Ukuphila nokuxhaphazwa kuka-Alexander Nevsky. 3 izenzo zobuqhawe zika-Alexander Nevsky

Isikhulu sikaNovgorgorod, indodana kaJaroslav Vsevolodovich, sanqoba noma yisiphi isitha empini, kepha kungenzeka, ngamakhono akhethekile enhlangano nezombusazwe, ivumela isitha esinamandla kakhulu ukuze isindise abantu bayo izisulu ezingenalutho.

Kukhona izikhathi emlandweni waseRashiya lapho kwakungekho amandla okwenyuka okwezempi okwenqabela ukunqoba. Futhi ababusi abahlakaniphileyo nabaphathi, bezwa lokhu, abazange basheshe bahlasele isitha - bakhuthazelela, basindisa amandla abantu ukuba banqobe isitha ngokuqinisekile, ngenkathi begcina iningi lamabutho abo.

Ukuphila nokuxhaphazwa kuka-Alexander Nevsky

Isikhulu esikhulu se-Novgorod singokwenani labantu abangathonya kuphela izifiso zabantu bakithi nezwe labaseBrazil, kodwa futhi baningi kakhulu abazishintshile, futhi balungiselela phambili inkambo yomlando, emakhulwini eminyaka aseduze.

U-Alexander Alexander wazalwa ngo-1220 (eminye imithombo ikhombisa abangu-1221) ePeryaslavl Zalessky. Uyise uyiNkosana yasePereyaslav Yaroslav. Umama - Theodosius, indodakazi encane kunazo zonke iNkosana Mstislav.

Kusukela esemncane, u-Alexander wayehileleke ezenzakalweni zezombusazwe, ngaleso sikhathi ezaqhubeka nokubusa kukaNovgorod the Great. Leli dolobha lihlobene kakhulu nokuphila komlawuli omkhulu, umcabango, isazi sefilosofi.

Ukubusa kwe-Novgorodian

Ekuqaleni kukaJanuwari ngo-1231, u-Alexander waba yinkosana e-Novgorod esemthethweni. Empeleni, wonke amandla ayesandleni sikayise. Ngo-1233 uMfoweth 'uFyodor wafa. Ngo-1236, iNkosana i-Yaroslav yahlala esihlalweni sobukhosi saseKiev ngaleso sikhathi. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi u-Alexander oneminyaka engu-16 ubudala waba umbusi ogcwele u-Novgorod.

Ngokuvamile ungayizwa umbuzo: "Yiziphi izenzo zobuqili ezazenza u-Alexander Nevsky?" Namuhla sizokutshela ngalokhu. Kodwa okokuqala ngingathanda ukuphawula ukuthi ukuqala kokubusa kwakhe e-Novgorod kwakuyisikhathi esabekayo - ukuhlasela kweTatar.

Ngaphambi kukaNovodod, amaqembu kaBaty awazange afike, kodwa ngaleso sikhathi amadolobha amakhulu eRussia abhujiswe, izikhulu ezinamandla kakhulu zabulawa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingozi enkulu ku-Novgorod yayimelwe ama-knights aseJalimane, ephuma entshonalanga. Futhi u-Alexander wayekhathazeka yiSweden, okwakuqala ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XIII e-Russia.

I-Battle on the Neva

Kudingekile ukuchaza izimpi zika-Alexander Nevsky zezingalo ngokuqondile kule mpi, ngoba lokhu kwakuyisivivinyo sokuqala esiyinhloko salesi sikhulu esisha. Kumelwe ngitshele ukuthi wayihlonipha, ngenkathi ebonisa izimfanelo zomlawuli wezempi ohlakaniphile, kodwa futhi nozombangazwe ohlakaniphile.

