Ukufa Aleksandra Makedonskogo: isizathu, inguqulo, indawo kanye nonyaka. Empire Aleksandra Makedonskogo ngemva kokufa kwakhe

Ngokusho imibhalo yasendulo, ukufa Aleksandra Makedonskogo weza Juni 10 323 BC. e. ojenene Omkhulu Kunabo eneminyaka engu-32 kuphela ubudala. Kuze kube manje, izazi-mlando azikwazi ukuthola isizathu sokuhamba kwakhe kusukela ukuphila. Ngokufa okuzumayo Aleksandra Makedonskogo, ayizange ichazwe indlalifa yayo, kwaholela ekuweni kombuso wakhe kanye kudalwa ezifundazweni eziningana, eholwa kweziphathimandla zempi wasukuma esesondela enkosini enkulu.

Buyela eBhabhiloni

Ngo 323 BC. e. Hellenic Army isibuyela entshonalanga. Aleksandr Makedonsky igcwaliswe mashi lakhe waya empumalanga, yaze yafinyelela kude le India. Wakwazi ukwakha umbuso omkhulu esisuka ezivela aseBalkan Iran futhi kusukela Central Asia eGibhithe. It zazingekho njengoba isimo omkhulu ukuthi uvele ngokoqobo ngobusuku obubodwa intando umkhuzi emlandweni wesintu.

Ukufa Aleksandra Makedonskogo ingagxili eBhabhiloni. Kwaba oasis enkulu nge sebuningini iziteshi, ukukha amanzi e-Ewufrathe. Lo muzi ubizwa ngokuvamile abaphethwe izifo futhi kubhubhane. Mhlawumbe yikhona lapha lapho iNkosi yamaKhosi wacosha ukutheleleka.

emngcwabeni Hephaestion sika

Ngonyaka bokugcina bokuphila kwakhe, Alexander waba overstrained futhi osolisayo. ukulila kwakhe kwabangelwa ngokufa komngane wakhe omkhulu umlawuli eseduze Hephaistion. Zonke okwenzeka ngoMeyi kokuhlupheka elihlobene ne imingcwabo. Ukuze Hephaestion ziggurat omkhulu yakhiwa, okwakubekelwa ehlotshiswe Trophies eminingi etholakale phakathi nomkhankaso empumalanga.

Inkosi yayala ukuba ithumele ukuba zonke izingxenye isimemezelo umbuso ukuthi umngane wakhe kudingeka uhlole wayeyiqhawe (eqinisweni kwakuyizwi polubozhestva nesimo). Njengoba indoda eyayiyithanda kakhulu inkolo futhi bakholelwe ezeni, u-Alexander enamathiselwe kakhulu izinto ezinjalo. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukuthi uzungezwe sekukhona abaprofethi abaningi futhi izibikezelo.

Uhambo Ewufrathe

IBhabhiloni bamcasula Alexander. Washiya kafushane edolobheni ophithizelayo ukuhlola loMfula i-Ewufrathe emaxhaphozini engumakhelwane. Inkosi yakhuluma uya ukuhlela uhambo ngomkhumbi emhlabeni eNhlonhlweni ye-Arabhiya. Wafunda amabhange emfuleni, uzama ukuthola indlela ukubeka eduze kweBhabhiloni 1200 nemikhumbi, lasheshe ukuya.

Phakathi lolu hambo, umoya waklebhula ikhanda umbusi isigqoko sakhe ebomvu nge iribhoni egolide wayegqoke njengoba enomqhele. Abaprofethi, owayelalele inkulumo-nkosi isinqumo sokuthi leli cala - ngcolile bika, okungadingi azimhambeli kahle. Lapho ukufa Aleksandra Makedonskogo kwaba iqiniso, abaningi eseduze wakhumbula uma omunye imiselekazi Ewufrathe.

Ukungezwani lute

Ekupheleni kuka-May, inkosi wabuyela eBhabhiloni. Wayeka ukulila yakhe ukumaka ukushonelwa umngane futhi baqala ukuzitika nabangane bakhe. Iletha umhlatshelo samaholide konkulunkulu, futhi ibutho liqala omnikeza okukhona wamukelekile - eziningi iwayini nenyama. EBhabhiloni, kugujwa impumelelo Nearchus uhambo ukuze Gulf. Le nkosi yabuye wayemagange ukuya umkhankaso olandelayo.

