Ekamu lokuhlushwa lamaNazi eBergen-Belsen: umlando, izithombe

Omunye obumnandi okubangelwa seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili, baba ekamu German lokuhlushwa eBergen-Belsen, owayeneminyaka endaweni manje ebizwa ngokuthi eLower Saxony, phakathi edolobhaneni Belsen futhi edolobheni elincane eBergen, okwayinika igama lakhe. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ikamu hhayi ifakwe igesi emakamelweni, laba indawo kufa amashumi ezinkulungwane zeziboshwa.

Iziboshwa lokuqala ekamu ukufa

Indaba ukuthi kwaba eBergen-Belsen - ekamu lokuhlushwa, lithole notoriety kakhulu - kumele kuqale nge izibalo. Kusukela imibhalo leyo minyaka kubonisa ukuthi kuphela ukuthi ngenkathi esukela ku-1943 kuya ku-1945, lapho abantu asebefile indlala nezifo kubantu abangaphezu kuka-ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amahlanu. Sekukonke, bangaphezu kuka-abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisikhombisa lonke nesikhathi sempi isibalo sezisulu zalo.

Usuku yokusungulwa salo 1940. ikamu eBergen-Belsen, isithombe zazo okwethulwa kulesi sihloko, lakhiwa uqukethe iziboshwa French futhi Belgian okudalwa impi, ngenani labantu abangamakhulu ayisithupha baba iziboshwa zakhe kuqala. Nokho, ekuqaleni imisebenzi yezempi kuleli endaweni ye-USSR, bona zahlangana amasosha aseSoviet ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili nezikhulu abazithola ekuthunjweni isitha. Kuwo lo nyaka, nesishiyagalombili abayizinkulungwane zabulawa indlala nezifo.

Exchange Isikhwama amaNazi

Ngo-1943, isimo ezisemthethweni ekamu washintsha. Akuzange iziboshwa ezingaphezu empi, nendawo yabo sathathwa iziboshwa, okwadingeka yisakhamuzi angaphandle, okungase, ngezinye izikhathi, umklomelo izakhamuzi German ebambekile emakamu amazwe efanayo anti-Hitler womanyano. I trainload lokuqala iziboshwa, angena ngaphansi kwalo mkhakha babevela laseBuchenwald ngo-April 1943. Ngokushesha inani Ukufika wajoyina iziboshwa ekamu Natzweiler-Struthof, futhi ngisho nangemva kwesikhathi esithile - nge kweFrance.

Inhlangano yangaphakathi kwekamu

ikamu eBergen-Belsen, kusukela ngo-1943, has a isakhiwo kunalokho xaka. Lalihlanganisa ukwahlukana eziningana, ngayinye ovelele ngumuntu akuxhomekile iziboshwa, kanye nokuqukethwe kwawo. I izimo ezikahle kakhulu ezazisemizini okuthiwa ekamu kokungathathi hlangothi (Neutralenlager).

Iziboshwa zalethwa lapha emazweni babengathathi hlangothi. Lawa kwakungamadodana ikakhulukazi izakhamuzi Portugal, Argentina, Spain naseTurkey. Umbuso kwakukhona onomoya omnene kakhulu ukwedlula kweminye iminyango. Iziboshwa abaphoqelelwa ukusebenza futhi zinikwa kuqhathaniswa ngcono.

Ngo kwelinye igumbi, ngokuthi "ekhethekile ekamu» (Sonderlager), kwakunamaJuda Warsaw, Lviv futhi Krakow. Abantu ababesekamu lokuhlushwa eBergen-Belsen waba yindawo yeziboshwa labo, ngoba laba bantu babenokholo passport yesikhashana amazwe aseNingizimu Melika ezifana eParaguay eHonduras awunankinga yokwenze exchange. Abenzi lutho ukuba basebenze, kodwa wagcinwa ngabodwa esiqinile, kusukela ngaphambi kokufika kwakhe ekamu, eziningi zazo ziye babebone izenzo ezenziwa SS amayunithi ePoland.

