Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala eMoscow ngo zemihla kwakuhambisana nezinga igama Grand Duke. Yikuphi ngonyaka wabona kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala eMoscow?

Umlando sidilizwa Russia - isikhathi ethakazelisa kakhulu ngokuya izithakazelo zochwepheshe indoda kanye lover. Yingaleso sikhathi isakhasa, kwakhiwa futhi athuthukiswe izinhlobo ezahlukene, izinqubo izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho setepolitiki. Kukhona emizini nasezindaweni eziningi zisekhona kuze kube namuhla. Kuyinto kule nkathi fanele kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala eMoscow.

Nasi komlando wasendulo

Uma wenza uhambo iDemo ku esidlule wezwe lakithi, singabona ukuthi ukukhokhela abantu lapha ezisukela enkulungwaneni yesibili yeminyaka BC. Yiqiniso, kwaba eningi bakudala kakhulu, kodwa nale Konke kuqala. izinqubo Active ezifudukayo, omasha ngesikhathi, avunyelwe ahlale futhi uthole ofanele kakhulu kule ndawo, omunye wabo iba East European Plain, ikakhulukazi upland. It baphuthuma lapha Proto-Slavic izizwe, okuyinto isehlane kusukela zamaJalimane kanye Slavic Balt ngokwako. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile futhi kwaba khona ukwahlukana uyaca Slavic ngemacembu lamatsatfu: entshonalanga, eningizimu nasempumalanga. Ngokwemvelo, unyaka we kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala iMoscow yayingenye namanje kude kakhulu. Nokho, lwamaSlav kuxazululwe phezu insimu ka ikusasa iRussia ezingomakhelwane inhlokodolobha baqala ukuhlala phansi ukhululekile kakhulu kule ndawo - Borovitsky Hill.

Okokuqala kubonakala: umlando eMoscow

Ngo isayensi zomlando kwaba version ezivamile ukubonakala eMoscow ngo ezinsukwini zakuqala isimo kumiswa Eastern lwamaSlav. Ngempela, ubufakazi bemivubukulo kusivumela ukuthi kule ndawo kwakukhona isiphetho, futhi ngempela athuthukile. Nokho, lokhu, zithi kwaba eMoscow, awukwazi. Iqiniso lokuthi akukho ezingasavunyelwe imithombo ebhalwe mayelana nohlobo lena akuyona, futhi ngenxa yalokho, izizathu zokwethemba noma. Lowo Mbhalo wangonyaka we main emlandweni Russia wasendulo "Tale of Iminyaka esidlule" Nestor indela. Uma silitadisha ngokucophelela ke, singaqonda ukuthi ukubonwa ngekhulu weshumi nambili, kukhona kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala eMoscow. Usuku lokukhumbula lesi senzakalo itholakala 1147, lapho ungafunda izinto ezintsha kancane uhlanekezelwe igama "Mosquito". Ngokuvamile, ngaleso sikhathi kule ndawo, liqhathaniswa namanye amadolobha aseNyakatho-Eastern Russia, kungenziwa ngokuthi i emuva kunalokho, futhi umuzi wawuyigolide abayizithulu nasemaphandleni.

Izinzuzo Yemvelo nokubona izinto kusengaphambili Prince

Nokho, le ndawo kakhulu eseduze ngokwendawo, bakhangwa ngakho amehlo zezikhulu zonke zezikhulu. Kodwa kuqhame eMoscow kuyofika isikhathi eside kakhulu. Le ndawo ngesikhathi esisodwa wathatha fancy ukuba indodana encane Vladimir Monomakh, Yuri Dolgoruky ngelika. Njengoba Rostov-Suzdal izikhulu, naye wabheka Kiev, kodwa wayazi ukuthi internecine umzabalazo kuyadingeka ukuze abe ezingemuva okuqinile. Futhi edolobheni elidala babe abahleleke kahle futhi Knights eqinile amaqembu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umuzi wawakhiwe khona, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, maphakathi nempahla Russian, okuyinto kwaba ekahle kakhulu wokuba kuhlaselwe cishe zonke principalities ezinkulu North-East. Ngakho-ke, lo kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala eMoscow lihlotshaniswa igama Grand Duke Yuri Vladimirovich, lapha emkhandlwini impi, wamema umngane wakhe emzabalazweni supremacy Russia futhi eyisihlobo Prince Svyatoslav Olegovich.

