Qala ukuphrinta

I UKUSUNGULWA kobuchwepheshe bokunyathelisa ngokungangabazeki ngenxa ukudalwa yokunyathelisa. Lo mcimbi kubhekwe wamavukelambuso emlandweni incwadi yebhizinisi. Qala ukuphrinta wanikeza umfutho omkhulu ikhono lokufunda. Lokhu kwakubangelwa ekusakazekeni ngokushesha sokuhlakanipha kobuntu, emakhulwini eminyaka kopivsheysya lokudalwa kwamasiko. Phakathi labantu emhlabeni imba eqolo ukoma sokufunda, aba nesandla ekuthuthukeni kwalo ekuthuthukiseni ulwazi ihlelo.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukusungulwa akuyona ukuyiprinta cindezela mhlangano waba ngesikhathi osithandayo. Zonke izici zayo akhiwa kancane kancane. Ngezinye izikhathi ezahlukene ukusebenza umshini kuthatha ezihlukahlukene amafomu.

Kunezindlela ezihlukahlukene ulwazi mayelana owaqala ukunyathelisa. Indaba uchaza ucwaningo lokuqala lencwadi ibhizinisi Korea, Mongolia, Japan, China, kakade 10-11 eminyaka. Kodwa, ngeshwa, ngempela le ncwadi, izikhathi eziningi kangaka kuchazwe, kuze kube manje azifinyelelanga. Ngakho kubhekwe ukuthi kuqale wokunyathelisa okuqalwe Gutenberg (1399-1468). Ngokuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe ezahlukene, khona-ke ekhona ekukhiqizeni, wasungula indlela ephelele ukuze ngesikhathi kunyatheliswa incwadi. Okokuqala, Guttenberg waba umsunguli we font entsha. Esikhundleni izinhlamvu ngazinye isetshenzisiwe esibonibonini isithombe cast metal uyafa. Basuke ukulayishwa kuya ipuleti ithusi, kude Bagcwala lapho ingxubevange ekhethekile, equkethe antimony, phambili futhi ithini. Ngakho, kwakunokwenzeka ukulolonga emagama kanye netinhlavu ngobuningi.

Guttenberg e 1450 waqala ukusakaza okufushane umnyuziki imihla ngemihla eBhayibhelini (wokuqala eYurophu). Esikhathini 1452-m 1454-m (ngokusho emithonjeni ehlukene) wakwazi ukuphrinta edition 42-line. IBhayibheli ngakho ngokuthi ngenxa yokuthi kuwo wonke (wonke amakhasi ubekade 1282) has imigqa 42 e amakholomu amabili.

Abafundi Gutenberg (Pannartst futhi Svengeym) baqala aluka okusungulile ukushicilela ubuchwepheshe e-Europe. Ngakho, ekuqaleni ukuphrinta nomthelela ukudalwa igatsha elisha isiko kanye ukukhiqizwa ngesikhathi esifanayo - yokunyathelisa. Ngenxa yokuthi umqondo wegama elithi "ukushicilela" ubengekho ngesikhathi, bazitshela entsha bezibona okukhethekile ibhizinisi ngokuphelele, kuhlanganise ukudayiswa amabhuku izitolo ngaleso ngemishini yokunyathelisa.

Emlandweni embonini sokushicilela ngo 1500 kubhekwa mlando. Kuleli qophelo, ukukhiqizwa ncwadi zande, naphezu kwezindleko nomsebenzi kunalokho okusezingeni eliphezulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ezanyatheliswa ngaphambi 1500 ukushicilelwa ngokuthi "incunabula" - kukhiqizwa "imbeleko" yebhuku, kamuva kulo nyaka, sathola igama "palaeotypes" - "izincwadi ezindala."

Qala ukuyiprinta eRussia sihlehlela emuva ngo-1550. Nakuba lo mbusi kwaba Ivan Grozny, ababekuqonda ngempela ukwesekwa okukhulu ekuthuthukiseni nemidwebo. Kodwa, ngeshwa, izincwadi zokuqala badedelwa, "engaziwa" (ayiqukethe idatha okukhipha). Ngakho-ke, umlando awurekhodiwe idatha ukuphrinta kuqala.

Kukholakala ukuthi Ivan Fedorov baba iphrinta kuqala eRussia. Khishiwe kubo, "abaphostoli" 1 Mashi 1564 isibe imodeli zokunyathelisa ubuciko isikhathi. Le ncwadi ikhishwe ngaphansi kohlelo olubizwa futhi ticondziso Metropolitan Macarius. Le ncwadi incazelo zakudala abalandeli izimfundiso zobuKristu kaKristu. It yakhelwe lencwadzi izibalo zenkolo.

Ngo 1565, Fedorov endaweni nge umsizi Petrom Mstislavtsem ezikhishwe elaba ngayo incwadi ethandwa kakhudlwana "Breviary." Ngaleyondlela, kwakungemva ekuqaleni nemidwebo Russian. Abalandeli Fedorov ngemva olukhishwe "nasemaHutsheni." Ngokuvamile B16 ekhulwini amabhuku nesishiyagalolunye yashicilelwa ukuphrinta endlini YaseMoscow. Ngenxa yalokho, lo ukushicilela indlu isimo inwetshiwe. Yaqala ukusebenza nabahlola umsebenzi, abahleli kanye nezinye izifundiswa.