Okuqukethwe ekamu yamaJuda Dutch futhi Hungarian

EBergen-Belsen - ekamu lokuhlushwa ngohlobo olukhethekile - ngo-1944 amaJuda kwalethwa kusuka Holland, ababe kuze kube yileso sikhathi kule kwamanye amakamu. Umkhakha beyigcinwa lapho, wabizwa ngokuthi "Star» (Sternlager). Leli gama wanikezwa ngenxa yokuthi zilapho iziboshwa zazinikezwa Unelungelo lokugqoka ikamu hhayi ezimthende izingubo, futhi evamile wakhe, kodwa ngaphambi tabbing kuye Star ayisithupha wakhomba kaDavide. Isiphetho amaJuda adingiswa esuka Netherlands ngesikhathi seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili, sasingekho ngaphansi edabukisayo kuka nozakwabo bakwamanye amazwe. Kulaba nanye amawaka, anesithandathu samawaka kuphela abasinda kuze kube sekupheleni kwempi.

Ngo-July 1944, ekamu lokuhlushwa lamaNazi eBergen-Belsen wajoyina amaJuda angaphezu kwenkulungwane eHungary. Ukuzilondoloza kwabelwe endaweni ehlukile, eyaziwa ngokuthi i- "ikamu Hungarian" (Ungarnlager). Mhlawumbe, uma kucatshangwa ukuthi yibona okufanele bashintshisane okuphiniwe amathemba amakhulu, ngoba izimo zabo zazingcono kuka kwamanye amagatsha. Ekuqaleni, ekamu eBergen-Belsen kwakuhloselwe aqukethe kuphela la madoda, kodwa ngo-1944 ukuthi lwenziwe nesigaba labesifazane kulo.

Ukudluliswa amabutho ekamu British

Ikamu eBergen-Belsen ukufa baba kwelinye lamakamu ambalwa ngokuzithandela adluliselwe amaJalimane amabutho azihlanganisa. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-April 1945. Isizathu kwaba ukuthi, lapho insimu yalo kwaba phakathi kwala maqembu amabili bamabutho - German kanye nayo iBritish - ekamu typhus ubhubhane Kwagqashuka, okuholela buyingozi ukungcoliswa amasosha kahle kuzo zombili izimpi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, UHimmler ngaphambilini sokunikela ekamu, ayizange ufisa akhululwa khona amasosha aseSoviet.

Ngo-April 1945, lapho le nkathi ifika eduze front line, ekamu, kwakukhona iziboshwa ngalokho eziyizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisithupha. Ngokwe- Geneva Convention, vala iziboshwa yombango yempi, Nokho, kulesi simo, ubhubhane typhus kwenza okholwayo wangakwazi kuphunywe.

Kodwa ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo ezixakile, ekuqaleni kuka-April, anesixhenxe samawaka we ethembisayo ngokuya exchange, iziboshwa wathumela ngemiyalo yezikhulu UHimmler ekamu hlangothi. Kwakumelwe ikakhulukazi amaJuda evela ePoland futhi Hungary eyayinecilongo izakhamuzi kwamanye amazwe.

Baxoxisane ukudluliselwa ekamu British

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ukuhleleka ukudluliswa eBergen-Belsen amabutho azihlanganisa wathola kusukela abaphathi abaphezulu lamakamu, izinkulumo kanye British kwafika. AmaNgisi akafunanga baqikelele izimpilo zeziguli anesithoba amawaka ababesezweni ekamu, ehlaselwe nalolubhubhane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bona kuba yingozi enkulu yokutheleleka. Ukuze wenze British zomkhalazi ngaphezulu, amaJalimane wanikelwa njengomhlatshelo "isipho" ekamu * ukuba uziyeke ngaphandle kokulwa, ibhuloho ezimbili osendaweni ezibalulekile.

Imigomo yesivumelwano

Njengoba bavumelana, ekugcineni, yesivumelwano, insimu ezungeze eBergen-Belsen, kwathiwa zone hlangothi. Ngaphambi kokufika amabutho aseBrithani, nokuvikeleka iziboshwa aqhubeka kwenziwe ngabasebenzi lempi Wehrmacht, okuyinto aqinisekisiwe esikhathini esizayo ukufinyelela okulula indawo izingxenye zawo.