Imicabango kanye nezimpikiswano

Nokho, naphezu kwalokhu, phakathi mlando kungekho ukuvumelana mayelana unyaka isisekelo edolobheni. Lokhu kungenxa ukuphikisana atholakala encwadini yezindaba zemihla ngemihla, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kwabathile lihlotshaniswa 1147 kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala eMoscow. Usuku okukhulunywa ngakho, ngoba ezinye yaseBhabhiloni inikeza ukwaziswa e 1156, Prince Yuri Dolgoruky endaweni yenhloko-dolobha esizayo wasungula inqaba. Nakuba kwaziwa ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi Wabusa Kiev, futhi uma owayakhe eMoscow kule nkathi, lesi senzakalo bese beziyobonakala irekhodi ezaziwayo. Nokho, kulesi simo umthombo ugcina ukuthula ukuthi adidayo. Naphezu Ukhulumé eMoscow ngo 1147, izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi ukuyibiza settlement agcwele asipheli. ososayensi abaningi bakholelwa namanje ngonyaka obeka inqaba futhi settlement lwedolobha 1153. Yingaleso sikhathi isikhulu Rostov-Suzdal kwaba kulezo zindawo, ngakho kuthathwa le nguqulo.

Kuchkovo - eMoscow

Nokho, Yuri ngamabomu yabhekisela edolobheni. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, indawo eMoscow kwenza kube elula kakhulu futhi zisekela Ukudlula iphuzu umbusi usiqonda ngokugcwele. Ngisho nalapho isikhulu Kiev, yena ezahlukweni ingxenye ukunaka kwakhe eMoscow ezibonakalayo. Le nqubomgomo baqhubeka nendodana yakhe Andrew Bogolyubskii, kodwa ukusho ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi eMoscow kwakubaluleke kakhulu amasu, akunakwenzeka. Kwakuyisikhathi encane umngcele owela iphuzu, lapho sawela ababusi umngcele, imizila yezohwebo. Kuyinto endaweni ekahle eMoscow ezibonakalayo exhumene lokubulala Prince Andreya Bogolyubskogo. Lezi amazwe kwakungekaNkulunkulu idlanzana elincane Boyar UStepan wabiza Kuchkovo. Efuna ujike ibe bebodwa, ekuqaleni ophoqa Prince UStepan ukunikeza le ndawo, kodwa intransigence ka Boyar kwaholela ekukhipheni kwakhe, nokunganeliseki phakathi izigodi le boyars ', okwaphumela uzungu nokubulala Prince Andreya Bogolyubskogo. Nokho, naphezu kwalokhu, inhlokodolobha ikusasa endaweni wabelwa Monomakh.

Indima abazolandela Aleksandra Nevskogo ekuthuthukiseni ithonya laseMoscow

Kodwa ekukhuleni womuzi yayincane kakhulu. Kusukela lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala e yemicimbi yemihla eMoscow, futhi kuze kufike leso sikhathi njengoba ethola ithonya lalo, bekungenxa engaphezu kweyikhulu nesigamu. Kwaze kwaba sekhulwini nantathu, ke waqala izici settlement ezinkulu ezisemadolobheni kanye iphuzu elibalulekile zamasu. Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala eMoscow ngokwesikhundla sakhe esisha uwela ngalesi sikhathi. Lokhu kubonisa ukwanda ithonya edolobheni ezindabeni zonke isiRashiya. izimbali True iqala ngemva kuka-Alexander Yaroslavovich, wathola i-isidlaliso sakhe nezigigaba saseNevsky, emshiya yifa indodana yakhe encane, uDaniel. Ekuqaleni, isikhulu abasha kwakungamphathi kahle ukuthi wathola ukubusa rundown, kodwa njengoba Mougins, waqala ukuqonda ukubaluleka kule ndawo kanye nomthelela kunqubomgomo Russia inkathi kwehlukana. He is ngazo zonke izindlela ukuba ukuqinise esebenzisa imishado dynastic, ibutho lempi. Hhayi indima sokugcina eyadlalwa nesikhulu ngobuqili. Ngu ekupheleni kokubusa kwakhe, i-ubukhulu of eMoscow futhi edolobheni ibilokhu izimbangi ngempela ebalulekile ukuze badlondlobale kuleli zwe.

