Isiko lenkambu: incazelo, umlando, izici namaqiniso athakazelisayo

Ezingxenyeni ezinkulu zeVolga kuya eNyakatho Caucasus, izazi ze-archeologists ziye zathola amakhulu abantu abangcwatshwayo, abaneminyaka yobudala obinganiselwa eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezine. Abantu abake behlala kule ndawo bahlanganiswa nesiko elivamile, okuthiwa ama-catacombs. Kuyinto eyingqayizivele ngendlela yayo futhi kusenemfihlakalo eminingi kuze kube yilolu suku. Mayelana nalokho isiko le-catacomb, kuyoba khona ingxoxo kulesi sihloko.

Amantombazane anziwe ngamuntu kanye nemvelo

Ngaphambi kokuba siqale ingxoxo, ake sicacise incazelo yegama elithi "ama-catacombs". NgesiRashiya, itholakala ku-catacomba yase-Italy, kanye ne-Latin catacumba, okuyizo zombili izimo zisho "ithuna elingaphansi komhlaba." Futhi akuyona into engaqondakali ukuthi ama-catacombs ayilutho ngaphandle kweminye iminyango eminingi emvelaphi yemvelo noma, njengoba kunjalo njalo, ukukhiqiza.

Kungaba ama-quarries ashiyiwe anezingxenye ezinde ezinamathekisthi, noma emaphandeni emvelo, axhunywe uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi yemikhakha kanye nezemibukiso. Lapha bakhethwa ukuba kungcwatshwe abahlali babo abahamba ngezinyawo ngabakhileyo ngaleso sikhathi, okuthiwa i- Age Bronze Age, ehlanganisa isikhathi sekhulu lama-XXV-XX BC. E.

Kumele kwaphawulwe masinyane ukuthi ekuvubukuleni, ngaphezu komqondo we "catacomb culture", kukhona igama elithi "isiko lomgodi", futhi lihlotshaniswa nemvelo yamangcwaba yasendulo. Akunzima ukuqagela ukuthi abantu abanamasiko abo awela ngaphansi kwale ncazelo ekhethwa ukusebenzisa njengamatshe angaphansi komhlaba angaphansi komhlaba, kodwa amaphiko lapho kufihliwe khona umuntu oshonile, futhi ngaphezu kwawo kwakhiwa isigodi sokungcwaba - isilonda, esasilondeka ngokuqinisekile ithuna kusuka empangweni.

Ukuqhutshwa komvubukuli waseRussia

Ekuvubukuleni, umqondo we "catacomb amasiko nomlando womphakathi" uyaziwa futhi. Isekelwe ekufaneni kwamasiko ezizwe ezihlala ebhantshini lase-steppe nasehlathini elisezintabeni ezisuka ezintabeni ezingaphansi kweDon kuya eNyakatho Caucasus nase-Urals kuleyo nkathi emlandweni omude. Ngokokuqala ngqá leli gama lafakwa ngososayensi waseRussia VA Gorodtsov, owafunda ukumbelwa kwangaphambili eminyakeni yokuqala yekhulu lama-20.

Ngesikhathi edabula izigxobo endaweni yaseNyakatho Donets, usosayensi wathola amathuna ayenziwa emacimbini. Lezi zakhiwo zomngcwabo eziqondile zihlanganisa i-shaft ehamba phambili eholela emgodini oqondile futhi ekamelweni lengcwaba. Kwakuyimiklamo yendlela yokungcwaba eyasenza sikwazi ukubiza isiko lamacacombs abelwe wona.

Isiko le-catacomb elinamakhono amaningi

Ucwaningo oluthile lwabonisa ukuthi lo mphakathi usezingeni elihle kakhulu futhi unamasiko athile okuvubukula, okuyizindawo zendawo, okungukuthi, ukuhlukahluka kwendawo. Isibonelo, isiko le-catacomb e-Kuban, esinqunywe yizici zendawo nemvelo yendawo, lihluke kakhulu kulokho okungafunyanwa eCaucasus.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi izazi-mlando azibona umbono ovamile mayelana nemvelaphi yenkambiso ye-catacomb. Abacwaningi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi izwe lakubo yiCaucasus, ngokusho kwabanye, wabonakala kanye nezizwe ezafika ekuqaleni kweBronze Age kusukela eCyprus. Kodwa-ke, azikho izingxabano ezijulile ezithinta noma yikuphi kulezi zindinganiso. I-hypothesis yokuthandana kwakhe nesimasiko sasendulo ayinakekelwa.

