Yayiyini inkampani eyinhloko yokwesekwa kolwazi eGibhithe? Ukubhala nolwazi lwabaGibhithe

Ukuzalwa kokubhala kweGibhithe kuwela ekupheleni kweMillennium BC. Isekelwe encwadini yokudweba, lapho yonke into noma umqondo ohanjiswe ngayo ngesithombe. Amaphilisi okugaya, imiqulu ye-papyrus, imibhalo yedwala yiyona yonke into eyayiyithwala enkulu yokwaziswa eGibhithe futhi kancane kancane ifinyelele ezinsukwini zethu. Imidwebo eqondile yocwaningo ososayensi bathiwa ama-hieroglyphics, kanti kanye nendlela yokubhala ibizwa ngokuthi i-hieroglyphics. Incwadi ethi "Umlando wezwe lasendulo, iGreyidi 5" ithinta kuphela lesi sihloko esithakazelisayo ngokujwayelekile. Imvelaphi, ukusatshalaliswa kwezincwadi zasendulo zaseGibhithe kanye nemizamo eyalandela yokuyichaza ichazwe kule ngqungquthela.

Izimpawu Zaphezulu

AmaGibhithe akholelwa ukuthi yonke i-hieroglyph ingcwele, ngoba ulimi olulotshiwe lwafundiswa yiGibithe, ukuthi unguNkulunkulu wokuhlakanipha. Leyo ncwadi yayibizwa ngokuthi "mduentr" - "amazwi kaNkulunkulu." Isithombe-isithombe segama - into eyinhloko eyayikuthwala okuyinhloko yolwazi eGibhithe. Ochwepheshe bokuqala bama-hieroglyphs atholakala ezindongeni zamathuna, amathempeli, kwi-sarcophagi nase-obelisks - kuzo zonke lezo zikhumbuzo eziphakeme eziqoshwe ngetshe ezifinyelele ezikhathini zanamuhla.

Phakathi naphakathi kwe-II leminyaka BC. AmaGibhithe ayevame ukubhala izinhlamvu ezingama-700, eminyakeni eyinkulungwane kamuva inani labo lakhuphuka laba izinkulungwane eziningana. Iningi lezibonakaliso - liyisithombe nje sezinto ezibabiza. Ngezinye izikhathi isibonakaliso singasichaza isilawuli - uma kunjalo igama elihlukile livezwe ngokubhala nge-hieroglyphs embalwa. Izibonakaliso zaseGibhithe zinenani elilinganiselwe - i-syllable efanayo ingabekwa yi-hieroglyphs ehlukile. Incazelo yalokhu noma lelo gama ingacaciswa ngemidwebo ekhethekile - izinqumo. Izimpawu ezinjalo azizange zibonise igama ngokwalo, kodwa licacise incazelo yalo. Ngakho-ke, ukubhala kwangaphambili kudluliselwa emibhalweni engabonakali, imizwa nezithombe, okungaba nzima ukuveza okunye. Konke obekuphethe ulwazi eGibithe kwakunesibopho sempawu ezimangalisayo, ezimangalisayo.

Ukungabi namakholomu

Ama-Hieroglyphs akhomba amamilala akhonjiswe kuphela ezincwadini eziqhamukayo ku-syllable esinikeziwe. Ama-vowels awazange asetshenziswe kule ncwadi. Lesi sici siyisici sezilimi zasendulo nezanamuhla - isibonelo, incwadi yesi - Arabhu nayo ayisebenzisi ama-vowels. Ngakho-ke, ukuqoshwa okuqondile kwezwi akusaziwa kithi, futhi amagama afanayo aseGibhithe angafundwa ngokubhalwa okuhlukene, kuye ngokuthi umthombo osetshenzisiwe.

Ukubhala nokwaziswa kwabaseGibithe kwasakazeka ngenkathi yoMbuso Omusha. Ukuthuthukiswa kokuhweba, ukuqiniswa kwamandla ombuso kwaholela ekubeni kuvele uhlobo olusha lokubhala, lapho izibonakaliso ezihlukene zaqala ukubhala ndawonye, zihlanganiswe zibe uphawu olulodwa. Kwaba lula ukubhala nokufunda, futhi ososayensi babiza izinhlobo ezintsha zezibonakaliso zamademoni - izinhlamvu zabantu.

Indlela yokufundisa le ncwadi

Izikole zaseGibhithe lasendulo zazivame ukutholakala emathempelini. Amadodana ezikhulu adluliselwa ezikoleni eminyakeni emihlanu noma eyisithupha. Ababhali besikhathi esizayo bathatha isinkwa endlini kanye nejug yewayini, futhi nsuku zonke bahamba esikoleni, njengabo bonke abantwana basesikoleni samanje.

Okokuqala, ingane yafundiswa ukufunda nokubhala. I-Papyrus yayiyizinto ezibiza kakhulu, futhi izingane zesikole azizange zinikezwe. Abafundi bazama ukubhala ngamapuleti ahloniphekile okuthiwa yi-limestone, atholakala emgodini nombusi. Amapuleti anjalo asebenza ngezinhloso ezifanayo njengezincwadi zamanje zesikole. Embuzweni wokuthi yiyiphi inkampani eyinhloko yokwaziswa e-Egypt, ungaphendula: zonke "izincwadi" eziye zasinda kuze kube namuhla ziwumthombo onokwethenjelwa wolwazi ngezinga lemfundo nemfundo kuleli zwe.

