Kumiswa, Indaba
-70 T (ithangi) umlando. Ukucaciswa, izincazelo, ithangi isithombe
Nayizimfundamakhwela yomlando lempi uphawu yakhelwe ithangi Nikolaem Aleksandrovichem Astrovym Soviet T-70.
Ngokwakha ithangi wezempi omusha kwaphoqa yokuthi ezicindezelayo: ukukhanya impi-ihlolwe futhi amathangi medium Red Army (model of the T-38 kuya T-60) ngonyaka wokuqala seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili wembula non-ekukwazini kwabo ukuncintisana.
Ngo-January 1942, ethangini 70 saboniswa Stalin njengoba i version ngcono ye omele yangaphambili umugqa amathangi ukukhanya T-60, futhi kusukela ngo-March waqala ukukhiqizwa yayo mass.
Mfushane TTX ukukhanya ithangi T-70
Cabangela izici eziyinhloko wenzalo Astrova:
- frontal zempi ukujiya: phansi - 45 mm; phezulu - 35 mm;
- ohlangothini zempi ukujiya - 15 mm;
- primary kwezikhali: inganono osezingeni 20-K-45 mm (lisetshenziswe ngaphambilini tank T-50);
- izinhlamvu - 90 kweminsalo;
- 7,62 mm machine gun, 15 cartridges of 945 akwazi ukugcina;
- ezimbili ezine-unhlangothi eziyisithupha cylinder esebenzisa u-petrol injini nge namandla 70 amalitha. p.
- unqamule izwe isivinini --25 km / h emgwaqeni omkhulu - 42 km / h;
- Cruising phezu sezwe - 360 km emgwaqeni omkhulu - 450 km;
- ku-lomyali imoto - umsakazo noma 12T 9P.
Tank T-70 iphrojekthi waqale ezibucayi
T-70 - ithangi kweMpi Yezwe II, lapho Izibuyekezo ziyangqubuzana. Futhi - naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi isibalo amathangi ekhiqizwa (cishe izinkulungwane 8.5 amayunithi) kuyinto yesibili kuphela edumile T-34! ukubukeka Inhloso at izimfanelo zayo kanye nobuthakathaka lembula isizathu esikhulu salokhu kwezigigaba zomlando lobuchwepheshe. Kuyinto banal: ukuhluleka ngokuvamile kuwumsebenzi ukuthi waqalwa futhi wathuthukisa akuphelanga abasebenzisi (kuleli cala - impi), kanye ubuholi beqembu phezulu.
Lasekuqaleni pre-impi mqondo amabutho armored - "Army lidinga ukukhanya ithangi ezinhle!" - ukukwenza kwakungalungile. Lavelonkhe hhayi nethemba Wehrmacht wangeniswa akhawunti (njengoba kwenzeka ngo-1942), wezikhali osezingeni 50 mm 75 mm. Okuhlezi emqondweni isitha ngezibhamu ngempumelelo umxhwele iyiphi engela T-70. Tank yavuma German "Tiger" futhi "Panther" ne izibhamu 75 gauge kokubili firepower nezikhali zokuvikela. Umlawuli Omhlangano Omkhulu Wesihlanu Panzer Army Katukov ME engathandeki wabhala lokhu ngabo G. K. Zhukovu, ukubonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa T-70 empini ithangi okuphambene ngenxa ukulahlekelwa kusengaphambili yibhange.
Ngephutha abakhethiwe design isiqondiso?
Ngempela, amathangi WWII Russian ekuqaleni wadala banal ngokuthuthukisa imodeli langaphambilini, ngaphandle noma yikuphi ukubikezelwa ngesisekelo intelligence adalwe yezitha izingalo empini. Ngokusekelwe osekushiwo, le regularities kubonakale Izibuyekezo engathandeki mayelana ukungapheleli T-70. Vele ngcono ethangini T-60 - ke kwakungenele. Manje, ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kwengu-70 kusukela ngo-ukuqaliswa kwe-project izikhali, singakwazi bathethelele ngokugcwele ngobuze ugqozi ezinjalo.
amathangi Khanyisa (esithombeni sabo - ubufakazi) Bekungaba kuhle kakhulu e kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Kungenxa izibhamu langaleso sikhathi laliwumfuziselo cishe kuyo zempi ithangi Astrova umklami. Eyesibili kwempahla okwakubaluleke isivinini, maneuverability, T-70.