Ekuqaleni June, u-Alexander uvele ngomkhuhlane omkhulu. Wazama ukuqeda lesi sifo, ukugeza umzimba ngamanzi futhi benza iminikelo esivulekile onkulunkulu. Amahlebezi eziphathelene nokugula yenkosi leaked emzini. Lapho wababuza impilakahle nabasekeli bakhe, kodwa ukubonakala kwakhe lonke ukuthi le nkosi esiqhutshwa yomphakathi, ngokusebenzisa amandla 8 Juni isixuku esingaka kwabaseMakedoniya ujabule agqekeze yokuhlala nasekuhlaseleni kombusi walo, inkosi.

kokufa kuka-Alexander

Ngosuku olulandelayo, Juni 9, u-Alexander yehlelwa ikhoma, futhi the 10th odokotela liphinyiselwe kokufa kwakhe. Sekungamakhulu amaningi eminyaka, izazi-mlando zesizukulwane izizukulwane ezahlukene ahlinzekwa ezihlukahlukene eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma ngalokho okubangelwa ukuhoxiswa ukuphila umkhuzi abasha, njalo kwahluka impilo enhle. Ngo yesayensi yanamuhla, umbono ovamile kakhulu, othi imbangela yokufa Aleksandra Makedonskogo ikude nezimfihlakalo.

Cishe, inkosi umalaleveva. It kubonakale buthaka umzimba, futhi akazange wakwazi ukubhekana kangcono nale ukuvuvukala emaphashini (kwenye inguqulo - wegazi). Ingxoxo olwesibili isifo esibulalayo lusaqhubeka. Ngokwe-theory ezingadumile kakhulu, imbangela yokufa Aleksandra Makedonskogo kwaba umkhuhlane West iNayile.

Inguqulo ubuthi

Okuqakathekileko yokuthi ayikho nabangane inkosi wabulawa isifo esithathelwanayo. Mhlawumbe nkosi ukuwohloka kwempilo yabo ukuphuza njalo. Ngesikhathi iholide yamuva akafikanga ngosuku olulodwa abayekanga amadili, lapho izindodla isiphuzo.

Abacwaningi banamuhla baye owayinaka izimpawu elalihambisana isifo lomyali. Wahlupheka kusukela Ukudlikizela, ukuhlanza njalo, ukuba buthakathaka kwezicubu lingahambisani kwenhliziyo. Konke lokhu kufakazela ukuba ubuthi. Ngakho-ke, le nguqulo ukufa Aleksandra Makedonskogo zihlanganisa futhi inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela ukuphathwa ayilungile ekuhlaleni kwenkosi esihlalweni sobukhosi.

Odokotela angamnika ezimhlophe hellebore hellebore noma lula ekuguleni kwakhe kuqala, futhi ngenxa yalokho kuphela izinto zaba zimbi nakakhulu. Ngisho nasendulo kwaba inguqulo ethandwayo kakhulu ubuthi ka-Aleksandru ojenene bakhe Antipase, ezazifuna nokususwa esikhundleni umbusi eMakedoniya.

Ithuna yenkosi

323 BC. e. (Unyaka we ukufa Aleksandra Makedonskogo) kwaba yokulilela lonke wonke umbuso omkhulu. Nakuba abantu abavamile edabukile nkosi kwesikhathi ongasekho, nethimba lakhe ukuthi ngizokwenzani ne isidumbu. Kwanqunywa ukugqumisa.

Ekugcineni, umzimba emimoya uPtolemy, ngubani waqala ukubusa e-Egypt. I mummy washukumiseleka ukuba Memphis bese Aleksandriya - umuzi owakhiwa futhi ogama lakhe behlonipha jikelele omkhulu. Ngemva kweminyaka eminingi, iGibhithe lalithumela eyanqotshwa amaRoma. Emperors Alexander kubhekwa isibonelo esihle kakhulu ukulandela. Ababusi baseRoma ngokuvamile behamba uhambo ethuneni inkosi. I last ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa mayelana ke luhlehlela emuva ekuqaleni III ekhulwini, lapho le ndawo bavakashela uMbusi Caracalla, wabeka phezu kwethuna indandatho yakhe futhi ijazi. Njengoba umzila kulahleka mummy. Namuhla, isiphelo sayo okwengeziwe alwaziwa.

the Regency ka Perdiccas

It uhlala ulwazi impikiswano mayelana oda yakamuva inkosi, wenza ngaphambi kokuba ekugcineni awela equlekile. Empire Aleksandra Makedonskogo ngemva kokufa kwakhe, kwaba ukuze akwazi ukuthola indlalifa. Monarch babekuqonda lokhu futhi, uzizwa ukuphela kwakhe okusondelayo, wayengase amise umuntu owayezothatha isikhundla. legend yahlakazeka endulo ukuthi buthaka umbusi wanikelela yakhe ngendandatho-indandatho Perdiccas - nomholi wezempi abaqotho, owayezoba indlovukazi ibamba URoxana, kwenzeka enyangeni okugcina enkathi yokukhulelwa.

