Izinto ezenziwa abantu esikhathini esidlule, umbono wakhe, indima emphakathini - konke lokhu kuyindaba Ngokufunda umlando humanities. Ubethula sithembele imibhalo futhi iminonjana kwezinkathi wanyamalala, ichaza ukuphila dlule zukulwane.
umbuzo Bayanda Ukushaywa: "Ingabe kwejoka ke?"
Futhi yini okufanele uyenze amathrekhi lapho othile, kodwa kukhona kuphela ukuphathwa kwegama labo amarekhodi, idatha okuye njalo bafakwa imibuzo? Zingaki izizukulwane lotifundze ezikoleni ijoka Mongol-Tatar! Manje, hhayi kuphela ukuthi isayensi zomlando ngokuvamile isusiwe, kwafakwa ibinzana elithi "zolotaya Orda", kodwa nayo yonke into ehambisana lesi simanga. Ngisho kubuzwa lo mbuzo: "Ingabe ngokuvamile uhlaziyo kuyiwe Russia?" Futhi kukhona amaqiniso ngempela obuqand 'ikhanda bokuthi Benziwe. Nokho, abantu abaningi esikoleni bakholelwa ukuthi eminyakeni engu-200 eRussia lezwakala ngaphansi kwejoka kanye "ukunqamulela ukubusa" khans iGolden zidlamlilo, izikhulu Russian banikwa. Kodwa ngandlela-thile akekho kubo asizange sisinde.
Lowo Mbhalo wangonyaka we eyaziwa mathupha
Ngalolu hlobo amadokhumenti, njengalokhu kuvela nhlobo, wazi kuphela kusuka zemihla ngemihla. Nokho, imisebenzi kamuva kwezincwadi nobuciko yokuthi ukuhamba ukukhokha bazohlonipha zidlamlilo khans ngokuphindaphindiwe kuchazwe. Umculi Boris Chorikov (1802-1866), eyaziwa ngokuthi i-lochaza of "Umlando Russia" Karamzin wahosha umbango izikhulu isiRashiya, wahlela phambi Khan wanelisekile, ngoba ilungelo ukuthola "ukunqamulela yinkosi." Kuyini lokhu ncwadi? Yini eyenza nezikhulu izipho ocebile "uhambo" ukuze egcekeni Tartar Khan? Kwaba isixazululo esikhishwe umbusi Ulus Jochi noma Golden zidlamlilo, isimo esinamandla nebutho elikhulu, okuyinto uma sabres kunesidingo kuqinisekisa amandla kwalesi simemezelo. Khan, ukuthatha izipho avunyelwe wabayisa abuse efeni ezithile, ngisho noma ngaleso sikhathi Kwakuhlezi yinkosana. Han Inqubomgomo esisempumalanga ngobuqili, abanekhono lokusebenzisa "ukunqamulela ukubusa" ukuze opha izikhulu wesifunda. Ngakho, kulawulwa Russia uye wahluleka ukuba ahlangane ndawonye ukuze alwe nalabo zidlamlilo. Ngenxa yalokho sale nqubomgomo ababusi ethize Khans walwa nomunye, buthaka Rus wahlukana.
Ukwencika Russia
Lokhu kwaba kungenzeka ngoba eminyakeni 1237-1242 kwenziwa ngu amaMongol ayehlasela Russia. Very interesting, alisetshenziswa kuphi izincwadi kazwelonke, igama elithi "ijoka". Futhi kungani kwakudingekile ukuba bamukele "izwi", okokuqala isetshenziswa umlobi wezenzakalo Polish-Jan Dolgushev, azi ukuthi leli lizwe kungahlanekezela noma kukuphi, nje casula noma babukise Russia. Yebo, futhi lasetshenziswa ekupheleni kwekhulu xv, lapho okuthiwa "zokucindezela 'futhi ngisho nomkhondo. Ngemva Tartar ayehlasela izwe lethu liye labhalwa ngezinye eyinkosi ekhonza ngaphansi kukaNebukhadinezari - owumthelela nezombusazwe. Umqondo elikhiphe "izinqamuleli abuse" wazalwa, kusobala, e ibhidi Khan ngoba uhambo lokuqala, futhi zonke okwalandela, iqala ucingo enkantolo isikhulu.
