Ethi The War of 1812. iqhinga Tarutinsky (dlala)

Ngo impi azikho zenzakalo ezivele zenzeke nje. Konke okwenzekayo kunemiphumela layo sína. Kodwa zikhona izenzakalo kakhulu ukushintsha inkambo yomlando. Tarutinsky aqondisa yebutho Russian empini 1812 - ungomunye walabo iziqephu. WayeyiZwi yesibili soshintsho, ngemva kwempi ye-Borodino baphoqa ibutho Napoleon Mina baleka kusukela umgomo.

Impi ye-1812

ERussia wonke umlando walo eyinkulungwane babengenaso isikhathi bazivikele izitha abafuna ukugqilaza wakhe. I Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX kwaba okufanayo. The French Revolution, bese eza amandla kuleli zwe nge-Napoleon Bonaparte, ngubani yazibeka umbusi, ubudlelwane ichithekile phakathi kwalawa mazwe amabili kanye-friendly. iziphathimandla zaseRussia kumuntu Alexander ngesabe umphumela okwenzeka ngesikhathi French Revolution ngesimo uMbuso Russian. Kodwa ekugcineni ubudlelwano abangu spoilt ukuthi inqubomgomo nolaka, okuyinto Napoleon ngaqala ukuchitha ngokumelene amazwe aseYurophu, ikakhulukazi eBrithani, has a ally osekukade Russia.

Ekugcineni, izenzo eFrance ziye zaholela empini eRussia, okuyinto ngo historiography Russian wabizwa ngokuthi impi ye-1812 ngonyaka.

Izimbangela zinqobe

Ngu 1812, yonke iYurophu, ngaphandle yisitha ubudala France - England yanqotshwa ibutho Napoleon. Of lonke imibuso yezwe, uMbuso Russian kuphela babeqhubeka befuna inqubomgomo ezimele angaphandle ukuthi akazange ivumelane umbusi French. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iRussia empeleni i- nokuvinjelwa Continental, okwakubekelwa baphoqelelwa ukuba bamukele neNgilandi njengoba isimo eyinhloko Tilsit isivumelwano phakathi Empire Russian neFrance. Nokuvinjelwa kubangela umonakalo omkhulu emnothweni, kungani Russia baba ukuhweba nalo England emazweni hlangothi. Nokho, it is hhayi ngokusemthethweni i- imigomo nokuvinjelwa ezwekazini. France Wathukuthela wangqangqa, kodwa umbhikisho akakwazanga ukuveza.

ERussia inqubomgomo ezimele uvinjelwe Napoleon waqaphela amaphupho nokubuswa kwezwe. Kuzoqalwa nge impi yakhe, wayehlele empini yokuqala ukuletha buhlungu ocindezelayo ibutho Russian bese ukuba balawule okokuthula Alexander I.

Ibhalansi amabutho

ibutho Russian olunezinombolo esuka kubantu 480 kuya kwezingu-500, futhi France - ayizinkulungwane 600. Le mali, ngokusho kwezazi-mlando eziningi, emazweni amabili baye bakwazi adalule ukuziphatha impi. Ezimweni ezinjengalezi kunzima, wazi ukuthi Napoleon ulindele ukuqedela eyodwa unhlangothi nesitha, ubuholi ibutho Russian ngazo zonke izindlela, kwanqunywa ukuba anqikaze impi ewujuqu nesitha. amaqhinga anjalo kuvunyelwa Alexander I.

Impi ye Borodino

Ukulandela lomumo elivunyiwe akuyona ukuhlanganyela izinto mpi kwakulwa nesitha, ngemva kokuhlasela ngoJuni 1812 amabutho sikaNapoleon ibutho Russian waqala ukuhoxa kancane, izama ukuxhuma nomunye. It nikwenzile eduze Smolensk, lapho Napoleon waphinda sazama ukunikeza impi ewumnqamula-juqu. Kodwa uMphathi Russian Army Barclay de Tolly ngabe awavumi, ngesula edolobheni.

mpi kwakulwa kwanqunywa ukunikeza isikhundla sokuthi ubuholi abakhethiwe yempi ngokwayo. Ngesikhathi esefake fuza phatha of Mikhail Kutuzov. I iziqubu kwanqunywa ukunikeza eduze Mozhaisk, esigangeni ngasemzini edolobhaneni Borodino. Lapha futhi kwakungekho omunye shintsho olukhulu ngokuhamba empini. Ukulandela lokhu kamuva Tarutino iqhinga ukushintsha ngokuphelele indaba yakhe.