Ngenkampani encane, ngaphandle kokulinda usizo kuyise nakwezinye izikhulu, u-Alexander waqhubeka nomkhankaso. Endleleni, wahlangana ne-ladozhan futhi ngokuzumayo (ngoJulayi 15) wahlasela ikamu laseSweden. Njengoba sekuyaziwa, ibutho laseRussia lahlula abaseSweden. Ngokulahlekelwa okukhulu kwesitha uRusich wabulala abantu abangu-20. Kunombono wokuthi ukulahlekelwa ebuthweni lika-Alexander kuncane kakhulu, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ukubaluleka kwempi ku-Neva kubonakala - naphezu kwejoka laseMongol, iRussia yakwazi ukuvikela imingcele yayo.

Ukunqoba okungavumelekile kwakubaluleke kakhulu kumphathi oneminyaka engamashumi amabili ubudala. Wamletha inkazimulo enkulu negama elihloniphekile - uNevsky.

Ngemuva kwalesi senzakalo, u-Alexander waphikisana noNovgorod futhi kanye nomndeni wakhe, umama "nenkantolo yakhe" bashiya umuzi. Mhlawumbe, imbangela yempikiswano yayiwukubusa kwakhe (emva kwesibonelo sikayise) ukubusa. Kwabangelwa nokuphikisana kwama-boyars. U-Alexander wathuthela ePereyaslavl, lapho waba isikhulu.

Ngaphandle kombusi oqinile, u-Novgorod akakwazanga ukumelana nesinye isitha - ama-crusaders. Ama-knights asebenzisana nama-Estoni ("Chudyu") athatha i-Izborsk, futhi kamuva u-Pskov. Ngemva konyaka ezandleni zabo kwakuyi-Tesov eMfuleni iLuga. Abakwa-Novgorodians baqala ukubuza i-Yaroslav ukuba ithumele indodana yabo. Ekuqaleni i-Grand Duke yathumela indodana encane, u-Andrei, eya e-Novgorod, kodwa ngemva kokucela ngokuphindaphindiwe abantu bakuleli dolobha bavuma ukuthumela u-Alexander. Ukuxhaphazwa kuka-Alexander Nevsky kwaba ezindlebeni zomuntu wonke, ngakho waba nethemba elikhethekile. Futhi kumelwe ngithi wayebafanele ngokugcwele. Ngo-1241 ama-Novgorodians ayibingelela le nsizwa encane nge-glee.

Impi namaJalimane

Zonke izinzuzo zika-Alexander Nevsky zibaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni isimo seRashiya. Ukunqoba amaJalimane akunjalo.

INkosana Alexander, efika eNogorgorod, yaqala ukwenza isinyathelo ngokuqinile. Ngonyaka ofanayo wathatha iNqaba yeDuster, eyakhiwa amaJalimane. Ingxenye yabaphikisi abathintekayo, ingxenye yendlu ekhishwe, kanye nabahlubuki (amaqhawe nama-Estonia) beboshwe.

Ngemva konyaka u-Alexander nabakwa-Novgorodians kanye neqembu lomfowabo u-Andreya bathuthela ePhukov. Umuzi wakhululwa kulabo bahlaseli ngokulula. Ingxenye yeJalimane yabulawa, ezinye zathunyelwa kuNovgorod njengezinqola zempi.

Ukuthuthukisa impumelelo, amaqembu aseRashiya ahambela e-Estonia, kodwa lapho ehlangana khona okokuqala, inqola ka-Alexander esanda kusengaphambili yanqotshwa. Amasosha aseRashiya aphindaphindiwe.

Ngo-Ephreli 5, 1242 kwakukhona impi eLake Peipsi, emlandweni yayibizwa ngokuthi iMpi Yeqhwa. Ama-Estoni namaJalimane, ayehamba "ngulube" (umgogodla), aphulukana nombutho weRussia, kodwa maduzane azungezwe futhi abhujiswa.

