Counter-okuhlaselayo at kwaseStalingrad, "Uranus" operation: hambisa usuku, abahlanganyeli

KwaseStalingrad yaba indawo lapho kwakukhona khona ushintsho olukhulu ka ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe kanye neMpi Yezwe II. Yaqala lapho yimpumelelo iRed Army okuhlaselayo, ikhodi-okuthiwa "i-Uranus".

izimfanelo

AbaseSoviet esiphikisayo okuhlaselayo at kwaseStalingrad lwaqala ngo-November 1942, kodwa bona silungise ihlelo kwemisebenzi Zasendlunkulu Command sethulwa ngo-September. Ekwindla ka-mashi German kuya iVolga waminza. Ukuze zombili, kwaseStalingrad kwakubaluleke kokubili osendaweni futhi ngokuya inkulumo-ze. Lokhu dolobhana laqanjwa ngokuthi yokudumisa ikhanda likahulumeni waseSoviet. Uma Stalin kwaholela ekumeleleni Tsaritsyn elimhlophe ngesikhathi kulwiwa. Lose lo muzi, kusukela iphuzu Ngenxa imibono yamaSoviet ke, wayengakucabangi nakukucabanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma amaJalimane aqala ukulawula sifinyelela engezansi eMfuleni iVolga, zaziyokwazi yini ukunqanda supply ukudla, amafutha kanye nezinye izinsiza ezibalulekile.

Ngoba zonke izizathu ngenhla, counteroffensive at kwaseStalingrad Kwakuhlelwe nokunakekelwa okukhethekile. Ukucubungula isimo esikahle sokuxoxa ngaphambili. Hand isikhashana wathutha ngokubhekiselwe nasempini positional. Ekugcineni, ngo-November 13, 1942 uhlelo esiphikisayo okuhlaselayo, ikhodi-okuthiwa "i-Uranus" esasayinwa Stalin futhi sivunyelwe ngalesi Jikelele Headquarters.

Loluhlelo yasekuqaleni

Indlela ungathanda ukubona esiphikisayo okuhlaselayo at kwaseStalingrad, abaholi yokubusa kweSoviet? Ngaphansi kohlelo, South-Western Front ngaphansi kobuholi UNikolai Vatutin kwadingeka ukuba uyogalela eduze edolobheni elincane Serafimovich, ilawulwa amaJalimane ehlobo. Leli qembu wayalelwa ukuba baphule amakhilomitha okungenani 120. Enye Ngashaqeka kumiswa kwaseStalingrad Front. Indawo lapho ivela khona, akhethwa Sarpa echibini. Ngemva kokudlula ezikhungweni amakhilomitha 100, phambili bempi ayeyizinkulungwane ukuhlangana eNingizimu-Western Front eduze Kalach namaSoviet. Ngakho, izigaba German abekade kwaseStalingrad, ngabe ukuwela esikuyo.

Kwakuhlelwe ukuthi counteroffensive at kwaseStalingrad uyobasekela kuhlasela yesibili phambi Don esifundeni kanye Kachalin Kletskaya. Ngezinye GHQ sazama ukuhlonza izingxenye ezingavikelekile kakhulu zalo emabuthweni esitha. Ekugcineni, isu ukusebenza isiphethe ngokuthi ushaywa iRed Army Kwasetshenziswa kuya ezingemuva futhi flank we ukulwa ekwaziyo futhi iyingozi compounds kakhulu. Kwakulapho bayimpendulo kunazo zonke avikelekile. Siyabonga enhlanganweni ezinhle, "Uranus" operation ayikaziwa ngoba amaJalimane kwaze kwaba usuku ekuqaleni ekwenzeni lokho okuhleliwe. Isimanga kanye nokudidiyela izenzo amabutho aseSoviet badansela ezandleni zabo.

isitha Ukubeka

Njengoba kuhlelwa, le counteroffensive Soviet at kwaseStalingrad iqale ngo-19 Novemba. Kwakuthinta kwandulelwe wezikhali zenkulumo enamandla. Entathakusa, isimo sezulu ishintshile kakhulu, okuyinto eye wenza izinguquko ukuze amacebo umyalo. inkungu ekhasa akazange avumele ukukhulisa zezindiza emoyeni, njengoba ukubonakala uphansi impela. Ngakho-ke, lo ukugcizelela wabekwa wezikhali nokulungiselela.