Izici ze-catacomb isiko

Njengoba izifundo zibonisa, izindawo zokuhlala kwabantu abahlala emphakathini we-catacomb zitholakala ikakhulukazi ezikhungweni zemifula emikhulu, eziqiniswe ngamatshe. Amabhishi emifula kwakungamadlelo afanele, okwakwenza bakwazi ukuhlanganyela ekuzaleni izinkomo, okwakuyisisekelo sokulima kwabo. Esinye isici esibalulekile senhlalakahle yabakhile basendulo kwakudoba. Lokhu kukhonjiswe ngemichibi, eyabangela ukutholakala kwamathambo amaningi ezindaweni zokuhlala zasendulo, kokubili izinhlanzi nezilwane ezifuywayo - izinkomo, izimvu namahhashi.

I-catacomb isiko seBronze Age ibonakala ngezinga eliphezulu ngokwanele lamathuluzi okukhiqiza nezikhali. Njengoba imiphumela yokuhlaziywa kwemikhiqizo etholakala esakhiweni sokuthungatha ifakazela, yenziwe ngebhesi, itholakala eCaucasus. Babengama-ax, ama-scagger kanye nemikhono yemashi. Nokho, kanye nabo, amathuluzi amatshe, njenge-maces, axes and arrowheads, atholakale nezinamba eziningi.

Naphezu kokuthi isiko le-catacomb lisekelwe ekuzaleni izinkomo nokudoba, ezolimo nazo zadlala indima ethile, noma eyesibili emiphakathini yabantu abahlala kuyo. Lokhu kukhonjiswe ngamathuluzi wezolimo asetshenzisiwe atholakalayo emanzini angenakubalwa - ama-horny hoes, amagaleke, okusanhlamvu-scrapers kanye nemimese yamagundane enama-flint. Ngokuphindaphindiwe, izinhlamvu zamabele zatholakala emangcwabeni.

Ukuya e-Rhine nase-Italy

Phakathi kokunye okutholayo, ukunakwa okukhethekile kudonsela emigqumeni eyenziwe ngethusi, futhi kube nomgodi odibeneyo wokubafaka ezinkingeni zokhuni. Ngaleso sikhathi, lokhu kungenzeka kakade kubangelwa ubuchwepheshe obuphezulu. Kukhona okufanayo okubonakalayo phakathi kwabantu baseCentral naseNyakatho Yurophu.

Iningi labacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi izakhamuzi zase-steppe zingaziletha, zenze uhambo olude, zifinyelele e-Italy naseBhange. Ngendlela, babenezimoto - kwelinye lamathuna okugonywa esifundeni saseRostov, ngesikhathi sokumba, kwatholakala inqola enamasondo amane, futhi eduze kwayo - amathambo ehhashi, okwathi, ngokuvamile, athola okuningi.

Ukunciphisa umphakathi emphakathini wasendulo

I-catacomb culture isibuye isici sokungalingani kwempahla yabantu baleso sikhathi. Lokhu kuboniswa umehluko obonakala ngenani lazo zonke izinto ezihlanganiswa nomuntu oshonile ekamelweni lokungcwaba futhi okuhloswe ukuba ahlale emveni kokufa. Kanye namathuna acebile kakhulu, ngokusobala ayingxenye yabaholi noma abadala, kukhona amathuna okungenasisekelo sezinto zokungcwaba.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinga eliqakathekileko lokuqhathaniswa kwezenhlalakahle zabantu abahlala emphakathini we-catacomb kuboniswa ngobukhulu obuhle bemakhiwo ye-funerary kanye nemigodi yokuqhafaza ngaphezu kwamathuna abantu abaphethe isikhundla esiphakeme sezenhlalakahle. Kuzo, njengombuso, bathole inani elikhulu kakhulu lezinto ezihambisane nokungcwaba. Ngokuvamile lapho kungcwatshwa khona kwakukhona amakhanda amahhashi angama-12. Ngokusobala, amahhashi ayehloswe ukuba angene ngokushona komuntu oshonile abe yilapho efile ngemva kokufa. Konke lokhu kukhuluma ngesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi yomphakathi kanye nezinga eliphakeme lenhlangano yomphakathi.

Amathuna amakhosi ezizwe

Ukujatshulwa kwesiko le-catacomb ngeke kuphelele uma umuntu engahlali ngokugcwele ukuthi isikhundla esiphezulu emphakathini sasihlala kanjani ngabaholi. Njengomthetho, amandla abo adluliselwa ezizweni eziningana kanye nezinhlanga. Mayelana nokuthi isimo sabo senhlalakahle sikhulu kangakanani, umuntu angakwazi ukwahlulela ngokuphakama kwemigodi yokungcwaba ebekwe emangcwabeni, kanye nobukhulu obukhulu bamathuna ngokwabo kanye nokuningi kwezinto ezihamba nazo.

Izakhi zokungena, njengombuso, zafakwa ekujuleni okukhulu, futhi kubo ngokuvamile kwakungenzeka ukuhlangabezana namagciwane ezinceku, babulawa ngenkani futhi baphoqelekile ukukhonza inkosi kwelinye izwe. Kukhona izindawo zokungcwaba ezaziwayo lapho izindonga zamagumbi okugcoba zihlotshiswe ngokucebile ngamaphepheni namasethi, futhi eceleni kwezinsalela zomholi oshonile zibeka izimfanelo zamandla akhe - amakhosi okugubha nezikhali eziyigugu.