Daniilovich emzabalazweni yokudlondlobala

Ikakhulukazi kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ukuvelela eMoscow ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi izikhungo ubudala (Kiev, bese Vladimir) kancane kancane zize indima, futhi sivelela Tver futhi okufanayo "segolide-oluyingungu". Kufanele futhi usho ukubaluleka umthelela kulesi sikhungo umphakathi, njengoba Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu nane yokuhlala wedolobha yasuka uVladimir eMoscow. Kuyinto, eqinisweni, kwakusho waba ukwanda okukhulu kwezincwadi isimo nethonya lakamuva. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yesizathu, futhi kwaba umphumela Inqubomgomo nombono obanzi wezikhulu eMoscow. I ophusile esabekwa Daniilom Aleksandrovichem, baqhubeka owamlandela: Yuri, ababengakholelwa kuhluke ezazithambekele kwezombangazwe, futhi Ivan wahlala phansi esihlalweni sobukhosi ngemva kokufa komfowabo. Ivan, Kalita ngelika kuyinto umklami eyiqiniso kuqinisa ithonya edolobheni abasha kodwa isifiso sokufuna ukuvelela. Kwakuphakathi Mongol khans naye asinikwa ekukhokhweni inkokhiso ezandleni ababusi eMoscow.

ezindabeni zezombusazwe

Lapho Prince avele mlando, okuhlanganisa kukhulunywa okokuqala emibhalweni yaminyaka yonke eMoscow kuya lesishiyagalolunye, ngisho ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesishiyagalombili. Konke lokhu kwakwenziwa ukuze kuvunwe ilungelo edolobheni futhi ubukhulu kwasekuqaleni ezindabeni zonke isiRashiya. Izikhulu kanye boyars enkantolo kakhulu asekelwe kule nguqulo. inqubomgomo Kalita baqhubeka khona amadodana akhe Ivan Red, ithole isidlaliso sakhe ngokubonakala enhle, futhi uSemyon Proud, zihlukaniswa nokuziqhenya ngokweqile. Lapho benza izinguquko indaba ngenhloso a "bafake 'kancane inhloko-dolobha esizayo. Nokho, kusobala ukuthi kukhulunywa okokuqala emibhalweni yaminyaka yonke eMoscow, etholakala mlando abathembekile, akulona iqiniso, futhi lokhu kwenziwa ngenxa nje yezisusa zombusazwe. UDmitry Ivanovich nakakhulu ukuqinisa ukuma ehola komuzi, inqobe decisive amabutho Mongol-Tatar phezu Kulikovo inkambu 1380. Nokho, ngemva kweminyaka emibili, athelekela abahlaseli entsha wabanjwa edolobheni singalindele, futhi wayiswa bese ishiswa cishe ngokuphelele.

Umkhaya izingxabano welifa eMoscow

Esikhathini esizayo, phakathi izindlalifa a emzabalazweni, wathola izincwadi zomlando njengoba impi enkulu amakhosi asendulo. Leli khasi emlandweni Russian ugcwele zezikhathi ezibuhlungu. Owinile ephumile Vasily II Ebumnyameni, futhi indodana yakhe, u-Ivan III, ngokokuqala ngqa kusukela kwehlukana izinduna uthola isihloko Grand Prince of All Russia kanye eMoscow yaba inhloko-dolobha i-Russia obumbene. Ngemva kwalokho, lo muzi nakakhulu ukuqinisa ukwandisa. Ngokusho oyiphawulile ngabathengisi waseBrithani ngezikhali, kwaba ngaphezulu London. isimo yayo njengendlela dolobha eMoscow inakekelwa kuze ukwakhiwa Petersburg, iminyaka emakhulu mathathu ayithelanga entendeni enhlokodolobha enyakatho. Nokho, ngo-1918 imizamo amaBolshevik, waphinde waba inhloko-dolobha ekuqaleni RSFSR bese i-USSR.

EMoscow: kusukela inhloko-dolobha ubukhulu ukuze inhloko-dolobha yaseRussia

Ngakho ungakwazi kuhle ukugqamisa kafushane izici eziyinhloko isisekelo futhi nokuthuthukisa umuzi: kukhulunywa okokuqala yezindaba zemihla ngemihla eMoscow njengoba settlement encane ukuba isimo isimo dolobha elikhulu futhi enamandla. Ngale ndlela, uye washintsha eziningi njengoba ukubukeka nokuthi leso senzo senziwe usithonye inkambo jikelele izenzakalo. Ikakhulukazi, indodana Basil Dark esakhiwe ezibiyele njengoba singakwazi ukuwugcina esikhathini sethu, ngezitini ezibomvu. Yonke isikhungo esingokomlando edolobheni lakhiwa Ephakathi, bese kancane kuphela washintsha. Nakuba izazi-mlando ngobugebengu eziningi amakhophi, ezwakalisa nemibono mayelana inkathi lapho isiphetho, kukhona umbono owamukelwa ukuthi kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala eMoscow luhlehlela emuva ekhulwini weshumi nambili, futhi kubhekwa umsunguli Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. Unyaka ka kukhulunywa okokuqala neyaziwayo 1147. Manje edolobheni ingenye yamadolobha esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni futhi inhloko-dolobha yezwe lethu.