Ngenxa yaleso ashisiwe Giordano Bruno? The main imibono, imibhalo, okutholakele

Zikhona amaphuzu amaningana umbono mayelana yalokho okushile Giordano Bruno. Esikhathini ukwazi mass emva kwakhe isithombe igxilile indoda eyabulawa lokuzivikela bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe heliocentric. Nokho, uma ukubukeka ngaphezulu biography nangemisebenzi yokuphulukisa lesi sazi, uzophawula ukuthi ukungqubuzana yayo kanye iSonto LamaKatolika wayengaphezu enkolweni kunasendaweni ngokwesayensi.

Biography of the sazi

Ngaphambi idili, okuyiwona kwashiswa Giordano Bruno, kufanele ucabangele indlela yalo yokuphila. Isazi sefilosofi esizayo wazalwa ngo 1548 e-Italy, eduze eNaples. Kulomuzi, leyo nsizwa yaba indela esigodlweni sezindela sangakubo St. Dominic. Kikho koke ukuphila kwakhe ukunxanela kwakhe benkolo bafika kanye nocwaningo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, Bruno kwaba enye yamadoda abafundile isikhathi sakhe esiningi. Ngisho nalapho ngiseyingane wafundiswa logic, izincwadi dialectic.

Ngezinye 24, eDominican abasha waba umpristi. Nokho, ukuphila Giordano Bruno ngoba kudala zihlotshaniswa isevisi esontweni. Uma wabanjwa ukufunda ezivinjelwe Izigodlo. Khona-ke eDominican wabaleka eya eRoma okokuqala, kwase kuba kwabayishumi inyakatho ye-Italy, bese ngokuphelele aphume ezweni. Kwakukhona isifundo emfushane e-University of Geneva, kodwa kukhona Bruno axoshwe ngamacala uyimbuka. Umcabangi wavelelwa ingqondo yonke into eziyibonayo. Ngo bevela weningi mpikiswano wayevame ukuhamba ngale izimfundiso zobuKristu, angavumelani imfundiso owamukelwa.

kwezesayensi

Ngo 1580, UBruno wathuthela eFrance. Wafundisa inyuvesi wezwe ngobukhulu - the Sorbonne. Kukhona futhi uvele imisebenzi lokuqala olunyathelisiwe Giordano Bruno. Izincwadi Thinker igxile Ukubamba Ngekhanda - ubuciko kukhunjulwe. sefilosofi French waphawula Korol Genrih III. Wayefanele ukusekelwa Italian, ebamema ukuba inkantolo nokunikeza zonke izimo zokusebenza ezidingekayo.

Lokho UHenry nomthelela kudivayisi Bruno ngesiNgisi e-Oxford University, lapho zathuthumela kweminyaka eyi-35. ELondon ngo 1584 sazi wanyathelisa enye yezincwadi zakhe ezibaluleke kakhulu "On the infinity kwendawo yonke imihlaba." Sekuyisikhathi eside ososayensi wafunda kudivayisi astronomy kanye nezindaba isikhala. imihlaba Infinite, wakhuluma encwadini yakhe, kuphambene ngokuphelele wamukela ke yalelozwe.

Italian kwaba umsekeli kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela Nikolaya Kopernika - kungenye "nto", okuyiwona kwashiswa Giordano Bruno. essence yayo (heliocentrism) kwakuwukuthi maphakathi uhlelo kwamaplanethi ilanga, namaplanethi singaxoxi ke. iphuzu Church of umbono ngalolu daba isanda okuphambene. AmaKatolika bakholelwa ukuthi Earth maphakathi, futhi zonke izidumbu kanye Sun ukuhambahambisa ke (lokhu geocentricism). Bruno wakhuthaza imibono Copernican eLondon, kuhlanganise esigodlweni Elizabeth I. Abasekeli Italian futhi akatholakalanga. Ngisho uShakespeare, nesazi sefilosofi Bacon akazange ayisekele imibono yakhe.