Emasontweni ambalwa ngemva kokuba kokufa kuka-Alexander, wabeletha indodana (njengoba Alexander). I Regency ka Perdiccas kusukela ekuqaleni ingahlalisekanga. Ngemva kokufa Aleksandra Makedonskogo sika owalandela igunya eqala ukulwa nezinye esondele inkosi oshonile. Ngo historiography, zazaziwa ngokuthi Diadochi. Cishe bonke ababusi ezifundazweni imemezele ukuzimela yabo futhi osungulwe kombusi zabo.

Diadochi

Ngo 321 BC. e. Perdiccas umlandeli ngesikhathi kuqhubeka umkhankaso zakhe eGibhithe, owabulawa ojenene bakhe siqu, unganelisekile nge autocratic yakhe. Ngemva kokufa Aleksandra Makedonskogo umbuso wakhe ekugcineni shí empini yombango lapho Olwa ngayinye ukuze amandla asempini nawo wonke umuntu. The nokuchitha igazi waqhubeka iminyaka engamashumi amabili. Lezi zingxabano zehlele emlandweni njengoba Izimpi we Diadochi.

Kancane kancane zasondela ojenene ngiyilahle yonke abangani nezihlobo Alexander. umzalwane yinkosi Arrhidaeus babulawa, udade Cleopatra, unina-Olympics. INdodana (ngokomthetho eyingoduso Alexander IV) ukulahlekelwa ukuphila kwakhe eneminyaka engu-14 ngo-309 BC. e. Umbusi omkhulu wathola enye ingane. Indodana engumlanjwana of Hercules, izelwe isancinza Barsine, ubulawe ngesikhathi esifanayo nomfowabo.

kwesigaba Empire

IBhabhiloni (endaweni ngokufa Aleksandra Makedonskogo) lost ngokushesha amandla ayo phezu izifundazwe. Ngemva kokufa Perdiccas indima ebalulekile kuleli bhasi ngaphambi umbuso ongashadile waqala ukudlala Diadochi Antigonus futhi uSeleucus. Ekuqaleni babehlangene. Ngo 316 BC. e. Antigonus efika eBhabhiloni futhi waphoqelela Imininingwane uSeleucus ku izindleko zezimali impi ngokumelene omakhelwane babo. Lesi sakamuva, ihlazo abesaba, wabalekela eGibhithe, lapho bathola khona isiphephelo nombusi wendawo lukaPtolemy.

Ukufa Aleksandra Makedonskogo, ngamafuphi, kuye kwaba isikhathi eside esikhathini esidlule, futhi abalandeli bakhe walwa nomunye. Ngu 311 BC. e. Yasungulwa elandelayo ukulingana kwamandla. Antigonus wabusa-Asia, uPtolemy - eGibhithe, Cassandra - eGreece, uSeleucus - yasePheresiya.

Izimpi lokugcina Diadochi

I last, wesine empini Diadochi (308-301 GG. BC. E.) Waqala ngenxa yokuthi uCassander nekaPtolemy wanquma ukuba bahlanganyele umfelandawonye ngokumelene Antigonus. Kwangena inkosi yaseMakedoniya Lysimachus futhi uSeleucus, le umsunguli woMbuso yozalo lukaSeleucus.

Esigamekweni sokuqala Antigonus, uPtolemy. Wathumba le Cyclades, Sicyon futhi eKorinte. Kuze kube yimanje, i-amabutho ezinkulu waseGibhithe siwela yePeloponnese, okuyinto abamangala ngayo amakhanda senkosi yase naseFrigiya. UPtolemy wahlaselwa esilandelayo Malaya Aziya. Inkosi yaseGibithe wadala donsile foothold eKhupro. Kulesi siqhingi ke based ibutho laso futhi lasolwandle. Njengoba yayazi amacebo isitha, Antigonus obekwe kabusha ngamaqembu wawakhipha amabutho akhe. Ibutho lakhe kwesokunxele okwesikhashana Greece. Leli butho Imikhumbi 160 walibangisa Cyprus. Ngemva kokufika esiqhingini, ayizinkulungwane 15 abantu eholwa Demetriya Poliorketa evimbezela eSalami.

