Umlando we uPetru noPawulu Fortress Petersburg

izivakashi ezingavamile ukuba umuzi iNeva ngeke ahambele Museum yezindaba zemihla Petersburg ku uPetru noPawulu Fortress. Kube egwadle zibuswa eba yiqhwa indaba yokuzalwa inhloko-dolobha yaseRussia esenyakatho, maphakathi okuyinto, ohlelweni Petra Velikogo, kwaba enqabeni, elifanekisela amandla futhi impregnability kwamandla adalwe ngayo.

Citadel - brainchild of Peter mina

Umlando we uPetru noPawulu Fortress kuhlangene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa iMpi Northern, okuyinto Russia nase Sweden babe esikhathini 1700-1721. Ngenxa yalokho, eziningi yimpumelelo ezempi ngo-1703 wakwazi baphinde izwe iNeva, futhi sokuvikelwa edingekayo inqaba okuthembekile zabo ezakhiwe yonke imithetho izinqaba isayensi kahle leyo minyaka. ukwakhiwa kwalo kuyinto edingekayo ukuthi inqaba ubudala Nienschanz, esisogwini confluence le Okhta futhi iNeva emfuleni, njengomuntu onokwethenjelwa insufficiently.

Kusukela imibhalo esekhona siyazi ukuthi isayithi Fort entsha uqobo wakhetha uPetru I. Kuze kube yimanje, Meyi 8, 1703, wahlola ogwini iNeva nge Aleksandrom Danilovichem Menshikovym kanye unjiniyela French Joseph Gaspar Lambert de Guérin. Ukukhethwa EnguMbusi wawela phezu Rabbit isiqhingi, sise ingxenye okubanzi le somfula iNeva, nokuba Ubukhulu ofanele abe - 750 metres ubude futhi mayelana 360 m ububanzi.

Umlando inqaba iqala 16 (27) ngoMeyi 1703, usuku lapho senziwa ibhukumaka. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi enqabeni Yakhiwa hhayi kuphela ekuthatheni isinyathelo uPetru mina, kodwa futhi ngoba imiklamo yayo ababulawa ngokuhlanganyela Lambert de Guérin, umbusi yena ngalesi senzakalo esingokomlando wayengekho. Ngokwe-umlando leyo minyaka, wayesemsebenzini Olonets ngisemsebenzini, esisogwini ogwini olungasempumalanga lweLake Ladoga, futhi ukuqala umsebenzi Hare Island kwaholela A. D. Menshikov.

Namhlanje wusuku lapho uPetru noPawulu Fortress, kucatshangwa ukuthi lokuzalwa Petersburg yasungulwa, kodwa bambalwa bayazi ukuthi yokuqala ukwakhiwa yayo wajaha izinjongo luyingxenye wezempi, futhi phansi emhlabeni inhloko-dolobha entsha isimo akufanele aphonsele. kamuva kuphela izenzakalo ezimbili zazihlobene nomunye, ukuze Pushkin sika "kuyoba khona idolobha wabeka 'ukuza ikhanda koMbusi kamuva kancane kuka ekuqaleni kokudaliweyo zibuswa enamandla enezivikelo eziqinile.

I kwakhiwe le nqaba zobumba

Njengoba singabona kusukela emlandweni we kwakhiwe le nqaba, kwaba ekuqaleni a ngokhuni-umhlaba, kodwa, naphezu kwalokhu, isihambile ngesikhathi izinqaba, ehlanganisa 6 zintaba, ngamunye okuyinto enamandla izinqaba amahlanu emaceleni kwakhiwa amagumbi odongeni inqaba.

Ngaphambi kokujoyina i nabo izindonga (kwesihenqo izindonga) ezakhiwa 2 Ravelin - ukwakhiwa ngobuningi. injongo yabo kwaba ukumboza-up izindonga ezingontuluntulu futhi isitha nobunzima lokushaya. Yakhiwa njengoba Kronverk - ukwesekwa yangaphandle Ukuqinisa yakhelwe njengoba ukuze uqhubeke uvikele le nqaba, futhi ukwakha bridgehead esimweni esiphikisayo.