Buyela Italy

Ngemva kokufunda iminyaka embalwa e-England, Bruno eYurophu (ikakhulukazi e-Germany). Nge umsebenzi njalo yena sasiqine, ngoba amanyuvesi ngokuvamile esabe ukuthatha Italian ngenxa imibono yakhe emikhulu. Umzuli Uzame ezinza Czech Republic. Kodwa e Prague, akazange athokoze. Ekugcineni, ngo-1591 wayecabangisisa wanquma hambisa ngokugqamile. Wabuyela e-Italy, ngokunembile e Venice, lapho emenywa Aristocrat Giovanni Mocenigo. Le nsizwa waqala ukukhokha handsomely ngoba Bruno izifundo e Ukubamba Ngekhanda.

Nokho, maduzane nje, ubudlelwane lomqashi kanye sazi ukudukiswa. Ezingxoxweni siqu uyaqiniseka Bruno Mocenigo ukuthi kukhona imihlaba obungapheli, iLanga elisenkabeni yezwe, nokunye. D. Kodwa i iphutha uzibophezele sefilosofi ngisho ezinkudlwana, lapho eqala ukuxoxa inkolo ahlukile. Kulezi zingxoxo, ungakwazi ukuqonda ukuthi kungani bashisa Giordano Bruno.

Umshushisi Bruno

Ngo 1592 Mocenigo wathumela okulahla eziningana Ezihlubuki Venetian, lapho wachaza imibono ngokugqamile ayengaphansi Dominican. Giovanni Bruno bakhononda ngokuthi uJesu umlumbi, futhi wazama ukugwema ukufa kwakhe, futhi akazange usumthatha umfel 'ukholo, njengoba kuchaziwe iVangeli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sazi, wakhuluma ukungabi nakwenzeka kwento inkokhelo yesono, kanye nenkohlakalo we ukuphindukuzalwa izindela Italy. Bephika izimfundiso zobuKristu eziyisisekelo mayelana uKristu unguNkulunkulu, ukuthola umntwana kwentombazane eyintombi, uZiqu-zintathu, nokunye. E., Yaba ngenakugwemeka isitha lesifungweni sayo esontweni.

Bruno nakwezinye izingxoxo aba nazo Mocenigo okukhulunywa isifiso ukudala imfundiso yakhe siqu zefilosofi nezenkolo ka "ngefilosofi entsha." Umthamo imicabango yabantu zezihlubuki esashiwo isiNtaliyane, sasisikhulu kangangokuba lo Ezihlubuki ngokushesha uphenyo. Bruno waboshwa. Ayichitha ejele kanye ngemibuzo kweminyaka engaphezu kweyisikhombisa. Ngenxa imbuka neprobivaemosti, washintshelwa eRoma. Kodwa ngisho nalapho, waqhubeka elukhuni. Februwari 17, 1600 kwashiswa esigxotsheni esigcawini Flowers eRoma. Umcabangi akazange adikibale imibono yabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wathi ukuba ashise akusho ekuphikiseni imfundiso yakhe. Namuhla endaweni ngokubulawa kuyinto lesikhumbuzo ukuze Bruno efakwe khona ekupheleni kwekhulu XIX.

okuhlala khona

Usosayensi Anhlobonhlobo Giordano Bruno zastragivalo kokubili isayensi ukholo. Lapho isazi sefilosofi ebuyele e-Italy, ebona ngokwakhe umshumayeli wezindaba inkolo yamaLuthela. Ngesisekelo ke kwadingeka ukuthi ahambe ulwazi ncamashi ngokwesayensi. Le nhlanganisela uchaza khona emibhalweni Bruno njengendlela yokucabanga enengqondo futhi izinkomba nezimfihlakalo.

Yiqiniso, isazi sefilosofi, zavela bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe akuzenzakaleli. ngezindlela eziningi imibono Dzhordano Bruno yayisekelwe emibhalweni ababengaphambi zakhe eziningi, ezihlanganisa kulabo abaphila endulo. Kuvele isisekelo kubalulekile eDominican kwaba olukhulu Platonism. Lokhu esikoleni wefilosofi lasendulo bewafundisa nangendlela ezingaqondakali-enembile ekuqondeni izwe, logic nokunye. D. Umcabangi wathatha izintambo umqondo wakhe zomhlaba-umphefumulo, ukushayela yendawo yonke futhi ekuqaleni isidalwa olulodwa.