Okokuqala iyahlaselwa yibutho yesithathu-Romanian, ogama sokuzivikela kwephulwe amasosha aseSoviet. Ngesikhathi ezingemuva lokhu babeyizinkulungwane amaJalimane. Bazama ukumisa iRed Army, kodwa wehluleka. isitha ekuchithweni eyaqedwa 1st Tank Corps ngaphansi kokuqondisa Vasiliya Butkova futhi 26th Panzer Corps Alekseya Rodina. Lezi zingxenye, kwenziwa umsebenzi, waqala ukuthutha bubheke Kalacha.

Ngakusasa okuhlaselayo waqala zigaba kwaseStalingrad Front. Phakathi ngosuku lokuqala ingxenye zathuthumela 9 amakhilomitha, breaking ngokusebenzisa izivikelo ku elisemaphethelweni aseningizimu emzini wesitha. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbili yokulwa bahlulwa ezintathu elihamba ukwahlukana German. impumelelo iRed Army sika usashaqekile futhi kwaholela ukudideka kaHitler. I Wehrmacht isinqumo sokuthi isiteleka kuyoba redeployment bushelelezi amabutho. Ekugcineni, ngemva kokucabangela ongakhetha eziningana, amaJalimane idluliselwe kwaseStalingrad omunye ezimbili armored, ngaphambi kokwenza okuthile eNorth Caucasus. Paulus kuze kube usuku lapho kwakukhona indawo yokugcina baqhubeka ukukuthumela ikhaya wokunqoba. He stubbornly okuphindaphindiwe ukuthi wayengeke ashiye iVolga futhi ngeke avumele ukuba ukuvinjelwa yayo Army 6th.

21 Novemba 4th futhi 26th Tank Corps we-Southwestern Front ifinyelele ipulazi Manoilin. Lapha bamenzela iqhinga ezingalindelekile, ukuvula evele ngasempumalanga. Manje lezi izingcezu ukuhambisa ngqo uDon Kalach. Advance iRed Army wazama sikulibazise 24 Armored Division of the Wehrmacht, kodwa yonke imizamo yayo sezishiye lutho. Ngalesi sikhathi, le post umyalo 6th Army Paulus ngokuphuthuma liya edolobhaneni Nizhni Chir, owesaba nenhlalakahle esibambile ekuhlaseleni amasosha aseSoviet.

Operation "Uranus" seliphinde wabonisa ubuqhawe iRed Army. Ngokwesibonelo, lamabutho ethuthukile 26th Panzer Corps e amathangi nezinye izimoto ewela lelo bhuloho phezu Don eduze Kalach. AmaJalimane babe abanganaki futhi - banquma ukuthi ukuthuthela friendly ingxenye, ifakwe imishini Soviet lithunjwa. Sibambe lokhu connivance, Red Army wabhubhisa uphumule Ukuvikelwa futhi wonke-round ukuzivikela, ukufika zamabutho main. Lamabutho ukubamba isikhundla, naphezu counterattacks eziningi isitha. Ekugcineni wafohla kuye 19 Tank Brigade. Lezi zinkampani ezimbili basebenzisane ukuqinisekisa owela zamabutho main Soviet, nilangazelela ukuwela Don at Kalach ndawo. Ngenxa yalesi feat izinduna Georgiy Filippov futhi UNikolai Filippenko babe kufanele unikezwe Hero isihloko eSoviet Union.

Novemba 23 amasosha aseSoviet olawule Kalach, lapho iziboshwa 1,500 amaviyo ebutho isitha. Lokhu kwakusho imvelo langempela amaJalimane kanye nabangani babo kuya kwesobunxele e- kwaseStalingrad futhi phakathi iVolga kanye Don. Operation "Uranus" ku isinyathelo sakhe sokuqala kwaba yimpumelelo. Manje izinkulungwane 330 abantu ababekhonza Wehrmacht, kwadingeka babe nempumelelo iringi Soviet. Kulezi zimo, induna 6th Panzer Army Paulus ebuzwa Hitler imvume ifohle iye ngasenkosini eningizimu-mpumalanga. I Fuehrer wenqaba. Kunalokho amabutho Wehrmacht wamisa eduze kwaseStalingrad, kodwa hhayi kufakwe imvelo, baye benziwe iqembu elisha "Don" wamabutho. Lokhu kumiswa kwakuwukusiza ekuhleleni wafohla encirclement futhi Paulus ukubamba edolobheni. Once in the West amaJalimane kwakungasekho okunye kodwa ulinde ngosizo Bakwethu zabo ngaphandle.