UPetru noPawulu Fortress lamiswao ngokubulawa amabutho Russian neziboshwa abaseSweden. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mthetho inkosi yakwa esifundazweni ngasinye ithumela inombolo serf ezithile. izimo zokusebenza ezinamandla nesimo sezulu esibandayo futhi manzi, aseBaltic baba yokuthi amakhulu abakhi engaziwa phakade ngashiya elele emathuneni abo, embozwe ezingwini exhaphozini iNeva. Bona kwathathelwa indawo amaqoqwana omusha ufika abantu abasebenza, ku amathambo owakhula izindonga inqaba, futhi evuka emahlathini amnyama we inhloko-dolobha yombuso okukhulu.

Senior abaqondisi ukwakhiwa

imibhalo ezigciniwe zomlando eziphathelene emlandweni we uPetru noPawulu Fortress Petersburg, kusikisela ukuthi ukwakhiwa zibuswa yayo uqobo baqondisa umbusi, futhi ezinhlanu ayebambisene nabo eduze, esimagama kamuva owabizelwa khona. Ngakho, ukuze baye basinda notation Troubetzkoy nenqaba EnguMbusi, Menshikov, Naryshkin, Zotov futhi Golovkin.

Ngokushesha mina kumelwe kuphawulwe ukuthi uPetru mina kuphela ezimpini nenqaba ithebhu EnguMbusi, futhi wonke umsebenzi okwalandela lapho wawuqondiswa indodana yakhe - Tsarevich Aleksey futhi A. D. Menshikov. Izimo zethu zihluke kakhulu ephawulekayo yokuthi ezinye abaqondisi, naphezu amasiko Russian hhayi kuphela akazange alinge imali ebhizinisini abaziphathisiwe, kodwa ezimweni eziningi, ngokwabo embozwe nezindleko zokusebenza.

Chronicle zezambulo ezengeziwe

Umlando inqaba kufakazelwa eziningi amaphutha enziwe ngesikhathi nomklamo walo. Omunye wabo ifikile ukukhanyisa ngisho nangaphambi Okthoba 1, 1703 umsebenzi ku ukwakhiwa izinqaba zobumba zaphela. Ngenxa izikhukhula ezinamandla elafika ngo-August 30, amanzi, njengoba ephakama 2.5 amamitha, ligcwaliswe Rabbit Island, wageza izakhiwo eziningana ngomumo eyenziwe. Lesi senzakalo kanye waphinde wabonisa isidingo ukwakhiwa lenqaba itshe.

Ehlobo lika-1703 kwaba khona omunye umcimbi obalulekile, okuyinto isiqiniseko ukwazi wonke umuntu wavakashela Museum yezindaba zemihla Petersburg ku uPetru noPawulu Fortress ngoJuni 29 (Julayi 12) ku insimu yalo kwakukhona kubekwa zemikhosi we uPetru noPawulu Cathedral - ke namanje esontweni sokhuni esincane. Waphelelwa ngamandla igama lenqaba esakhiwe, futhi kamuva umuzi okuthiwa ku isitayela Dutch - "St Peter-Burj". Ngakho, usuku June 29 angabhekwa wosuku igama ledolobha ku iNeva.

Ngawo lowo nyaka kwakube nokusitheka kaJohane Bridge, ngokuxhumanisa Rabbit Isiqhingi nge ohlangothini Petrograd, nakuba ngalezo zinsuku kwaba Umklamo izihlenga eziningana sihlanganiswe. Ngu ekwindla kuya cishe ngokuphelele yokwemba imiphini efakwe amathuluzi. Lawa kwakungamadodana lensimbi nelethusi isibhamu njengoba ethumba wathumba Castings Swedish lasezindlini wenza armourers Novgorod. Ngesikhathi esifanayo nombusi wamisa Usigaxamabhande lokuqala inqaba. Lokhu kuhlonishwa esiwaphathisiwe wabangane bakhe abaseduze - the wohlanga olukhulu Estonia, uColonel uKarl-Ewald von Rennes.