Bruno futhi wencike Pythagorean. Le mfundiso kuyifilosofi-zenkolo kusekelwe embonweni wendawo yonke uhlelo harmonic, imithetho okhonzile zezinombolo. Lokhu kwawukubakhumbuza ngegazi lakhe kwaba nethonya eliphawulekayo Kabbalah kanye namanye amasiko ezingaqondakali.

izinkolelo ezingokwenkolo

Okubalulekile, ukubukwa anti-kwabefundisi Giordano Bruno akusho ukuthi wayengakholelwa ukuthi uNkulunkulu ukhona. Kunalokho, Italian wahlala yikholwa, kodwa umqondo wakhe kaNkulunkulu kwakuhluke kakhulu kusukela nezimfundiso lamaKatolika. Ngokwesibonelo, ngaphambi sekubulaweni kwakhe kwakunguKayafase kakade ukuwufela Bruno wathi wayengeke ukuya ngqo umdali.

Ukuze sazi ukuzinikela kwakhe heliocentrism kwakungelona uphawu ukungamukeleki wenkolo. Nge mbono, Bruno kwafakazela iqiniso imibono yakhe Pythagorean, kodwa akazange aphike ukuthi uNkulunkulu ukhona. Lokho heliocentrism baba uhlobo ngendlela zezibalo ukwelekelela nokuthuthukisa ifilosofi usosayensi.

Hermeticism

Omunye umthombo obalulekile ugqozi kwaba Bruno nefilosofi hermetic. Le mfundiso uvele zasendulo ngasekupheleni, lapho Mediterranean wazibonela nenkathi yokudlondlobala kwawo kobuHellenism. Ngesisekelo umqondo imibhalo yasendulo, ngokwemfundiso yesiko pha Hermes Trismegistus.

Imfundiso ifaka izinto ukubhula ngezinkanyezi, imilingo kanye alchemy. ubunjalo Esoteric futhi engaqondakali wefilosofi hermetic wahlabeka umxhwele Dzhordano Bruno. basendulo ke Kwase kuyisikhathi eside esikhathini esidlule, kodwa kwakuphakathi Renaissance eYurophu, kwakunengozi fashion isifundo esinjalo futhi reinterpretation emithonjeni lasendulo. Kuyinto ephawulekayo ukuthi ongomunye wabacwaningi Heritage Bruno Frensis Yeyts babembiza ngokuthi 'Renaissance bili. "

Cosmology

Phakathi Renaissance, kwakukhona okuthize, engaka uhlaziye Cosmology kanye nokwakheka kwendawo yonke, njenge Giordano Bruno. isazi Ukuvula ngalezi zindaba zibekiwe umsebenzi "On the engenakulinganiswa futhi mikhulu", "On the obungapheli, yonke imihlaba" futhi "Uchungechunge ku emlotheni." Imibono mayelana ifilosofi yemvelo kanye Cosmology, Bruno baba abantu besikhathi wamavukelambuso, yingakho abakaze wathatha. Umcabangi kwaphuma imfundiso Nikolaya Kopernika, enezela futhi siphelelisa ke. I iziphakamiso eyinhloko sefilosofi Cosmological zazimi kanje - yonke elingapheli ezinkanyezini ezikude kungabonakali - analogs ilanga eliwumhlaba, umkhathi uhlelo olulodwa indwangu efanayo. Umqondo edume kunazo Bruno kwaba inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela imfundiso yokuziphendukela heliocentric, nakuba kuye kwasikisela YETHUSI uCopernicus.

Ngo Cosmology, kanye inkolo, usosayensi wase-Italy based hhayi kuphela isayensi. Wasephambukela magic kanye esoteric. Ngakho-ke, ezinye iziphakamiso zakhe azenqaba isayensi esikhathini esizayo. Ngokwesibonelo, Bruno babekholelwa ukuthi yonke into lingcangcazekile. Ucwaningo lwamuva refutes lo mbono.