Ngamanye amazwi, isidingo sokuthi kukhiqizwe amathangi ukukhanya impi phakathi kwekhulu XX kwaba umcabango strategist yaseSoviet yokuthuthela Ngaleso sikhathi, alikho likhule noma tactically noma osendaweni kusukela kulwiwa. Amakhasimende izikhali kufanele ucabange ngokwanele of wesimanje lempi ukucabanga!
T-70 ezikhonjwe design amaphutha - yokwehluleka kwakhe isibani?
amaphutha Zazinjalo ejwayelekile cishe wonke amathangi ukukhanya sikhathi, ngakho-ke, ebheka phambili, eveza iqiniso: noyedwa kubo benza hhayi ngempumelelo ngempela enkundleni yempi.
Zonke ukukhanya WWII Russian amathangi zakhiwa ngaphansi ukuze ehola umklami Astrovym Nikolaem Aleksandrovichem, efana T-70. Ukuvivinywa Kokungathathi izikhali ezintsha, olwenziwa ngo-1941, izindawo ezikhonjwe for ngcono ethangini:
- ukwengeza zempi;
- esikhundleni cast olulodwa a double iheksagoni umbhoshongo;
- nokuqinisa izicathulo ukudluliswa, torsion ukumiswa, amabhandeshi ezinamasondo;
- esikhundleni isibhamu esikhulu phezu zanamuhla (okokugcina akukakasetshenziswa).
Yini engingayisho? Zikhona amaphutha amaningi kakhulu abangu esivela imodeli isizinda? Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lo imodeli eziyisisekelo imangalelwe Red Army?
Kungafanele amathangi ukukhanya enkundleni yempi wazibonakalisa kwemvelo obengeziwe ethangini: Army yamazwe ahlukene kancane kancane belahla isimiso izikhali empini. Kunalokho, ziye zasungula nezinye ukukhanya izimoto armored, ikakhulukazi ekwenzeni indima ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ayisekho ukukhonza eziyisisekelo amandla umlilo empini zempi. Nokho, ngakolunye uhlangothi, inqubo yokudala nokushintsha T-70 wazibonakalisa zokudala kakhulu.
izinhlobo serial
Industrial ukukhiqizwa ukukhanya ithangi T-70 akhiqizwa i samuntu elihambisana kokuqala iphrojekthi Astrova umklami, kanye endaweni samuntu Ushintshe, T-70M.
Uhlobo lokuqala kwaba zempi disarmed ukuxegiselwa isisindo - 9,2 m kanye Ammo ngaphezulu - 90 projectiles; yesibili - isisindo xaxa (9.8 m), uzuzile ngezithukuthuku ezengeziwe yokubhuka okhulisa amayunithi nezingxenye. Ammunition ithangi olwesimanje lancipha imizuliswano engu-70.
Empeleni, kwaba ukulwa izimoto ikhipha ezahlukene, kokuba ezahlukene, izingxenye hhayi nezilandiso.
EKursk - a fiasco ngoba ethangini ukukhanya T-70
Army kwakudingeka ngempela amathangi medium and esindayo ezingaba ngempumelelo ukubhubhisa isitha izimoto zempi.
Asizange ukuzwa abaphathi party yokungathembeki becindezela wadubula egumbini lezeMpi Collegium seNkantolo eSoviet Marshal Mihaila Nikolaevicha Tuhachevskogo Ephakeme: "A impi esikhathini esizayo kuyoba amayunithi impi ithangi"
Futhi, ngokufanele, imboni yezokuvikela ye-USSR ngo-1942 wenza izinto eziningi T-70 - ithangi ukulwa amakhono okuyinto ngo-1943 ngeke obengama sizi - okuqinile ezayo tank impi eduze nedolobhana Prokhorovka (Battle of eKursk arc).
