Izizwe zasendulo zomhlaba: igama, umlando kanye ezithakazelisayo amaqiniso

Kwatholakala ukuthi izizwe zomhlaba eminingi yasendulo iye yakha eminyakeni engaba yizinkulungwane eziyisithupha edlule, iningi labo kwanyamalala ebusweni bomhlaba, kusale enkumbulweni abayinzalo esimweni engcono, amagama abo. Kodwa phakathi kwabo kukhona nalabo edabula eminyaka, baye bakwazi kuzo zonke izigaba zomlando ukuzivumelanisa ezingokoqobo njalo siguqula futhi kanjalo uphile ngokuvumelana izinsuku zethu.

Isimo sokuqala Yezwe Lasendulo

kungekho ukuvumelana ngokuthi kuphi futhi nini kwaba impucuko yokuqala emhlabeni, abacwaningi, kodwa iningi lazo livumelana lokuthi, ngokusobala, kwaba isimo Sumer. Kwakheka ekupheleni BC IV kwekhulu kule ndawo aseningizimu yeMesophothamiya (eseningizimu ye-Iraq), kwaqhubeka iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-nambili, luye lwanyamalala ezindaweni yesehlakalo, ushiya eningi izikhumbuzo amasiko abo, wathola lapho bemba. Njengezinye izizwe eziningi zasendulo zomhlaba, yawa ngaphansi ukumelana abahlaseli.

Njengoba sekuzoqala isimo sempucuko, njengoba umthetho, hlala endaweni encane kakhulu futhi akazange ihluke inabantu abaningi. It is, eyaziwa isibonelo, ukuthi phakathi yesine yeminyaka BC eSigodini saseNayile eyedwa Babengaphezu kwamashumi amane. Maphakathi ngamunye wabo laliwumuzi ezinezivikelo eziqinile, okuyinto kwaku yokuhlala umbusi yethempeli ohlonishwa kakhulu selikaNkulunkulu.

Kusinda ezinamandla

Izizwe zasendulo zomhlaba never-ophela wokulwela ukuphila, njengoba evundile kwakukuncane, futhi pretenders nokuba nazo - eningi. Ngenxa yalokho yezimpi engapheli Kwagqashuka, lapho umbusi wendawo usebenze njengomahluleli umholi, futhi uma impumelelo wahola imisebenzi wokunisela. labour senceku yasetshenziselwa kancane, ngoba ngenxa primitiveness izikhali ukugcina inani elikhulu ziboshwa kwakunabazalwane yingozi. Zivame abulawe, kusale kuphela abesifazane nentsha.

Ezemfundo of Ancient Egypt State

Isithombe washintsha ekuqaleni kwenyanga yesine yeminyaka BC, lapho yimpumelelo kakhulu potentates zendawo, wehlela emlandweni ngaphansi kwegama likaFaro Minesa wakwazi izizwe eziningana abahlala ndawonye. Amagama amazwe yasendulo emhlabeni, bajoyine umbuso omusha, iningi labo ayikaziwa, kodwa bona baye kwavula impucuko enkulu lapho somlando omdala waseGibhithe lasendulo yesimanje ushayele umbuso Early.

Kuwo wonke amazwe akhona, Egypt kubhekwa omdala. Umlando walo uya emuva eminyakeni, futhi amane abacwaningi yahlukaniswa ngezigaba eziningana, ngamunye ephethe izici zayo siqu kahulumeni kanye nentuthuko yomnotho. Lokhu eyingqayizivele yokuphila yezwe koFaro kuye kwathuthukisa umhlaba amafomu eziningi yobuciko ke kuletinye amazwekazi.