Futhi, ukuze afakazele mqondo yakhe Bruno ngokuvamile wasebenzisa ukucabanga okunengqondo. Ngokwesibonelo, it is kakhulu ukwambulwa lengxabano yakhe abasekeli mbono baxhashazwe Zomhlaba (ie geocentrism). iphuzu lakhe sazi kuholele incwadi "Idili ku emlotheni." Abalweli Bokholo baxhashazwe Umhlaba ngokuvamile wagxeka Bruno usebenzisa isibonelo itshe sesehle sisuka nombhoshongo ophakeme. Uma amaplanethi azungeza ilanga futhi akazange ame namanje, umzimba falling zizongena ayiqondile phansi, futhi abambalwa baye kwenye indawo.

Ngenxa yalokhu, Bruno ahlinzekwa iphuzu lakhe. Wavikela bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe ngendlela isibonelo ku ukunyakaza lomkhumbi. Abantu jumping on ebhodini, zithi cababa on endaweni efanayo. Uma iphasi gade umile, umkhumbi-ke ukuthi kwakungeke kwenzeke. Bruno Ngakho wabonisana, ezihambayo iplanethi udonsa konke kwalo. Le ngxabano ukuxhumana nalaba baphikisi bakhe emakhasini eyodwa yezincwadi zakhe, lo sazi Italian ngempela uthole eduze imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwezinto owasungulwa Einstein ekhulwini XX.

Esinye isimiso esibalulekile esashiwo Bruno, kwaba umqondo homogeneity ndaba futhi isikhala. Usosayensi wabhala ukuthi, ngesisekelo salokhu, kuthathwa ngokuthi iyiphi ebusweni elingaphandle umzimba, indawo yonke uyobheka mayelana efanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Italy sefilosofi Cosmology ufunde ngqo ukusebenza kwemithetho jikelele ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba ezikhona.

Umthelela Bruno Cosmological isayensi esizayo

Ucwaningo Bruno njalo gone isandla nge ukubukwa elikhulu ngemibono yenkolo, izimiso zokuziphatha, Metaphysics, sobuhle bayo njalonjalo. D. Ngenxa yalokhu, inguqulo Italian we Cosmological bagcwala izingathekiso, ngezinye izikhathi kuyaqondakala kuphela umlobi. imisebenzi yakhe ibilokhu isihloko ucwaningo kwenzinye izingxabano, akagcini namuhla.

Bruno wokuqala ohlongozwayo wokuthi umkhathi elingapheli, futhi kukhona isibalo esingapheliyo imihlaba. Lo mbono kuphambene Mechanics Aristotle ezwakalayo. Italian bavame phambili imibono yabo kuphela ngesimo theory, njengoba ngesikhathi sakhe ayengenayo lobuchwepheshe izindlela uyakwazi ukuqinisekisa usosayensi izibikezelo. Nokho, isayensi yanamuhla eye wakwazi ukugcwalisa lezi izikhala. Big bang theory yonke futhi ukukhula elingapheli waqinisekisa umbono uBruno ngemva kwamakhulu ambalwa eminyaka ngemva ukushiswa esigxotsheni we wayecabangisisa.

Usosayensi uyasala ukuhlaziywa imibiko zemizimba falling. idatha yakhe isibe imfuneko ukuvela isayensi isimiso inertia, ehlongozwayo ngu uGalileo Galilei. Bruno, ngandlela-thile, kwathinta revolution yesayensi kwekhulu XVII. Ngalezo zinsuku, nabacwaningi bavame ukusebenzisa umsebenzi wakhe njengomprofethi impahla ngokwesekala ukuqokwa imibono yazo. Ukubaluleka Dominican usebenza kakade ezikhathini zanamuhla kugcizelelwe sefilosofi German futhi omunye wabasunguli be-positivists okunengqondo Moritz Schlick.