Ngokuzayo engaqinisekile

Nakuba ekuqaleni Soviet esiphikisayo okuhlaselayo at kwaseStalingrad kwaholela ekubeni encirclement ingxenye enkulu amabutho aseJalimane, impumelelo undoubted akusho ukuthi ukusebenza isiqedile. I iRed Army baqhubeka ukuhlasela izikhundla isitha. iqembu Wehrmacht lalilikhulu kakhulu, ngakho GHQ wayethemba ukuthi wafohla ukuzivikela uluhlukanise okungenani izingxenye ezimbili. Nokho, ngenxa yokuthi ngaphambili kakhulu ayisesemikhulu, emakamu amabutho esitha kwaba kakhulu ephakeme. counteroffensive Soviet at kwaseStalingrad kancane.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, Wehrmacht okulungiselelwe uhlelo "Vintergevitter" imisebenzi (okuyinto uhumusha njengoba "Winter Storm"). Injongo yalo kwaba ukuqinisekisa nokuqedwa encirclement weZempi 6th ngaphansi kobuholi Fridriha Paulyusa. Nokuvinjelwa kwaba ukuze ifohle iqembu "Don" wamabutho. Ukuhlela futhi ukufeza ukusebenza "Vintergevitter" wabelwa Field Marshal Erich von Manstein. The main yesiteleka amandla yama-Jalimane ngalesi sikhathi kwaba 4th Panzer Army, wayala kaHermann Hoth.

"Vintergevitter"

Amaphuzu turning we impi esele tilting ngalo komunye ke ngakolunye uhlangothi, futhi kuze kube ngomzuzu wokugcina it is hhayi ukususa abazoba winner. Ngakho kwaba phezu loMfula iVolga ekupheleni 1942. Qala counteroffensive Soviet at kwaseStalingrad, Red Army losalela emuva. Nokho, ngo-December 12 amaJalimane wazama ukuthatha isinyathelo izandla zabo. Ngalolu suku, Manstein futhi Hoth waqala ukusebenzisa uhlelo "Vintergevitter".

Ngenxa yokuthi amaJalimane babulala core ivunguza isuka endaweni Kotelnikovo ngomzana, lo msebenzi ubizwa nangokuthi Kotelnikovo. Igalelo kwaba ezingalindelekile. I iRed Army wayazi ukuthi Wehrmacht ngeke bazame ukuphula ukuvinjezelwa kusukela ngaphandle, kodwa ekuhlaseleni Kotelnikovo kwaba okuhlukile okukodwa okungenani kubhekwe isimo. Endleleni amaJalimane abafuna ukophula akanye nalo, owokuqala kwaba 302nd Infantry Division. Wayengumngane abahlakazekile bengaba ngokugcwele futhi asihlelekile nhlobo. Ngakho Gotu sebakwati igebe izikhundla elalihlala Army lama-51.

Disemba 13, 6th Panzer Division ehlaselwa izikhundla ezathathwa 234th ithangi ibutho okuyinto asekelwe 235 th Tank Brigade kanye lama-20 anti-tank wezikhali lamabutho. La mandla elaliholwa ULieutenant Kol Michael Diasamidze. Futhi eseduze iyona 4th ngomshini Corps Vasiliya Volskogo. iqembu Soviet ababeseduze edolobhaneni Upper Kuma. I elwa amabutho aseSoviet Amayunithi Wehrmacht ukulawula yayithatha izinsuku eziyisithupha phezu kwakhe.

I standoff, okuyinto wahamba nge impumelelo nhlangothi zombili obuhlukahlukene, lase licishe yaphela Disemba 19. Iqembu German ukuthi luqiniswe amayunithi fresh, owayevela ezingemuva. Lo mcimbi ophoqelelwe izinduna Soviet baleka Myshkova emfuleni. Nokho, lokhu kuyinto ukubambezeleka wezinsuku ezinhlanu ukusebenza kudlalwa ezandleni Red Army. Ngokuba lapho amasosha wabalwela zonke izitaladi Upper Kuma, endaweni elaliseduze some 2nd Guards Army.

esasibucayi

Disemba 20 ibutho Paulus futhi Hoth ahlukaniswe amakhilomitha angu-40 kuphela. Nokho, amaJalimane wazama ukwephula ukuvinjelwa, kakade ilahlekelwe ingxenye izisebenzi. I okuhlaselayo ukuthi ehlile futhi wagcina eseyekile. amandla Goth kuze kube sekugcineni. Manje ukuphula iringi Soviet esasikuyo manje nayo yayibiyelwe amaJalimane wayedinga usizo. Uhlelo imisebenzi "Vintergevitter" ngemcondvo kuhlanganisa uhlelo olwengeziwe "Donnershlag". Yena walala ku Iqiniso lokuthi 6th ikhiyiwe Army Paulus okwakufanele ahlangane nabo ozakwabo zakhe, uzama nokuvinjelwa.