Armenia owavela esidlule

Isimo sokuqala zezwe lasendulo, walondoloza ukuba izinsuku zethu, abaningi babo baye baba yenziwe ngohlobo oluhlukile ngokuphelele yobuhlanga sabantu uma kuqhathaniswa ngosuku wamanje. Isibonelo salokhu i-Armenia, ababebalelwa emibili nengxenye kweminyaka eyinkulungwane nomlando wayo, kodwa, ngokusho kwabanye abacwaningi, nguye owasungula ngisemncane kakhulu futhi okusuka umbuso Armagh, Shubra, okuyinto yayikhona XII leminyaka BC lasendulo.

Ngaleyo minyaka kwaba nenye eziyinkimbinkimbi amancane, kodwa uthi ezimele nezizwe kushintsha njalo nomunye. Ngenxa indlela eside zomlando wesizwe sakwa-Armenian kwamiswa okusekelwe kuzo. kakhulu Igama isimo e umsindo walo wanamuhla kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala encwadini eyayinesihloko eziphathelene 522 BC. Kube Armenia sichazwa ngokuthi okhonzile endaweni ukuze asePheresiya esisogwini Insimu wanyamalala ngesikhathi isimo URARTU lasendulo.

isimo Old Iranian

Esinye isimo zezwe lasendulo Iran. Isihlobo inkathi ivelaphi, ososayensi uyavuma ukuthi kwakhiwa it is kusukela ekhona endaweni efanayo iminyaka eyinkulungwane emihlanu edlule, futhi okukhulunywa ngabo eBhayibhelini-Elamu isimo. Esikhathini BC VII leminyaka, kakhulu uhulumeni Iranian yandile insimu yalo, uqinise kwezomnotho futhi iguqulwa ibe umbuso onamandla futhi abangophakimpi Median, ngekwesayizi layo lidlula insimu Iranian zamanje. amandla ayo empi sasisikhulu kangangokuba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amaMede bakwazi ukuhlula Ezingakanqotshwa kuze kube yileso sikhathi-Asiriya niwunqobe omakhelwane babo ezizungezile.

Iran, kanye izizwe eziningi zasendulo zomhlaba ngomlilo inkemba, wangena indlela esizayo. Zasendulo esidala kakhulu kwezincwadi Iranian lasendulo - "Avesta" - ubizwa ngokuthi "ezweni Aryans." kamuva Izizwe kwakheka ingxenye eyinhloko sabantu Iranian, baye zathuthela kuwo kusuka ezisenyakatho eCaucasus and emaqeleni-Asia Ephakathi. kufakwe Ngokushesha abantu bendawo non-Aryan, bona kalula ephethwe ukusungula ukulawula lonke izwe.

Impucuko of China Ingxenye yesakhiwo

Ebala imishikashika izizwe ezweni lamandulo, kwaguqulwa kakhulu kuya vicissitudes yomlando, omunye singakhohlwa China. Ngokwe ososayensi kuleli zwe elikhulukazi empumalanga, kwaphakama impucuko iminyaka kungakapheli anamahlanu amawaka edlule insimu yalo, nakuba eziningi zalotshwa kubonisa kweminyaka kancane - iminyaka izinkulungwane ezintathu namakhulu ayisithupha. Phakathi nale nkathi, kuphawulwa kokubusa Shang Dynasty, izwe yasungulwa ngo esiqinile uhlelo zokuphatha, siqhubeke sithuthukisa futhi ihlanganisa zonke izici zomphakathi.

izimo zemvelo e China, ukuthuthukisa e somfula Yellow River futhi umfula iYangtze River, iyona engcono wayemthanda ekuthuthukeni kwezolimo, ngaleyo ndlela kuchazwe, umlingisi yezolimo umnotho walo. Konke okunye, side by side nabo izizwe zezwe lasendulo atholiwe ezindaweni sezintaba asemaqeleni engafanele ukulima.