Isikhulu kuqala, wathola ilebula
Prince uVladimir futhi Suzdal Yuri Vsevolodovich ushonele endaweni ezindongeni Kitezh edume e Harakorum, inhloko-dolobha yoMbuso wase-Mongol, wabizwa ngokuthi umfowabo ngoJarosław. nohambo lwakhe lokuqala ubhekwa yimpumelelo kakhulu ngisho yaphumelela zamanxusa. Ilebuli kuqala ukubusa kwaba ukuthi, uyise Aleksandra Nevskogo. Phakathi nalokhu kuvakasha kwakhe we zidlamlilo wesibili yena wadliswa ushevu ibamba Turashnoy umfelokazi qaan Ugedei. Waya khona ngokushesha ngoba inkantolo ka-Aleksandru, cishe ngenhloso efanayo ukubulala. Kodwa ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene, iSikhulu Novgorod iminyaka 4 akazange avele zidlamlilo. Poisoner uqobo wahlupheka nxi - ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbili ummango beya sobukhosi sendodana yakhe, yena wabulawa ngendlela efanayo. Ngesikhathi inkantolo Batu Khan raged ngisho nalabo izinkanuko.
Namaqhinga futhi acebe izingobe
Uhambo indlunkulu khan sika kwakudingekile ngoba kuphela isikhulu, wathola ilebula ukubusa, ayebhekwa njengengxenye umbusi esisemthethweni. Futhi kwakungeyona nje izikhulu omkhulu, kodwa futhi eziqondile. Evilaphayo nge uhambo isikhulu ngokufanele akhethwe Kiev Svyatoslav wagudluzwa umfowabo Michael. Kungani lo mthetho-sisekelo kwaba kufiseleka kangaka? Okokuqala, ngenxa yethempeli beza Rus amaMongol. Kodwa ekuqaleni zezinxushunxushu ethandwa, ikakhulukazi Novgorod. Zidlamlilo babekhetha elawula kusukela principalities kude ngakhoke lasidedela ukukhokhisa intela ka intela izikhulu ngokwabo. Lokho endaweni isikhulu kwaba ngaphezu isinkwa - Ilokhu itheleke icala okuningi kuka lanikezwa zidlamlilo. Isikhulu, wathola ilebula ukubusa, ukwandisa bengabangane bengcebo yabo. Yingakho ababi futhi ishesha, yaqonda ukundlula ababusi esizwakalayo wawela ezinyaweni Khan, ngubani ayebhekwa njengengxenye ophakeme umbusi waseRussia. Trip khona Zazibiza nehlala njalo. Ngakho, sezombusazwe zobuqili Ivan Kalita esikhathini esiningi wokubusa kwakhe wachitha ku zidlamlilo futhi endleleni ngifike futhi ukusuka lapho. Umzukulu Aleksandra Nevskogo iSikhulu eMoscow Yuri Danilovich III wahlala ngesilinganiso engu-2, washada udadewabo Khan, ngaleyo ndlela ukuzuza ilebuli nokubusa okukhulu.
Beautiful, onguMninimandla onke, ngubani wanyamalala
Ngokusho izindaba ilebula kwaba ungcwecwe wegolide, okuyinto emaphethelweni ziye babanjwa. Kwakukhona umgodi ulenga. Bangaphezu kuka-ongaziwa ukuthi kwakungekho ilebula igolide. Made of amatshe ayigugu, azithintwa isikhathi, ukudlala emlandweni Russia indima enkulu - futhi wanyamalala. Amalebula engunyaza nabefundisi. Bonke wanyamalala ngobuningi. Inkathazo Russia zasendulo kwakuwukuthi ababusi yayivamise namadodana amaningi, futhi amayunithi elikhulu indawo ochotshoziwe phakathi kwabo, kuphenduke fiefdoms encane. Wabonakala sezombusazwe ezinengqondo, olwabahlanganisa isikhashana, bese zonke okuphindaphindiwe. Ngakho, ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIII eRussia, ngaphandle ezinye ezincane, kwakukhona ubukhulu ezimbili ezinkulu - Vladimir futhi Kiev, lapho kuqala yayiningi namandla kakhulu futhi zinkulu wesibili. Ngakho-ke, ukuze bathole ilebula ku nokubusa okukhulu Vladimir kwaba iphupho ezithandwayo zezingoma izikhulu eziningi, kuhlanganise Aleksandra Nevskogo. Ekugcineni kwafika zidlamlilo kanye nomfowabo u-Andrisi futhi wathola imvume Kyïv itafula, yini kakhulu kabi.