Ukugcina kuka-Alexander Nevsky

Ngo-1245 ibutho laseLithuania eliholwa nguMindovg lathuthela eTorzhok naseBhezhetsk. Lapho abantu abanesithakazelo empilweni yomphathi omkhulu bebuza: "Kuyini ukugcina kuka-Alexander Nevsky?", Abacwaningi bathi lokhu akungabazeki ukuthi ukunqotshwa kwabantu baseLithuania.

Ngemva kokukhulula iToropets, iNkosi u-Alexander yabulala izikhulu eziyishumi zaseLithuania. Ngemuva kwalokho, waxosha ama-Novgorodians ekhaya futhi amabutho eqenjini lakhe athatha futhi ahlula ngokuphelele ibutho laseLithuania eLake Zhiztsa. Ebuyela ku-Novgorod, isikhulu sesikhulu sanqoba enye inqola yamaLithuania.

Umlingani ka-Alexander wayengamandla amakhulu. Ngisho nokukhulunywa ngaye kwaholela izitha zibe yinto eshaqisayo. Izenzo zobuqhawe zika-Alexander Nevsky, azifeza ngamabutho akhe anamandla, akakwazi ukufika eBatu. Ngemva kokunqotshwa kwamaLithuania, u-Alexander "wabizwa" eHorde.

Ubudlelwano namaTatar-Mongols

Ngo-1947 U-Andrei, nangemva komfowabo u-Alexander Nevsky, waya eBatu, waya eHorde. Abazalwane babuyela ngo-1249 kuphela. U-Andrew wathola uKhan isinqamuleli esihlalweni sobukhosi eVladimir, no-Alexander - eKiev. Ngokusemthethweni, isimo esinikezwe u-Alexander sasiphezulu. Kodwa echithelwa amaTatars, i-Kiev cishe yalahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwayo empilweni yombuso. Ngakho-ke, u-Alexander wayengenelisekile ngalesi sinqumo. Ngaphandle kokubiza eKiev, waya ku-Novgorod.

Inqubomgomo ka-Alexander Nevsky iminyaka eminingi inqume ubuhlobo phakathi kukaRussia neHorde, eNtshonalanga naseMpumalanga. Kamuva, izikhulu zaseMoscow, abazukulu nabazukulu baka-Alexander Nevsky, baqhubeka nenqubomgomo yokuqinisa i-Horde. Yilabo abagcina bakwazi ukuvuselela amandla aseRussia futhi, ekugcineni, ukulahla ijoka elinenzondo.

Idiplomat Prince Alexander

Ukubhalisa ukuxhaphazwa kuka-Alexander Nevsky, umuntu akanakuzikhawulela empumelelo yakhe yempi. Wayengumdiplomate ophumelelayo, okwazi ukuphetha ebaluleke kakhulu ezinkontileka zikahulumeni. Ngo-1251, waphumelela ukusayina isivumelwano phakathi kweNorway neNovodod ukuhlukanisa ukungqubuzana komngcele kanye nokukhokha intela ensimini enkulu eyayikwakhiwa yiSaami neKarelians. Ngo-1260, isivumelwano sezohwebo sasiphetha noLubeck, Gotland namadolobha aseJalimane. Kwabonakala ukuthi ihlala njalo. Ukhulunywe kuye ngisho no-1420.

Izinsuku zokugcina zika-Alexander

Ebuyela ngo-1263 kusukela ohambweni lwakhe lwesine eya eHorde, u-Alexander wagula. E-Gorodets, etholakala eVolga, ezwa ukuthi izinsuku zakhe zibaliwe, isikhulu sithatha i-tonastic monastic, futhi ngoNovemba 14 wafa.

Sikutshele ngokuphila komuntu omkhulu onomnikelo wakhe emlandweni woMbuso waseRussia awukwazi ukuvezwa. Ukuxhaphazwa kuka-Alexander Nevsky, ukuphila kwakhe, ukunqoba empini kanye nokufaneleka emkhakheni wezobuzwe kufanele uhlonishwe futhi uhlonishwe.