Kusukela yaqala ukuba khona, China olwenziwa inqubomgomo esebenzayo bomsebenzi, ukuze amandla ezomnotho eyanele wakuvumela ukuba ukwandisa insimu yalo enkulu kakade. Kwaziwa kahle kamhlophe okusezingeni eliphezulu kanjani ezingeni isayensi isiko China lasendulo. Engingakusho nje ayisho ukuthi XI leminyaka BC, abakhileyo bakhona wajabulela ikhalenda kwenyanga futhi ukwazi izinto eziyisisekelo lokubhala hieroglyphic. Emhlabeni nenkathi efanayo, izwe livele ibutho njalo wadala ku uchwepheshe isisekelo.

Njengoba iwumthombo impucuko European

Lesi sihloko kungokwalabo Greece ngumthetho. Kuyaziwa ukuthi eminyakeni acishe abe yizinkulungwane ezinhlanu ezedlule, isiqhingi saseKrethe Bekumumuzi ukuba isiko esiyingqayizivele, ekugcineni lasakazekela eziqhingini. Izincwadi zazibhalwe okokuqala kwakhiwa izisekelo wekuba sive, ukuhweba osungulwe futhi enobudlelwane nge emazweni aseMpumalanga, kanye ngokubhala eladabuka ifomu walo wanamuhla futhi ngesisekelo umthetho.

State kanye noMthetho zezwe lasendulo sesifike eqophelweni eliphakeme sokuthuthuka ogwini Aegean, lapho inkulungwane yokuqala yeminyaka BC kwakukhona empucukweni ephambili ngesikhathi. Kwakuyisikhathi evuthiwe isimo isakhiwo, eyakhelwe model of despotism Oriental , futhi lapho yayinelungelo yawo ubushiqela athuthukile ngesikhathi. Ithonya Greece ngesikhathi esifushane ukusakaza ezindaweni enkulu yeNyakatho Black Sea Coast, South Italy futhi e-Asia Minor.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi, ngokomlando, igama Hellas kungokwalabo ngezikhwepha yaseGrisi yasendulo, namuhla abantu baleli zwe futhi ayihambise isimo yesimanje, ngaleyo ndlela egcizelela uxhumano ne isiko olukhulu lapho bayizindlalifa.

Izwe, nesuka eziqhingini

Futhi isiphelo sesimiso sihloko kuyafaneleka ukuba sikhumbule eyodwa ngaphezulu, lesi sikhathi ukuze izwe eliyisiqhingi oye waba khona emhlabeni wethu kusukela endulo - Japan. Ngo 661 BC yaqala ukubusa kwayo okwakuzothatha kombusi lokuqala Jimmu. Umphumela womsebenzi wakhe wasungula ukulawula lonke leli qoqo leziqhingi, okuyikhona wenza okungaka ngenkani izikhali, njengoba zezombusazwe yaklanywa ngobungcweti obukhulu.

Ekuthuthukisweni yayo, Japan isidlulile ngendlela eyingqayizivele. Nakuba isimo zezwe lasendulo, umlando kuwona ihlobene empini, uvele enkundleni yomhlaba, bese yanyamalala unomphela, ezweni lapho ilanga liphuma phakathi namakhulu eminyaka uye wakwazi ukuba sigweme noma yikuphi yezinxushunxushu ezinkulu zezombangazwe nezenhlalo. Ngokungangabazeki, lokhu kuye kwaba nengxenye enkulu inyumbazana ezindawo ka isimo. Ikakhulu, wayengadlali eyasindisa lezwe amaMongol ahlasele, wahlasela ngesikhathi sakhe ingxenye enkulu ye-Asia.

Izwe liye lagcina ngokwayo emashumini eminyaka

Japan - lizwe kuphela lapho phezu ezimbili zeminyaka isigamu iyagcinwa ngokulandelana dynastic kombuso, futhi cishe akashintshi imingcele ukuma. Lokhu Kusinikeza nethuba lokucabangela ke ezweni zasendulo impela, incwadi walondoloza cishe ngo ifomu yayo yasekuqaleni, njengazo zonke ezinye izizwe zezwe lasendulo, baze bakwazi ngisho unqobe indlela wayo wakudala othi, ngokuphindaphindiwe washintsha ibala zaso zezombangazwe.