I zempi Akumsindisanga 75-m 50-m osezingeni isitha wezikhali wenza kalula isendleleni ngisho ngokuqondile yayo ingxenye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinqola zempi uvele sengozini besele German regimental wezikhali osezingeni 37 mm. Ukuhlolwa tank impi kuhlulekile, futhi ngokulandelana, ngemva eKursk Arc ekukhiqizweni T-70 kwayekwa.
Nokho, njengoba Kuyamangaza ukuthi yiyo esiteji ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe yesibili, lapho iRed Army ngesikhathi ethuthuka ehamba ngendlela engenakuvinjwa, eziningi onekhono izinduna kwesosha nangosuku olulodwa sizisole yokuvalelisa nisebancane-T 70. Tank phela naphezu kokushiyeka sobala, bekulokhu ewusizo!
On the omuhle T-70 wokulwa izimfanelo
Ngeke unikelwe ukuhlonza omuhle Wabasaqalayo-emathangini avuzayo yayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo Aces tank impi endaweni ezindaweni okwe ezinamahlathi ngisho uthanda lo mshini ukukhanya armored ngaphezulu T-34 ngokwesilinganiso. Ngabe yiziphi eyashukumisela lokhu kukhetha? Okokuqala, izibhamu esindayo German kanye amathangi esindayo cishe ngokulinganayo umxhwele T-34 ne-T-70. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa ezincane wamaphaphu ithangi okuhloswe umlilo ku kungenzeka bekude kwesigamu ikhilomitha, kuyilapho T-34 - ibanga ikhilomitha.
Futhi, usebenzisa T-70 ingasetshenziswa ne into engalindelekile kuhlasela isitha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ithangi esindayo futhi IP isilinganiso T-34 babevinjelwe ukubuthola Ngokwenza kanjalo ngenxa ezinomsindo diesel.
Cishe ngemuva kwenye, kungaqashelwa, wamxosha unqamule izwe ekamu lakwa-yezitha T-70 ethangini ukukhanya. Ngemva kokuhlinzwa umsindo abhanqiwe uphethiloli imoto injini nomthamo 140 amalitha. a. ngu ezingeni owawufana umsindo nje izimoto. ULieutenant General Bogdanov ezibikwa Main Armored Directorate ukuthi T-70 ngenxa umsindo walo ongaphakeme kahle wagcwalisa umsebenzi nokushushiswa isitha abase bebaleka.
Indawo uphethiloli amathangi emva kunjalo wasiza ugqugquzela i qhumisa ezingavamile kakhulu lapho ihlaselwe ithangi.
Ngo-1944, lapho ithangi Amayunithi iRed Army okumalungana neshumi nanhlanu amathangi T-70, Commissariat WGC sika Heavy Imboni kushiwo kahle yayo ukulwa ezisemadolobheni. "Semidesyatka" kwaba trudnoporazhaemoy "Panzerfaust" namabhomu kusukela yobukhulu bawo amancane maneuverability okusezingeni eliphezulu.
Workability
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ethangini Soviet T-70 ku-idizayini Kwatholakala enye ubuchwepheshe eyiyo. Ukuze ukukhiqizwa yayo yasetshenziselwa base olinganiselayo ngokuphelele ukukhiqizwa Gaz isitshalo. nokubambisana Ngempumelelo usumisiwe nge izimboni-abahlinzeki izingxenye kanye izingxenye.
Ngokuphumelelayo ukulungisa izikhali ngesisekelo T-70 elalihlelwe ezilimele ngaphambili.
Ekuqaleni Umklami ASTROFF esungulwe ukukhiqizwa kwayo Gorky Automobile Plant.
Ngo-1942, izisebenzi ifektri baye bakhipha amayunithi 3495 izikhali, futhi ngo-1943 - 3348. Khona-ke, ukwenziwa T-70 ngo-1942 iye olususwe futhi imboni №38 (Kirov). Lapha, 1378 lezi amathangi zavezwa.
