Oprichnina Ivana Groznogo

"Oprichnina" ezikhathini zasendulo kwakuthiwa i ubunikazi zwe elincane, umfelokazi, oshonile umnumzana iqhawe. Leli fa wahlala emva ukudluliswa iningi ezweni layo kokwesikhulu.

Oprichnina Ivana Groznogo - ekhethekile, wazinikezela yinkosi insimu ka isimo. Lokhu "bobukhosi 'phetho beyiba control unit yayo futhi ibutho.

Isingeniso oprichnina kwakubangelwa izenzakalo 1565. Kulo nyaka, inkosi yama-boyars washintsha asiyeke futhi wavumelana ukubuyela kuphela ukusebenza izimo ezintathu. Ikakhulukazi, uzishaya ngokwabo ilungelo ukusayinda okungalungile ngokwentando yakhe, ukungena oprichnina, iyiphi idivayisi "zemshchina" (lonke izwe) kwadingeka ukuba ukhokhe omkhulu (ngezindinganiso isikhathi) isamba eziyizinkulungwane eziyikhulu.

Oprichnina Ivana Groznogo ezazihlanganisa entshonalanga, eningizimu-ntshonalanga izifunda kanye emaphakathi. Lezi zindawo lathathwa umbuso, futhi izifunda ocebile enyakatho, ingxenye yomuzi. Oprichnina Ivana Groznogo kusikisela ukuba khona amabutho alo ezempi, eyayihlanganisa eziyinkulungwane nezicukuthwane. Ukuze ngamunye wabo labelwa ukuba ifa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, insimu sidalwe oprichnina ngumnikazi Duma oda yangaphakathi, egcekeni lakho. Ngo kwezandla zenkosi abangu bagxila izindaba ezibaluleke kakhulu zamanxusa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo empini Livonia walala ngokuphelele phansi "zemshchina". Oprichny umzimba bakhonza imisebenzi emibili kuphela: uqapha uMbusi futhi abulawe amambuka.

C lashintsha isimo ezilwiwa ngabantu izindlela ezehlukene. Oprichnina Kubi nezinsolo mass ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu, ekuphucweni, ukufuduka kwabantu, nokubulawa. Ngokushesha elulele yonkana ukwesaba isimo. Kulesi ukubhuqwa abangu lilungisiwe, hhayi kuphela kwi imindeni boyars, kodwa futhi phezu kwemizi lonke. eziningi zabantu alengiswa eNovgorod (ngokuvumelana kweminye imithombo, isibalo izisulu waba kungathi izinkulungwane ezintathu).

Lapho ziqhubeka, sibi isimo saba esimweni. Terror yaqala ukusakaza ngaphakathi oprichnina - zaqala ukushintsha abaholi. Ngakho, esikhundleni Basmanova ababulawa weza Malyuta Skuratov. Zawa phansi nokubacindezela futhi ovelele nezicukuthwane nezihlobo nabangane abaseduze. Izisulu yokwesaba nangenxa baba abalimi, nezikhulu zikahulumeni. Oprichnina Ivana Groznogo yathatha iminyaka eyisikhombisa nezinyanga sahoxiswa ngo-1572.

Imiphumela oprichnina ngokuyinhloko abathintekayo isimo somnotho isimo. Kube waba ngukumkani kumile ephelele. izindawo lonke yezwe zashabalala. Emadolobheni amaningi amancane abangu ushiyiwe, no-90% we umhlabathi olimekayo akucutshungulwanga.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kakhulu kwehle amandla ibutho. Mayelana nomkhosi wokuhlanganisa phansi, ukudilika kwamadoda asebukhosini, kwakheka core ibutho isiRashiya, kwaba nenkinga emabuthweni ahlomile. lulahlekile nempi Livonia.

Mayelana nokubacindezela omkhulu washintsha isimo lokubala ubuningi babantu ezweni. Ngokucijile yehla inani nemizana unqabe kanye labantu zokusebenza yobudala.

Phakathi oprichnina okwanda amandla ngokuphelele yenkosi. Ukube kule Duma State iye subordinated kuya Kubi.

Ngemva kokubhujiswa ebukhosini lawela waqala yokuqinisa despotism Tsarist. Oprichnina nomthelela ukuqedwa abanikazi ezimele, okungase laba isisekelo segama imfundo esifundazweni zomphakathi. Abantu baba kuncike nohulumeni wonkana kanye yenkosi ngokukhethekile.

Ngenxa yalokho, ukuba ngokuqondile ukusungula umbuso despotic eRussia. Akekho kwase kuphephile ekwesabeni. Ngisho elite izinduna lingalimala ekuhlushweni inkosi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo izikhulu Russian, okuyinto ngaphambi ukwethulwa kwe oprichnina yanikezwa ilungelo lokuzikhethela amalungelo kungagcini kakhulu, ukuze uthole amandla.

Izazi-mlando kuze kube manje awukwazi ukunquma ngokunembile imbangela okuvela umbuso enjalo kuleli zwe. Ngokusho abanye abalobi, Ivan Grozny ngakho wazama ndawonye amandla.