Ngaphandle kokubhala nokufunda, abafundi bafunde ubuciko, umlando, i-geography ngokuningiliziwe, futhi babafundisa isayensi yezempi nemithetho yobuchwepheshe.

Ekupheleni kwenkathi yesayensi, i-papyrus evuthiwe yanikezwa umfundi okhulile. IGibithe kwakungomunye wabakhiqizi abakhulu bama-papyrus ezweni lasendulo, futhi imibhalo yombuso ebaluleke kunazo zonke kuleli zwe iye yasinda kuze kube yilolu suku emidlalweni engafanele. Ngakho-ke, ukuhanjiswa kwamashidi alezi zinto eziyigugu kumfana osemusha kwakusho ukuthi u-candidacy wakhe wayekulungele ukubhekwa njengomsebenzi wesigungu sikahulumeni. Ngaphansi kwesandla esihlakaniphile somlobi i-papyrus yayigcwele amakholomu ama-hieroglyphs, futhi ngenxa yobuhle umbhalo wawunemibala ekhanyayo.

Umbhalo okhohliwe

Sekudlule iminyaka engaba yizinkulungwane ezimbili kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala kweGibhithe lasendulo. Izwe lawela ngaphansi kokubusa kombuso waseRoma omkhulu. Emperor Theodosius ngasekupheleni kwami ngo-AD. Uvala amathempeli okugcina ka-Osiris no-Amun. Sekuyisikhathi eside abaseGibhithe bejabulela ulimi lwesiCoptic, olwaluhluke kakhulu olimini lwabantu abadala, futhi lapho kubhalwe izincwadi zesiGreki. Konke okwakungokwesevisi enkulu yokwaziswa eGibithe, kwakungokwemanga nje, i-rarities yasendulo neyathakazelisayo. Emakhulwini ayisikhombisa eminyaka yokubusa kwamaGreki namaRoma kwakwanele ukwenza ukuthi isiko esikhulu siphelile. Izazi zefilosofi ezingamaGreki zazinesithakazelo enkolweni yefilosofi nasefilosofi yaseGibhithe, kodwa ngaphandle kokwazi ukubhala, lolu lwazi lwaba luhlukane futhi lungenangqondo. Isazi semfundiso yenkolo esingumKristu uClement wase-Aleksandriya sathola isikhathi lapho abaseGibithe bekwazi ukufunda ama-hieroglyphs, wanikeza incazelo emfushane yezici zokubhala nokufunda ezinye zezibonakaliso, kodwa akazange abheke ukuthi kuyadingeka ukukhuluma ngokuqondene nesicelo sabo. Isixazululo sezimfihlakalo zemibhalo yaseGibhithe senziwa ngamadoda ahlakaniphile aphakathi kwesikhathi kanye namafilosofi aseShayina. Futhi kuphela ekhulwini le-XIX kwakungenzeka ukuphakamisa isigqubuzelo semfihlakalo phezu kwesigqila sama-hieroglyphics.

Rosetta Stone

Phakathi nenkathi yaseGibithe yaseNapoleon, uCaptain Bouchard wathola eduze kwaseRosetta itshe elincane kanye nezinsalela zemibhalo ebhalwe ngezilimi ezintathu zasendulo. Ososayensi bafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi imibhalo yesiGreki, isiLatini neyaseGibhithe ikhuluma ngokubonga kwabapristi abanikezwa uPtolemy Epiphanes, futhi le mibhalo ingumyalezo ofanayo ngezilimi ezahlukene. Amatshe aseRosetta ashukumisela ukuhunyushwa ngokuqondile kwezincwadi zaseGibhithe ngososayensi ongumFulentshi, isazi solimi nesazi seGibhithe okuthiwa uJean Francois Shompolon. Umsebenzi wakhe, onesihloko esithi "Umdwebo omfushane we-hieroglyphic system yaseGibhithe lasendulo noma ukutadisha izici zalolu daba", wenza ukuba kube khona isayensi yeGibhithe.

Isiphetho

Amabhuku ezincwadi zabafundi, ama-papyri wabalobi bezwe kanye nemibhalo ebhalwe ngamatshe ne-marble, abapristi abahlobisa ngayo amathempeli abo, asetshenziswa njengesisekelo sokutadisha iGibithe lasendulo. I-Egyptology namuhla isayensi ephendule imibuzo eminingi mayelana nokubhala, amasiko, ezombangazwe nendlela yokuphila yaseGibhithe lasendulo; Impumelelo yesayensi ichazwe kabili kumbhalo wencwadi ethi "Umlando Wezwe lasendulo, iBanga lesi-5". Abafundi besikole samabanga ajwayelekile namhlanje ngezifundo ezimbalwa bangafunda ulwazi lapho izingqondo ezidlulile zesikhathi esidlule ziye zagubha ubuchopho babo.