Kuhlelwe ukwenziwa amathangi futhi alethe Sverdlovsk inombolo ifektri 37. Nokho, kwakungadingeki okulungiselelwe lapha, kanye nezindleko zobuchwepheshe lalilikhulu kakhulu. Kuyadingeka izinjini kabili kuka-T-60, ukukhiqizwa zempi namandla kakhulu iphuma kwaba isikhathi esiningi ngokwengeziwe. Umphumela - yalokho nesizotha: 10 amathangi kanye ukumisa izinto zokukhiqiza kuphela.
buka Inhloso ye kwamaphutha kwesakhiwo ethangini
Iqiniso isobala: umbono yokukhanya ithangi iphumelela izimpi Second neMpi Yezwe wazibonakalisa utopia ephelele. Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi ukudalwa iphrojekthi T-70 (naphezu eziningi izixazululo ubunjiniyela yokuqala, esizokhuluma ukubhala) Ngokuqinisekile wawufana zabasebenzi Sisyphean, t. E. Ingabe awusona isehluleki.
Ake uqale nge yokuthi amathangi Soviet WWII (futhi isihloko izincazelo zethu kanye) kwakungafanele elingenalo amaphutha asobala isixhumanisi-isakhiwo, okusho 5 neminyango:
- nezokuphatha;
- motor (kwesokudla - phakathi umzimba);
- bokulwa (umbhoshongo washiya - phakathi umzimba);
- ifolishi (lapho uphethiloli amathangi kanye kurediyetha zitholakala).
Tank namahhovisi efanayo kwaba phambi wheel drive, ngakho chassis ingxenye libhekene sengozini.
T-70 - Armored emnyuziyamu othile e Kubinka (eduze eMoscow)
Akusiyo imfihlo ukuthi amathangi ukukhanya (isithombe eJapane "Ha-Go" kanye German PzKpfw-II, yesimanje T-70, kukhonjisiwe ngezansi) kumele yakhelwe ikhumbula lobuchwepheshe kanye nenqubo bokulwa alizimele:
- Kwabiwa kahle imisebenzi phakathi zezisebenzi (functional sindisa ithangi umkhuzi inqola abantu ababili, futhi kuhlanganisa nomshayeli mehanika-);
- firepower izibhamu kwaba enganele (ukukhanya ithangi design Kusolwa njengoba izingalo main 45 milimitha threaded inganono othomathikhi 20-K isampula ngonyaka 1932).
Labo abafisa ukubona izinhlobo izikhali T-70 - isibhamu esikhulu kanye coaxial machine gun naye DT-29 osezingeni 7,62 mm - sincoma kuvakashelwa ezikhethekile lempi Museum armored (Kubinka). Izivakashi Museum lingabonakala futhi imishini kanye izakhiwo amalungu izindawo nezisebenzi.
Umlawuli ithangi kwaba embhoshongweni iyunithi, okuyinto offset isihlobo yesokunxele eksisi longitudinal, futhi ithumba kwesokunxele ingxenye phakathi kwezindlu. Ngokusho imisebenzi yakhe, wayala izenzo umshayeli nge-intercom, elibukhali isimo, futhi icala ngayo inkumbi izikhali coaxial machine gun naye.
Umshayeli kwaba ngaleso phambi hulls, phakathi.
Njengoba ziphephile lavuselelwa ngokucophelela futhi, njengoba besho, ekuhambeni, izivakashi zingase cabanga ezisebenza amayunithi futhi amayunithi T-70, imali okuvelayo ezibukwayo. Sisho ukuthini uma senza yisho ukusebenza ngokweqile ithangi umkhuzi? Too mechanical, izinqubo kakhulu isimiso kwakungasebenzeki ezenzakalelayo. Lokhu ukuntula kungenziwa waphawula, futhi emnyuziyamu (Kubinka). Kuyadingeka ukuba sihlole ngokucophelela izindlela abuyiselwe izimoto zempi. Uzenzela:
- manual transmission umbhoshongo kudivayisi ukuzungelezisa
- inhlukano lift drive for the isibhamu;
- ngokudutshulwa ezicitshwayo eziyingozi-uhlobo semi-automatic akazange nomlilo, umphathi waphoqeleka ukuba ngesandla ukuvula valve futhi ukuyikhipha uma red-hot wachitha.