Ngokusho esivumelwaneni, ngaphambi kokuthi ukudlulisa kuya ekamu British, amaNazi ezazidingeka ukuze kubuyiselwe ukuthula lapho, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, ukungcwaba izidumbu efile. Lena umsebenzi kunzima kakhulu, njengoba izinkulungwane nepogrebonnyh izindikimba ezihlukahlukene wabantu endaweni. Babefanele angcwatshwe imisele ejulile bemba Awukude kocingo ekamu.

izigcawu be-Apocalypse

Kusukela Umlando kwesesosha umhlanganyeli German kulezi zenzakalo Rudolf Kyustermeyera eyaziwa ngokuthi phakathi nezinsuku ezine iziboshwa - iziboshwa ayizinkulungwane ezimbili, eyodwa kwalabo ababengeke namanje ume ngezinyawo zami, - wadvonsa nemizimba ngezigaba ezahlukene yokubola. Umoya yagcwala iphunga elibi esabekayo.

Umsebenzi eyathatha kusukela ekuseni kuze kube sebusuku kakhulu. In the ukungabikho inani elidingekayo of stretchers esetshenziswa tarps bands, amabhande, noma intambo kuboshelwe imilenze nezingalo ngezidumbu. Hard ukukholelwa, kodwa nesihogo sokuhlupha umbukwane ephelezelwa imisindvo ezimbili ngokuqhubekayo eyadlalwa-orchestra yakhiwa futhi iziboshwa. Kodwa nokho, uma-ke wagcina ekamu yokudlulisela isikhathi, futhi liye langena kakade amabutho aseBrithani, ahlale ensimini ka izidumbu ezingaphezu kweshumi eziyinkulungwane nepogrebonnyh elele endaweni evulekile.

Imininingwane in the domain yomphakathi

Isikhulu British uDerrick Sington, ithwala 15 April 1945 ekamu reception, kamuva wabhala incwadi ngalo. Kuyo uthi ngokushesha ngemva kokungena ekamu British iziboshwa ezigulayo zafakwa ngokushesha idluliselwe ukulungele ngokukhethekile esibhedlela ensimini, kodwa naphezu kwemizamo emihle kodokotela abantu abayizinkulungwane nantathu wafa.

Kwakuwusuku lokuqala emakamu okufa, imininingwane yayo laba impahla yabantwana umphakathi waseMelika futhi waseBrithani. Isizathu ukuthi zabuswa British, futhi insimu yalo ngokushesha uvele izintatheli obala konke babona, wavakashela ikamu lakwa-eBergen-Belsen. Izithombe abazenzayo kungabonwa emakhasini amaphephandaba amaningi nomagazini.

retribution

Ekupheleni izisebenzi ekamu impi lalinabashumayeli abantu ayisishiyagalombili futhi iphethwe Usigaxamabhande Yozefom Kramerom. Bakhandwa ngokushesha nje abese eboshwa futhi kamuva, kwasinda amabili, ushone ngenxa yokutheleleka nge-typhus, uvele phambi kwenkantolo yezempi British ehlezi emzini laseJalimane Lüneburg. Kwakuwusuku kwecala izigebengu impi.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ummangalelwa ayesezikhundleni ezahlukene isimo ekamu, bonke ubekwe amacala amacala ingqikithi ukubulala kanye nokwelashwa ngamabomu akunabuntu iziboshwa, okuyinto eyenziwa ngayo icala ngaphansi izihloko wemihlangano olufanele ngamazwe.

Bona bokusola eziningi izenzo zobudlova emthethweni ukuthi babé phetho isikhundla sabo esinamandla kule nokwakheka ekamu. Ngokusho sinqumo, abamangalelwa eziyisishiyagalombili, kuhlanganise Usigaxamabhande kwekamu, bagwetshelwa ukufa ngokulengiswa nokuba bonke abanye imigomo ehlukahlukene ejele. Izinto ezihlobene ubugebengu lwamaNazi ekamu, sahlanganisa encwadini edumile eNuremberg nokulingwa.