Qala abami inqaba egwadle

Ngo-1705 waqala isigaba esisha emlandweni inqaba. Uma wakha earthworks, futhi ngaleyo ndlela ithuba lokucabangisisa kuhlasela kungenzeka abaseSweden, uPetru nganquma kabusha ke kukhonkolo noma etsheni. Kwenta tinhlaka ka enqabeni entsha nokugada imisebenzi esiphathiswe Italian imvelaphi Swiss - wezakhiwo ezivelele unjiniyela isikhathi sakhe Domenico Andrea Trezzini.

Kute kwetfulwe loluhlelo sicatshangelwa ezengeziwe ukuphena endaweni Hare Island kwenziwa, okuholela ububanzi kunyuke ngo-30 m. Imisebenzi waqala ekuqaleni Meyi 1706, futhi waqala nabo kabusha Menshikov nenqaba, njengoba kwaba njalo endabeni ka-lokushaya, wayengase abe yibona abasengozini enkulu. Ngo inqubo ukwakhiwa yemithi ezindala aye acekelwa phansi, kwathi baya esiqhingini phansi podsypku.

Engowenhlabathi, ngokuvumelana iphrojekthi entsha, crownwork vó - simiso ezivikelweni, ngokuya emelela umqhele ( "imiqhele" - umqhele, "Werk" - inqaba) etholakala engxenyeni olusenyakatho lwalesi siqhingi futhi yakhelwe ukuvikela ukuhlaselwa ngaphakathi ezweni. Kusukela Kwathi igama Kronverskogo ukugeleza uhlukanisa Rabbit Isiqhingi kusukela Petrograd Side.

Inqaba, okuyinto namanje angazanga Russian

Ngu 1708, e-granite babegqoke Menshikov futhi Golovkin zintaba, kanye kwesihenqo eduze (odongeni) nomagazini powder. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ukwakhiwa emabhalekisini futhi isango kaPetru, ezakhiwe, ngokuvumelana nomyalo inkosi, ku model of the Narva.

Mayelana ukuthi anamandla kangakanani kwaba enqabeni, elamiswa ku Hare Island, kusho amaphepha esethulwa eMihlanganweni Yesigodi ethi Museum of umlando inqaba. Kafushane ezichaza okuqukethwe, umane wazi ukuthi iRussia lolu hlobo izinqaba kwaba ngokuphelele entsha.

Engingakusho nje ukuthi ukushuba we izindonga inqaba safinyelela 20 metres uphinde uthele kancane ukuphakama 12 m. Ukuze uqinise lezisekelo zawo emhlabathini ukuthi kukora ayizinkulungwane 40. Enqwabelanisa. nenqaba ngamunye possessed firepower, okwakwenza kube lula ukuthola izibhamu ngu-60. I Curtin - izindonga phakathi zintaba, ibekwe emabhalekisini isikaniso futhi casemates ugcine amasheya neziqhumane.

Awuzange esilitshelwe futhi imigqa Imfihlo ukuxhumana nezwe elingaphandle. Ikakhulukazi, ngaphansi izakhiwo yangaphandle bemba imigudu ukuze ukufika ngaphandle inqaba, futhi izindonga zawo esakhiwe, okubizwa ngokuthi Paterna - endaweni eyenzelwe ukuvela ngasikhathi sinye amasosha ngemuva imigqa isitha. Imiphumela ezibekwe enye ungqimba ngezitini, eyaziwa kuphela kulabangani omethembayo.