Nokho, lo mbono ayizange awenziwanga. Yilokho kanye ayebheke phambili oda efanayo Hitler "akasoze ashiye kwaseStalingrad inqaba." Uma Paulus waphula esiyingini exhunywe kwi-Goth, wayengeke Yiqiniso, washiya umuzi ngemuva. I sokudumisa wacabanga yilokhu kushintsha kwezinto ukunqotshwa okuphelele futhi ehlazekile. ukuvinjelwa yakhe eyayigqoke ugwayi katiki. Impela, ukube le Paulus alwa ngokungajahi kwababusi Soviet, ngabe wazama zithi uyimbuka ukuze lokhokho. Wayengumuntu kahle kakhulu futhi akazange athathe isinyathelo kuqala ngaleso sikhathi esibucayi.

ashona Manstein

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, flank kwesokunxele kuhlasela namaJalimane nabangane babo, the amabutho aseSoviet bakwazi ukunikeza alwe kanzima emuva. ukwehlukana Italian futhi Romanian abalwe kulo mkhakha, ngokuzithandela ehoxa. Escape wathatha ngendathane. Abantu kwesokunxele isikhundla sabo singabheki emuva. Manje, ngenxa iRed Army wavula indlela eya Kamensk-loMfula Northern eDonets River. Nokho, umsebenzi oyinhloko amabutho aseSoviet matasa Rostov waqala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, steel angenalutho airfields osendaweni ebalulekile Tazinskaya futhi Morozovsk, okuyinto yayidingeka ngenjongo yezinto Wehrmacht ukudluliswa okusheshayo ukudla nezinye izinto zokusebenza.

Kule ndaba, ngo-December 23 induna ukusebenza ukuphula nokuvinjelwa Manstein ngaphambilini ashona, ukuze bavikele netinsita, elise ezingemuva. Bethonya isitha wathatha 2nd Guards Army Rodion Malinovsky. ezinhlangothini German ngelulwa nabalimala kalula. Ngo-December 24, amabutho aseSoviet kabusha wangena Upper Kuma. Ngosuku elifanayo kwaseStalingrad Front waqhubeka ecasula maqondana Kotelnikov. Goth kanye Paulus baye bahluleka ukuxhuma kanye nokuhlinzeka umhubhe ukuze ukubaleka sizungezwe amaJalimane. Operation "Vintergevitter" imisiwe.

Ukugcwaliswa ukusebenza "Uranus"

Januwari 8, 1943, lapho sasizungezwe amaJalimane yithemba ngokuphelele, abaphikisi iRed Army Command bafaka ugwayi katiki. Paulus kwadingeka ukuba thela. Nokho, le ndoda yenqaba ukwenza kanjalo, kulandela oda kaHitler, ogama ukwehluleka at kwaseStalingrad kungaba buhlungu kakhulu. Lapho ekomkhulu le ngafunda ukuthi Paulus ephikelela, ecasula iRed Army uqalisiwe nge amandla angaphezulu nakakhulu.

Januwari 10 Don Front waqhubekela onesimo yokugcina isitha. Kulinganiselwa ahlukahlukene ngaleso sikhathi yisicupho babe amaJalimane mayelana 250,000. AbaseSoviet esiphikisayo okuhlaselayo at kwaseStalingrad kwadonsa izinyanga ezingu-ezimbili, futhi manje okudingekayo push lokugcina ekupheleni kwawo. Januwari 26 sizungezwe iqembu Wehrmacht wawuhlukaniswe waba yizingxenye ezimbili. Maphakathi kwaseStalingrad kwaba nengxenye eseningizimu, endaweni "ngothango" ifektri izixaxa Plant - North. Januwari 31 Paulus nge abangaphansi kwakhe umaluju. Februwari 2 lwaphuka ukumelana zokugcina iyunithi German. Lolu suku yaphela nge counteroffensive Soviet at kwaseStalingrad. Usuku, ngaphezu kwalokho, uye waba lokugcina yonke impi phezu loMfula iVolga.

