I-Galaxies ne-Universe

Incazelo yenani elingenamkhawulo

Indawo yonke yiyo yonke into ekhona eCosmos. Akupheli emkhathini ngoba akekho okwazi ukukhomba imingcele yawo. Kuphakade ngesikhathi ngoba kuqala ngaphambi kweBang Bang, futhi emva kokupholisa kwayo yonke into izokwenzeka futhi ikhona. Isayensi eyinhloko ifunda izingxenye zomuntu ngamunye: i-chemistry ihlola umhlaba we-molecule, i-physics - izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo nama-athomu, i-biology inesibopho sokutadisha izimo zemvelo. Isakhiwo somhlaba wonke sihlolwe yi-cosmology, esekelwe kwinkolelo yezinkanyezi.

Amamodeli we-Universe

Ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwe-cybernetics ngezifundo ezihlukahlukene zesayensi kuye kwathandwa kakhulu emfundisweni yokufanisa. Okubalulekile kwalolu mbono kukhona ekutadisheni imodeli ehambisana nento yokuqala yangempela. Ukwakhiwa kwama-model of phenomena ngabanye kusiza ekutadisheni ngokujulile kwezwe elizungezile. Sekuyisikhathi eside, izazi zezinkanyezi ziye zafunda ngentshiseko isakhiwo sezulu njengento ehambisanayo neyengqondo (isotropic).

A. U-Einstein uhlongoze imodeli ye-cylindrical lapho izivunguvungu ezithile zendawo zesikhala nendawo ziholela ekuqhubeni komhlaba wonke. Kulo modeli, ukuhlanganiswa kwesikhathi akukhenqwanga, okungukuthi, isikhathi siyahamba ngokufanayo kusukela esikhathini esidlule kuya esikhathini esizayo. Ukuqhubeka nalesi simodeli kwathuthukiswa yi-astrophysicist Willem de Setter, owasikisela ukuthi ngemuva kwesimo sokubomvu, isikhathi esisezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba siyaphambuka ngezindlela ezahlukene.

Namuhla, imodeli ethandwa kakhulu yendawo yonke ekhulayo, ehlongozwa nguFriedman. Kulo mqondo, isimo sendawo yonke sinesivinini somhlaba jikelele ngenxa yezixuku eziningi. Esimweni sesayense, ukuguqulwa kokubili kwendlela yokukhulisa kuxoxwa ngayo:

- imodeli evaliwe ibonisa ukwehlisa kancane kancane ukwandiswa ngenxa yokuvimbela ukuvimbela;

Imodeli evulekile iqala ukukhula kancane kancane isikhathi eside.

Noma imuphi umklamo wendawo yonke yikhophi yento yangempela futhi ngenxa yalokho imiphumela yezifundo zayo ziyiqiniso kuphela, zidinga isiqiniseko esiwusizo.

I-Galaxies e-Universe

Namuhla, ososayensi beMhlaba baqaphela indawo eyodwa kuphela, kodwa lokhu akusona isisekelo sokuqinisekisa ukuthi yedwa kuphela. Isakhiwo nokuziphendukela kwemvelo yonke yinto yomhlaba wonke wokucwaninga kwezinto zomoya. Zonke izinkanyezi zayo nezidalwa zasezulwini zihlangene ezinkambeni ezinkulu zezinkanyezi, ezibizwa ngokuthi izighala. I-galaxy ngayinye inomgogodla ophakathi, ukugoqa izingalo nxazonke, lapho kunezinkanyezi eziningi ezitholakala khona, kanye nemipheripha ngesimo sefu elinezinkanyezi ezingavamile. Izinkanyezi zizalwa, zihlala, zihamba emkhathini, futhi ziyafa. KuGalaxy yethu, inkanyezi eyinhloko yiLanga, imizimba yasezulwini, njengaye, iphila kusukela eminyakeni eyi-10 ukuya ku-15 yezigidigidi. Manje ilanga liphakathi kweminyaka yobudala.

I-galaxy esiphila kuyo ibizwa ngokuthi i-Milky Way ngoba indiza yayo enenani eliphezulu lezinkanyezi, uthuli negesi kubonakala esibhakabhakeni ebusuku njengokukhanya okukhulu. Umdwebo walokhu ukukhanya uzungeza yonke isibhakabhaka ngendandatho ebanzi. I-Milky Way akuyona neze i-galaxy eyakha ukwakheka kwendawo yonke. Kukhona inqwaba yezinkanyezi ezinenani elingapheli lezinkanyezi. Isibonelo, i -Andromeda Nebula namafu we-Magellanic, esendaweni engacatshangelwa kithi.

Isakhiwo sokusabalalisa indaba

Isakhiwo sendawo yonke iqoqo lamashidi e-flat galactic ahlukaniswe izifunda lapho kungenakho indaba ekhanyayo. Lezi voids ingaba ngu-100 megaparsec. Owokuqala wabona ishidi yi-Great Wall, etholakala kude neminyaka engu- 200 yokukhanya. I-Great Wall iyiqembu lezinkanyezi ezinobunzima bezinyanga ezingu-15 ezikhanyayo. Iminyaka nobukhulu - izigidi ezingu-500. Iminyaka.

Esikhathini sendawo yonke, isikhundla seMhlaba sinemikhakha elandelayo: uhlelo lwesimiso sezolanga, iqoqo lendawo lamaqoqo nezinqola eziphezulu zezinkanyezi, ingalo ye-Orion, ne-galaxy i-Milky Way.