Ukuchothoza yemfundiso kaZiqu-zintathu Ongcwele

Akungabazeki ukuthi umlando Giordano Bruno Kwakungesinye ngesibonelo sendoda ezathatha ukuphila kwakhe ngebanga umesiya. Lokhu kufakazelwa iqiniso lokuthi wayezomvusa ukuqala inkolo yakhe siqu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukholo mission eziphakeme akazange avumele ukungasabeli kahle isiNtaliyane ukulahla izinkolelo zabo phakathi neminyaka eminingi imibuzo. Ngezinye izikhathi izingxoxo ne Ezihlubuki ayethambekele ukuyekethisa, kodwa ngomzuzu wokugcina futhi waqala ukugcizelela.

Bruno ngokwakhe wanika i emhlabathini eyengeziwe ngoba lapho emangalelwa ngokuvukela isonto. Wathi uyakholelwa imfundiso yamanga kaZiqu-zintathu kwelinye izingxoxo. Isisulu sokuphathwa iNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki uxabana isikhundla sabo ngosizo emithonjeni ehlukene. Amarekhodi sazi kokuphenywa ziye zalondolozwa ifomu yayo yasekuqaleni, ngakho namuhla kungenzeka ukuthi sihlaziye ukuthi uhlelo umsuka imibono Bruno. Ngakho, i-Italy wathi encwadini lahlangana eSt Augustine uthi igama elithi Holy Trinity akezanga kwenkathi ivangeli, futhi kakade ngesikhathi sakhe. Kubhekwe le, umsolwa okukholakala wonke lemfundiso kaZiqu bumbela futhi falsification.

A umfel 'ukholo yesayensi noma ukholo?

Okuqakathekileko ukuthi isigwebo sokufa Bruno awuphathwa nakuphathwa we heliocentric uhlelo zomhlaba. Lowo Mbhalo wangonyaka we uthi umfowabo Giovan okusakazwa inkolo zezihlubuki. Lena ukuhluka ekuhlakanipheni ezivamile, othi Bruno abahlupheka ngenxa yezinkolelo zakhe ngokwesayensi. Eqinisweni, isonto kwaba ukugxekwa yagana unwabu kusuka nezimfundiso zobuKristu sefilosofi. Umbono wakhe we indawo Sun Nomhlaba nalemvelaphi eyaba Prank uyingane.

Ngeshwa, imibhalo musa ukusho eziqondile ngalokho okwakufanele babe ezingu zezihlubuki Bruno. Lokhu kuye kwenza ukuba mlando ukuphetha ngokuthi imithombo egcwele amanzi emhlane wedada noma ngamabomu izobhujiswa. Namuhla, umfundi ongahlulela labo ubunjalo amacala izibambiso yangaphambili indela kuphela yesibili (yokulahlwa Mocenigo, bephenywa yezifiso, nokunye. D.).

ezithakazelisayo Ikakhulukazi kulolu chungechunge kuyinto Caspar Schoppe. Kwakuyisikhathi ongumJesuit, owaya isimemezelo umusho imbuka. Encwadini yakhe azibala isimangalo eyinhloko inkantolo nesikaBruno. Ngaphandle kwalabo kakade ngenhla kungenzeka umbono ukuthi uMose wayengumlobi umlumbi, futhi amaJuda kuphela esiyinzalo ka-Adamu no-Eva. Ezinye izindaba zika-uhlanga lwesintu, wanxusa sefilosofi, weza sibonga abanye abantu ababili owadalwa uNkulunkulu ngoba usuku ngombhangqwana othile ensimini yase-Edene. Bruno wasebenza magic badumisa kubhekwe ziwusizo. Kulezi izitatimende ke seliphinde waphawula ukunamathela imiqondo hermetic lasendulo.

Kuyinto ongokomfanekiso ukuthi yesimanje kakade iSonto lamaRoma Katolika elithi wenqaba ukuba aphinde acabange kunjalo Dzhordano Bruno. Sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwengu-400 ngemva kokufa kuka-a pontiffs sazi futhi akazange ahlangane naye, yize okufanayo sewenzelwe izihlubuki eziningi esikhathini esidlule.