Imiphumela

Yayiyini izizathu impumelelo eSoviet esiphikisayo okuhlaselayo at kwaseStalingrad? Ekupheleni kuka-1942 sekube nomphumela wokuthi Wehrmacht Manpower fresh. Phonsa ekulweni empumalanga isibe akekho. Amandla asele iphelile. KwaseStalingrad kwaba nephuzu we okuhlaselayo German. Kulendzawo yangaphambilini Tsaritsyn ke petered phandle.

Isihluthulelo yonke impi kwaba ukuqala esiphikisayo okuhlaselayo at kwaseStalingrad. IRed Army ngokusebenzisa izimpi eziningana kuqala izungeze bese ukuqeda isitha. It phephetha ukwahlukana isitha 32 no-3 Brigade. Zonke amaJalimane kanye nabangani babo kule "Axis" walahlekelwa abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingu-800. izibalo Soviet babekhona nabo kakhulu. I iRed Army elahlekile abantu 485.000, babo 155.000 abulawa.

months emibili nengxenye ezizungezile amaJalimane akazange enze noma yimuphi umzamo phuma kusuka ngaphakathi. Balindele ukusiza kusukela 'ezwekazini', kodwa bephakamisa nokuvinjelwa Army Iqembu "Don" ngaphandle kuhlulekile. Noma kunjalo, ngesikhathi isikhathi esabelwe amaJalimane baye bahlakulela umoya ukuthuthwa kwabantu ngenxa yengozi uhlelo, lapho kusuka imvelo ngokukhetha oda abayizinkulungwane 50 (base ikakhulukazi kwalimala). Abebangayi ngaphakathi esiyingini, kwafa noma bathunjwa.

counteroffensive at kwaseStalingrad uhlelo wabulawa ngempumelelo. IRed Army sikushintshe lokho manje yempi. Ngemva kwalokhu impumelelo waqala kuyinqubo eyenzeka kancane kancane sokukhulula eSoviet Union kusukela umsebenzi amaNazi. Ngokuvamile, Battle of kwaseStalingrad, lapho esiphikisayo okuhlaselayo kweSoviet amabutho ahlomile kwaba kuzithinta sokugcina, wazibonakalisa enye yezimpi ezinkulu kakhulu futhi zokuchitheka kwegazi okukhulu kunakho emlandweni wesintu. Ayalwa ukuba lushiswe, ngamabhomu futhi zonakalise amanxiwa sishubiswa ngokwengeziwe sezulu ebusika. Nesimo sezulu esibandayo futhi izifo ezibangwa kubo baye bafa abavikeli eziningi ezweni. Noma kunjalo, lo muzi (kanye naye lonke elaseSoviet Union) wasinda. Igama esiphikisayo okuhlaselayo at kwaseStalingrad - "Uranus" - phakade alotshiwe ngempi nomlando.

Izizathu kokunqotshwa kwe-Wehrmacht

Ngemva kwesikhathi eside, emva Okwesibili kweMpi Yezwe Manstein ishicilele memoir lapho kuhlanganise incazelo eningiliziwe isimo sakhe sengqondo ukuze Battle of kwaseStalingrad neSoviet esiphikisayo zihlasela ngaphansi kwaso. Usolwa ngokufa zizungezwé ibutho 6th kaHitler. I sokudumisa engafuni ukuthatha kwaseStalingrad futhi ngaleyo ndlela yayenza isithunzi phezu idumela lalo. Ngenxa yalokhu, amaJalimane ekuqaleni e kubhayela, bese ngokuphelele sebephila.

Ngo amabutho-Third Reich babe nezinye izinkinga. izindiza Ezokuthutha kwakunganele ukunikela division kudingekile ezungezwe izinhlamvu, okudla uphethiloli kanjalo. Air ephasishi futhi ayizange isetshenziswe kuze kube sekupheleni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Manstein okukhulunywa ukuthi Paulus wenqaba ifohle iringi Soviet maqondana Gotha ngenxa yokuntuleka kaphethiloli kanye nokwesaba ahlupheke ukunqotshwa sokugcina, kuyilapho ekungalalelini umyalelo we sokudumisa.