UPtolemy wathumela enqabeni semali Cyprus cishe wonke izimoto zawo. UDemetrius wanquma ukunikeza impi asolwandle. Ngenxa yalokho yale ngozi abaseGibhithe yalahlekelwa yiyo yonke imikhumbi yabo. Iningi lazo ayehlala kuyo yayigcwele amanzi futhi imikhumbi waya Antigonus. Ngo 306 BC. e. ESalami angawodwa capitulated. Antigonus ashaqe Cyprus, ngisho yazibeka inkosi.

Ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa le mpumelelo Photiki wanquma ukuba banikeze buhlungu yiqembu uPtolemy ku ezweni lakubo, futhi wathumela uhambo lokuya eGibhithe. Nokho impi satrap abakwazanga ukuwela emfuleni iNayile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uPtolemy wathumela bagqugquzela e ekamu lesitha, empeleni wathenga amasosha isitha. Antigone ngidumele kwadingeka ukuba abuyele ekhaya elambatha.

Kuze kube seminyakeni embalwa abaphikisi ngamunye ngamunye ukuhlasela nomunye olwandle. Antigone wakwazi ukushayela Lysimachus kusukela naseFrigiya. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uDemetriyu laphela umkhankaso Greece waya e-Asia Minor, ukuze bazanamathela akhe sizana. impi Jikelele zonke wangafika. Yenzeka eminyakeni ethi ayibe ngemva nje 8 kusukela kuqale impi.

Battle Ipsus

Ehlobo lika-301 BC. e. impi senzeka Ipsus. Le mpi yaba kuzithinta yokugcina Izimpi we Diadochi. Antigone abakhwele amahhashi, eholwa uDemetriyu I Macedon ehlaselwa amabutho akhwele amahhashi elisindayo umbimbi, eholwa indodana Selevka Antioh. Kwakuyimpi enzima. Ekugcineni, amabutho akhwele amahhashi uDemetriyu wanqoba izitha walandzela kubo. Lesi senzo yiphutha.

Lapho siphishekela abagibele amahhashi isitha sehla ikude amabutho eyinhloko Antigonus. USeleucus, eqaphela ukuthi isitha wenza miscalculation, wangena empini izindlovu. Kwakungafanele bazikhohlwe eyingozi kwabaseMakedoniya, abaye bafunda ukusebenzisa ngokumelene isilwane omkhulu izindlela ezivuthayo izinzipho kanye amabhodi. Nokho, izindlovu kuthiwa ancamuka ngezinkweli zamahhashi Antigone.

ndlela yokuhlasela yokuhlanganisa izihlangu Heavy yenkosi Phrygian esasikuyo manje nayo yayibiyelwe. It ehlaselwa ukukhanya elihamba kanye nehhashi yabacibishelayo. Phalanx, akakwazanga ukuphula ngokusebenzisa ukuvinjelwa, amahora ambalwa emi ngaphansi bombardment. Ekugcineni, amabutho ala Antigonus noma ibuyiselwe noma wabaleka emphini. UDemetrius watimisela kuya Greece. Antigonus oneminyaka engu-80 ubudala balwa kuze kube sekugcineni, kuze Liwele, eshaywa isitha ingcula.

Legacy Alexander

Ngemva Battle of Ipsus umbimbi ekugcineni wahlukanisa umbuso wangaphambili ka-Alexander. Cassandre kushiya laseThessaly, eMakedoniya nase Hellas. Lysimachus wathola yaseThrace, iFrigiya esifundeni Black Sea. USeleucus waya eSiriya. Umphikisi yabo uDemetriyu igcinwe emadolobheni amaningana e Greece nase-Asia Minor.

Yonke imibuso esavela ku emanxiweni umbuso Aleksandra Makedonskogo, bathatha ngodlí i isisekelo kwamasiko ke yayo. Ngisho Egypt, waba ngukumkani uPtolemy, baba amaGreki. Emazweni amaningi aseMpumalanga Ephakathi lalibukeka isixhumanisi ngesimo ngolimi lwesiGreki. Leli zwe likhona cishe emakhulwini amabili eminyaka, kwaze kwaba yilapho eyanqotshwa amaRoma. New Empire futhi ugxile kakhulu isiGreki isiko izici.

Namuhla, indawo kanye ngonyaka we ukufa Aleksandra Makedonskogo ezicashunwe zonke ebhukwinitifundvo komlando wasendulo. ukufa kwanoma ujenene omkhulu isibe omunye izenzakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu kubo bonke abantu besikhathi sakhe.