I inqaba, okuyinto eyaba umnyombo idolobha

Ukunqoba kuka-abaseSweden ku eminyakeni 1709-1710, alethwe ezingeni ezahlukene emlandweni inqaba. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi yena ngilahlekelwe ukubaluleka alo ezempi, kanye nesibhamu ogibele okuvimbezela yayo, izimpophoma kuphela Ngezinsuku zemikhosi olusemthethweni. Emhlabeni inqaba nge rapidity okungavamile eqala ukukhuluphala edolobheni wathola isimo dolobha entsha yoMbuso wase-Russian, kanye okuthiwa Petersburg behlonipha abavikela yayo saint iSt Peter umPhostoli.

Ngisho ngaphambi kokuphela yokugcina neMpi Northern ku Hare Island waqala Senate kanye etilongweni main zezombusazwe Russia yasungulwa maduze. Lokhu efana emlandweni eMbhoshongweni kanye inqaba. I Citadel, eyakhelwe loMfula iThames, futhi bakwazi ukukhonza, futhi izinqaba, futhi sokuqondisa futhi ejele, futhi ekugcineni emnyuziyamu.

Kuyinto ukwazi ukuthi lesi siboshwa lokuqala "Bastille Russian" - igama sona ngesikhathi esifanele, wayeyindodana umsunguli wayo - Tsarevich Aleksey, ushonile (babulewe noma ngasese) ekuphetheni 25 Juni 1718. Ukuhlela ukwakheka Trezzini eyakhelwe endaweni basemajele entsha futhi indlu ekhethekile, okuyinto kwaku Imfihlo Chancellery. Wabuye phakathi Naryshkin futhi Trubetskoy nenqaba Yakhiwa kanye Mint lokuqala, hlala endaweni egqamile emlandweni imali Russian. UPetru noPawulu Fortress, ngaphezu kwalokho, liye laba yindawo lapho izinhlamvu zemali ezazenziwa hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi imiklomelo isimo.

Ngo 1731 Naryshkin nenqaba Uthwesé Maka Tower, lapho nsuku zonke yaphakamisa ifulege isiRashiya, futhi ngemva kweminyaka emibili kuphelile ukwakhiwa itshe uPetru noPawulu Cathedral, egcwele ngokuhamba kwesikhathi endaweni yokungcwaba yamakhosi aseRussia. Njengomhlaba nezinye izakhiwo le nqaba, yayakhiwe ngaphansi project futhi ngaphansi kweso Domenico Trezzini. Esikhathini 30 eminyakeni isibe isiko ukukhiqiza isignali emini shot nge Naryshkin nenqaba of kwenzekani esikhathini sethu.

Museum yakhe value futhi Paul Fortress atholwe ngo-1766, lapho insimu yalo yakhiwa isakhiwo ngendlu ke emkhunjini kaPetru mina, owaba umbusi ngemva kokufa omunye izinsalela umlando Russian. Ekugcineni, njengoba inqaba onesizotha yamukelwa ekupheleni 80s, ngesikhathi uphahlwe egwadle wakha marina futhi Usigaxamabhande Narva Gate yaqedwa.

Iziboshwa "Bastille Russian"

Emlandweni Russian uPetru noPawulu Fortress Petersburg, lwaluvela ikakhulu njengoba esejele zezombusazwe. Kwakuthinta eshiwo ngenhla ukuthi kwakuyizwi isiboshwa lokuqala Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich. Ngemva kwalokho, Isiphelo sakhe wabe ngabaningi labo zingqubuzane umbuso okhona.

Khumbula okuvimbezela odumile we inqaba Princess Tarakanov, wazenza umuntu owayezothatha isikhundla eziya esihlalweni sobukhosi, umbhali Radishchev kanye Decembrists eziqukethwe Alexeyev Ravelin. Ngo ngaphakathi kwezindonga zabo Petrashevzy wavakashela, the People kanye Nechayev, iholwa umholi wayo elidumile. Esikhathini imihubhe ongaphenduliwe le nqaba wezwa izinyathelo N. G. Chernyshevskogo, F. M. Dostoevskogo, M. A. Bakunina, nezinye izibalo abaningi ababevelele inkathi.