Nakuba impi awuwinanga, futhi zombili wasala izikhundla zabo, babulala ukulahlekelwa ngesihluku ibutho isiFulentshi, bese bafuna Kutuzov.

EMkhandlwini Fili futhi ukulethwa eMoscow

Ngemva Battle of Borodino amabutho Russian selibalekele Mozhaysk. Lapha, edolobhaneni Fili, Kutuzov labetibambile umkhandlu impi, okufanele kube isiphetho inhlokodolobha Russian ixazululiwe. Iningi lamaphoyisa owawuqondene ukunikeza enye impi eduze eMoscow. Kodwa ezinye ojenene ngosuku olwandulela nokuhlola esizayo lokulwa isikhundla, kakhulu esivuna nokugcina ibutho benane ngazo ngokubeka isitha eMoscow. Kutuzov ngaphambilini bayishiye inhloko-dolobha.

Tarutinsky mashi-iqhinga: usuku nabalingisi main

Ukuze uqonde kushuba angabhekani nosizi lokukhulelwa isimo, kubalulekile ukuqonda lokhu okulandelayo: kunanini ngaphambili ngemva kokuwa ibutho kabahlalanga ukulwa enhlokodolobha. Napoleon ngaphambi kokuphela wayengakholelwa ukuthi ukulahlekelwa eMoscow akasiphoqi ukuxoxisana Alexander I. Kodwa Russia ujike enhlokodolobha isitha ngalutho, ukufa ibutho kwakusho ukunqotshwa sokugcina.

Napoleon kusukela kuqale umkhankaso Russian sasibalulekile ukuphoqelela isitha lempi impi ewumnqamula-juqu. Nabaholi, nezinduna ekamu Russian wenza konke okusemandleni alo ukugwema ke, kuze kube amabutho ukungalingani.

Ukuphuma ibutho ezivela eMoscow, 14 Septhemba (okusha Style), Field Marshal wayithumela endleleni Ryazan, kuqala, beya emzaneni Red Pakhra, futhi kamuva wakhetha indawo ye emzaneni ibutho Tarutino. Lapho amabutho Russian babe Nokho esifushane, kodwa badinga ukuphumula. Kanyekanye kwakukhona supply yokudla impi namavolontiya.

Kutuzov uhlelo elihlakaniphile

Yayiyini uhlelo Kutuzov sika? Tarutino iqhinga, ogama kokuqala kosuku - 17 Septhemba, futhi ekupheleni - Okthoba 3, kwadingeka ukudida kukaNapoleon ukunikeza Russian ibutho isikhathi sokuphumula. Kwakudingeka sicashe indawo yabo kusukela isitha. Ekusebentiseni leli cebo esesizile Russian onogada ezingemuva futhi Cossacks. Tarutino iqhinga kungenziwa kanje.

Ngo-September 14, kusihlwa, ngesikhathi ibutho sikaNapoleon ayengene kakade Moscow, zinyanga kwezinhloko zamaviyo Russian iphansi kwesandla sika-Jikelele Miloradovich nje kwesokunxele. Ezimweni ezinjalo, i-vanguard ala mabutho anamakhanda French bezingelwa amasosha Russian kwakufanele ukufihla ukunyakaza kwabo.

Kutuzov ehola ibutho endleleni Ryazan, kodwa ke beyalwa ukuba uvule Kaluga ubudala. Lapha sethula uhlelo yokufihla amabutho Russian of Napoleon - abadumile Kutuzov Tarutino iqhinga. Ukuhamba umgwaqo omusha futhi owela we UMfula iMoscow embozwe ibutho labaqaphi elingemuva abagibele amahhashi iphansi kwesandla sika-ojenene Vasilchikova, Rajewski futhi Miloradovich. Ukunqamula ibutho Russian walandela French avant-garde. amabutho Russian kwesokunxele amakholomu amabili.