Amaqembu ezenhlalakahle esiseduze nabaholi

Ukulandela abaholi besiteji sesiteleka sezenhlalakahle kwakukhona amasosha. Ukungcwatshwa kwabo, nakuba kungabonakali kakhulu, kodwa futhi kunezinto eziningi ezidinga ezweni labafileyo. Lesi yisikhali esihlukile - izikhonkwane zethusi nezethusi , imimese kanye nemicibisholo yamagundane.

Njengoba kungase kubonakale kuyinqaba, kodwa kulezo zendulo zasendulo, ezahlukaniswa nathi eminyakeni engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezine, inani labantu abanelungelo lahlanganisa abadwebi abenza izinqola. Lapho inkosi enjalo ishona, wangcwatshwa nazo zonke izinhlobo zokuhlonipha - eziyigugu kulawo makhulu eminyaka esebenza.

Amathuna abefundisi

Indawo ekhethekile emathuneni ihlala emathuneni abapristi, abenza ama-caste amaningi kodwa avulekile kakhulu. Iqiniso lokuthi izinsalela zingabelungu laleli qembu lezenhlalakahle libonakaliswa ngokucacile ngesimo skull yakhe. Iqiniso liwukuthi abapristi besikhathi esizayo babekulungele ukufeza umsebenzi wabo ophezulu kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala zokuphila. Ngisho nasebuntwaneni, badonswa ndawonye ngama-bandages aqinile, okwaholela ekuthuthukiseni okungavamile kwamathambo amakhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, ngesikhathi esifanele izinhloko zabapristi zathola uhlobo lwe-melon, okwakubhekwa njengesibonakaliso se-elitism.

Emathuneni abo atholakala kakhulu ezintweni zokuklama kwamasonto - ama-braziers ngamakha amalahle, kanye namafutha ahlukahlukene empepho, enziwe izitsha emilenzeni, futhi ehlanganiswe nokuhlobisa okucebile. Ukungcwaba okunjalo kwakuningi ezindaweni zokuqala zamasiko aseNorthern Black Sea.

Ukufana nokuhluka emikhumweni yomngcwabo

Namuhla, kwaziwa izikhumbuzo eziningi, okuyinto isiko le-catacomb lashiya ngemuva. Iningi lazo litholakala ensimini esukela e-Lower Danube kuya eVolga. Zonke zazo zibhekwa ngendlela yokungcwaba evamile, lapho oshonile abekwe ekamelweni elisegatsheni elisuka emgodini wokungena. Kodwa ngokufana nalezi zikhathi eziningi, futhi sekuphelile, ngoba ubuzwe ngamunye, abahlala endaweni ethile, babenemikhakha yemingcwabo nemikhuba yabo yomngcwabo.

Ezimweni eziningana, izingulube ezinamapulangwe zitholakala emathuneni agcwele ingxube yobumba nge-ocher, kanye namathambo omuntu oshonile, azungeze iziqu zezitshalo. Kwamanye amathuna, izisekelo ze-skulls ezingenalutho zagcwaliswa ngodaka oluboshiwe. Kwakudingeka ukuthola amathuna, lapho kwakubekwe embhedeni owodwa amahlumela endoda nowesifazane, njengokungathi bafuna ukuhlala behlukana ngemva kokufa.

Imininingwane yenkambiso yomngcwabo

Njengoba isiko le-catacomb, okokuqala, ukufana kwezizwe ezihlukahlukene ngendlela yokungcwaba komuntu oshonile, ke, ekuphetheni lesi sihloko, sizohlala kulokhu ngokuningiliziwe. Okuyinhloko yalesi siko kwaba kanje: izihlobo zomuntu oshonile, ngaphambi kokuthulula isigodlo, bemba imayini ejulile emgodini emhlabathini, ukuze kube lula ukungena kulokho okwenziwe khona izinyathelo noma izinyathelo emaphethelweni. Khona-ke, phansi kweminye imayini, indawo ehamba phambili yayikumba, ekugcineni lapho kwahlelwa khona i-catacomberry.

Oshonile wabekwa kuwo embhedeni owodwa, ewuhlinzeka ngephutha elikhubekile, okukhumbuza isikhundla se-fetus esibelethweni sikamama. Uma umndeni womuntu oshonile unethuba lokubanika izinto ezidingekayo ukuze kuhlale abafileyo kuleli lizwe, futhi balethwe ekamelweni lokungcwaba. Ngemva kwalokho, ukungena kwawo kwakuhlanganiswe ngenduku noma ngamatshe. Emva kwalokho, oshonile waba yindawo engunaphakade.