Phakathi Okthoba Revolution kuka-1917, ibutho lenqaba asekelwe amaBolshevik, lokho ngenkathi wamaSoviet wawungafuni wakhohlwa ukusho ngisho emlandweni esifushane inqaba. It usitshela ukuthi ngesikhathi Storming we Winter Palace, nezindonga zayo benziwa isibhamu elingenalutho, futhi emva kokuqedwa iziboshwa yayo casemates baba izikhonzi Yesikhashana kaHulumeni.

Ngaphansi uzimisele mlando Soviet yayikhumbula indima Fort ukudlalwa amajele Cheka, lapho waya ngokushesha ngemva amaBolshevik athatha izintambo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngo-1919, ku-insimu yalo badutshulwe 4 isikhulu esikhulu we Romanov Dmitry K., Georgy, uNikolay Pavel Aleksandrovich ezaziwayo.

Ikakhulukazi izahluko emnyama emlandweni inqaba kwaba inkathi Red Terror, okuyinto yawela phezu esiqongweni 1917-1921. ekubulaweni kwenqwaba yabantu Kwakuseshwa ngenkathi odongeni inqaba kusuka Kronverksky Strait. Ngo-2009, kukhona izinsalela amakhulu abantu abake bahlukunyezwa umbuso misanthropic iminyaka eminingi elisungulwe lizwe atholakele.

Isiphetho enqabeni e nenkathi yamaSoviet

Ngo-1925, umlando inqaba yacishe azifinyezwanga ngemva Leningrad Council isinqumo Ukudilizwa yayo (Ukubhujiswa), kanye nokuvulwa kwamathuba omsebenzi ku Hare Island Stadium. Kodwa, ngenhlanhla, lokhu ubuqaba awuzange ezimiselwe ukwenzeka, kanye Museum sidalwe ensimini ka enqabeni. Okunye okuphawulekayo yilokho yokuthi esikhathini 1925-1933 GG. kwesinye sezakhiwo zalo kwaku wokuqala Russian negesi Dynamics Laboratory, ogama abasebenzi aseqalile rocket yasekhaya. Esikhundleni salo ngo-1973 wavula Museum of rocketry futhi Astronautics, isasekhona namuhla.

Phakathi ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, le nqaba wawusegunjini anti-aircraft ibhethri, sivikele esibhakabhakeni kweLeningrad kusukela izindiza isitha, futhi Spire uPetru noPawulu Cathedral wambozwa net sifihle. Naphezu amabhomu njalo futhi ukuqhuma kwamabhomu, okuyinto yayivame edolobheni, hit lombhishobhi kwakungeyona, kodwa zonakale umonakalo izindonga.

Ngo-1975, begubha 150 ka kwavukelwa at iSigele Square Petersburg, e Kronwerk indawo lapho ezinhlanu Decembrists, efakwe a Obelisk yesikhumbuzo zemabula pink babulawa ngoJulayi 25, 1826 ebusuku. Izincwadi zazibhalwe amagama wanyathela A. Pestel Kahovsky P., K. Ryleeva, S. Muraviev-Apostol futhi M. Bestuzhev-Rumin.

Indaba simi kuze kube phakade

Namuhla ensimini ka enqabeni kanye esesabekayo eyakhelwe State Museum of History Petersburg, "uPetru noPawulu Fortress." Njengasezinsukwini zokuphuma ubudala, nsuku zonke emini nge Naryshkin isignali nenqaba liyezwakala inganono shot, wenze ukuthi ngokuvamile isinikeza izivakashi elihloniphekile edolobheni. Ngo-1991, kwaba khona esifanekisweni kaPetru I, waqiniseka umqophi Russian-American M. ezikhangayo Fortress Shemyakin, futhi kwaba ngemva kwezikhathi zokulotshwa yokwakha kabusha emabhishi eduze laqala ukuhlela imicimbi ehlukahlukene ukuzijabulisa. Ngekhulu xxi, uthola impilo entsha Petersburg uPetru noPawulu Fortress. Umlando, ngokufingqiwe lesi sihloko, uthola ukuqhubeka yayo.