Ngemva kokuwela ibutho yashesha ethutha alishiye French. Ukudlula zokugcina izindlu Rajewski bazishisa zonke amabhuloho ukweqa. Ngakho ngo-September 17 ukuthi ngempumelelo umkhankaso Tarutinsky aqondisa yebutho Russian.

ikhava ukusebenza

Phula kude ekuphishekeleni French avant-garde kwakungenele. Napoleon ngokushesha nje ngemva kokufika kwakhe e Moscow wathumela beyofuna Army sakhe esihloniphekile okungcono Russian Marshal Murat. rearguard Russian Rajewski futhi Miloradovich futhi Cossack amayunithi wadala ukubonakala ibutho ukubaleka ukuba Ryazan, edukisayo Napoleon. Abaphumelelanga izinsuku ezimbalwa eziyigugu ukuze Kutuzov disorient French indawo yebutho Russian. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi yena ngempumelelo safinyelela edolobhaneni Tarutino wema khona iholidi amatende. Ngakho kwathiwa lolungenamaphutsa waqaphela Kutuzov uhlelo.

Yasiza ukumboza ukubaleka balelo butho nezinye abalimi we emaphandleni aseduze. Bahlela amaqembu yabashokobezi kanye kanye Cossacks wawashaya vanguard isiFulentshi, kubabulali umonakalo eside.

Tarutino impi

Cishe amasonto amabili, uNapoleon angazanga ukuphi ibutho isiRashiya, kuze kube akazange ukudalula indawo emzimbeni Murat. Lesi sikhathi yasetshenziselwa inzuzo esiphezulu. Warriors wathola iholidi eside elindelwe, umthombo wokudla kwama elalihlelwe efika replenishment fresh. Tula wathola izikhali ezintsha, kanye nabo bonke abanye esifundazweni ngomyalo umlawuli omkhulu ukwenza ukuphakela iyunifomu ebusika impi.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo ibutho Kutuzov embozwe umgwaqo abacebile izifundazwe zaseningizimu futhi Tula, ne umkhakha yawo yezempi. Akhiwe ezingemuva ibutho isiFulentshi, Kutuzov ukuthi ngokudala ibe usongo olukhulu.

ibutho sikaNapoleon kwaba eMoscow ngo kulolu gibe. Umgwaqo izifundazwe elicebe embozwe namandla, ibutho isiRashiya, futhi inhloko-dolobha empeleni zizungezwé eziqhelelene engabandlululi ka Cossacks futhi abalimi.

Septhemba 24 Murat wathola indawo ibutho Russian, wema Awukude ekamu wakhe ukuyohlolwa ku Chernishne emfuleni. Inombolo yempi yakhe kwakunguSisera abantu mayelana 27,000.

Ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba, uNapoleon wazama uxoxisane Kutuzov, kodwa wenqaba ke. Kwanqunywa ukuba bahlasele iqembu Murat, ngoba, ngokusho imibiko abashokobezi akabanga ukusekelwa. Ngo-October 18, ekamu French wakhululwa kungazelelwe ehlaselwa amabutho Russian. Ngokugcwele ibutho Murat yehlulekile ukunqoba, wakwazi ukuhlela ukuhoxa. Kodwa Tarutino impi wabonisa ukuthi ibutho Russian uye waqina futhi manje simele usongo olukhulu isitha.

Okusho Tarutino mashi

Tarutino iqhinga e 1812, lolungenamaphutsa wakhulelwa lolungenamaphutsa waqaphela Kutuzov usebenzisa ojenene bakhe nezikhulu, wawubalulekile ukunqoba umhlaseli. Ukuba ephethwe agqashule ekusebenzelaneni isitha ngokuwina emasontweni ambalwa, amabutho Russian zazidingeka ukuphumula, kwamiswa supply izingalo, Izimpahla kanye iyunifomu. Futhi, ibutho has inqolobane entsha, baba abantu abangaphezu kuka-100 eziyinkulungwane.

indawo ekahle akhethiwe emakamu Russian abavunyelwe zokumelana ukuze kukaNapoleon ephoqeleka ukuba ashiye izindlela ibutho French eduze Smolensk umgwaqo omdala ezaholela badabula leyo ndawo baphanga ngokuphelele.