane, esazi kusengaphambili mayelana nendlela esengozini, sakha ukuziphatha kwayo ngendlela ethile.

Inqubo yokucacisa izimo ezibukeka kahle, ezisezingeni eliphakeme, ukuhlanganiswa kwezixhumanisi zesikhashana.

Izimiso eziyisisekelo kanye namaphethini aboniswa ekubunjweni kwezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi kuphela, kodwa ukusabela okuyisisekelo, kuyafana nakho konke okuphilayo. Kulokhu kulandela isiphetho esibalulekile sefilosofi nesayensi yemvelo ukuthi ubuchopho bomuntu abukwazi ukulalela imithetho yemvelo jikelele. Kulokhu, kungahlolwa ngokucophelela. Noma kunjalo, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi umsebenzi womqondo womuntu unomqondo ocacile kanye nokwahlula okuyisisekelo emsebenzini womqondo wesilwane.