Ngenxa yalezi zici, ngomqondo ovulekile ithiye mpi, iphrojekthi izinga - kufika ku-12 imizuliswano ngomzuzu - bekulokhu utalagu. Uma sibhekana namaqiniso T-70 ekhiqizwa ngeminithi 5 isibhamu.
By the way, Museum efanayo, okungukuthi kunombolo inkundla 6, izivakashi ungabona amathangi laseJalimane lobuNazi: "Tigers" futhi "Panthers" owalwela ethangini Soviet phambi kwethu.
Ngokushesha savela, kodwa namanje neze, amathangi Soviet ngesikhathi seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili ahlushwe ukunakwa izivakashi.
Chassis yafuna T-70
Ngqo T-70 yasungulwa injini twin GAS-203. Phambili - injini Gaz-70-6004 futhi bakhulise - Gaz-70-6005. Shestitselindrovye ezine-unhlangothi izinjini - bobabili derated ukwandisa nokwethenjelwa inkonzo nokuphila.
Ngofuzo imodeli odlule T-70 ukudluliswa vyzyvavala impendulo bekulokhu muhle kakhulu. Lalinama:
- esikabili-bamba;
- gearbox 4-isivinini;
- isinyathelo uhlobo bendiza shaft;
- Bevel drive lokugcina;
- multi-disc eziqondisa amvikele;
- single-irowu drive lokugcina.
Caterpillar T-70 lalinabashumayeli 91 ithrekhi nobubanzi 26 cm.
Esikhundleni isiphetho: i nezempi ngesisekelo T-70
Nokho, ama-T-70 kwakungelona imodeli efile ekupheleni. Self ezinezinjini isibhamu SU-76 yasungulwa ngu KB isitshalo №38 (Kirov) esekelwe chassis yayo side. I kwezikhali esemqoka ye ACS kwaba isibhamu 76-mm ZIS-3. igobolondo ithangi ngokwayo T-70 wazibonakalisa yempucuko futhi ethembisa.
Design izikhali ezintsha kwaba amadlingozi. I umakhi lokuqala Amalotha Aleksandrovich Ginzburg wasolwa lumane "izono" ngemva imiphumela ezicindezelayo ka Cusco lwesikhathi, zibancishe ilungelo ukwakha, bathunyelwa epini, nalapho afike ashonela khona. Ngesandla okushayisanayo nalo ukwakhiwa ithangi Commissioner Zaltsman I. M. Nokho, lesi sikhulu wokuvelela ngokushesha benomdlandla basuswa ezihlalweni zabo.
Njengoba bemiswe ukuba post yakhe Vyacheslav Aleksandrovich Malyshev mncintiswano esimisiwe ukuguqulwa Su-76, lapho abameleli Gaz isitshalo kanye nenombolo 38 ababehilelekile.
Ngenxa yalokho, i-ACS iye reconfigured bafakwa ekukhiqizweni. 75-mm isibhamu ngempumelelo ukubhubhisa isitha ngezibhamu self ezinezinjini, ukukhanya amathangi medium. Wabuye ubelokhu kuqhathaniswa ngempumelelo ekubhekaneni ezinzima "Panther", isibhakela isibhamu imaski futhi ohlangothini zempi. Empini yokulwa ne nezintsha armored ngaphezulu "Tiger" Su-76 wazibonakalisa ayizwakali kwaze kwaba yilapho kusungulwa i-ezuziwe ne projectiles Ukubhoboza.
Engxenyeni yesibili 1944 ku izingalo iRed Army langena self ezinezinjini anti-aircraft isikhali ZSU-37, wadala ngesisekelo chassis T-70.
Namuhla, abaqoqi, abalandeli nethuba ukuthenga noma iyiphi imodeli T-70. Intengo eyisisekelo imodeli (ekuphileni-usayizi) - ruble angu-5. Ukubhukha ukuthi ifakwe chassis yokuqala, kodwa yebo, ayenzelwanga ukulwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo inikeza uthuthukiswe zakamuva ezivela wezangaphakathi lesikhumba ukuze sonar.
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