Amaqiniso angama-10 amangaziwa ngumphathi odumile uJames Cook

UJames Cook wayengumgibeli wempi, empilweni yakhe emfushane, eyakwazi ukunqoba uthando lwabangane bakhe nokuhlonipha izitha zakhe. Abacwaningi-abaphila ngesikhathi babesimangalisa ukusebenza nokukhiqiza. Wenza izinyawo ezimbili emhlabeni wonke, wakwazi ukwengeza amamephu wezwe futhi ahlola iziqhingi eziseningizimu yePacific Ocean kanye neqhwa le-Arctic. Sekudlule iminyaka engaba ngu-150 kusukela umkhumbi wakhe u-Endeavor (Ukuzama, okusho ukuthi "umzamo") kuqala wafika ogwini elisempumalanga ye-Australia. Ngezansi kunamaqiniso angama-10 awaziwayo ngoKaputeni Cook, oqale umsebenzi wakhe, wathembisa ukubhukuda "ngangokunokwenzeka".

1. I-Cook yahamba ukuze isebenze kulezi zithuthi

Ngaphambi kokuba ashiye imoto, uPheka wayesebenza epulazini eYorkshire. Lapho eneminyaka engu-17 ubudala, wajoyina i-flotilla yokuhweba, umkhumbi wabazalwane baka-Walker. Wahamba ngemikhumbi ehlukahlukene yenkampani iminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-10, engafundile ukufunda i-cartography, geography, mathematics kanye nokuhamba. UJames Cook wenqabe indawo yesikhulu somthengisi kodwa esikhundleni sakhe wangena e-Royal Navy njengomkhumbi olula. UCheka wayeleminyaka engama-26 ubudala. Umyalo wawusondela masinyane ngethalenta kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kokuqasha okusha kanye neminyaka emibili kamuva uCheka waba yinkosi, futhi eminyakeni embalwa kamuva wathola umyalo womkhumbi wakhe.

2. Wayengumdwebi wezithombe ezihlakaniphile

Phakathi neMpi Yezinsuku Eziyisikhombisa, ubuchwepheshe be-cartographic kaJakobe Cook basiza iBrithani ukuba iwine impi yaseQuebec. Ngomnyaka ka-1760, yena ngokwakhe wahlola isiqhingi saseNewfoundland, ogwini lwaseCanada. Ibalazwe elakhiwe yiCook lalinembile kangangokuthi lalisetshenziswa kuze kube phakathi nekhulu lama-20. Amakhono kaCaptain Cook ekuthungeni nasekuhambeni kwemikhumbi yaba yi-arsenal enkulu yemisebenzi yakhe yocwaningo. Wavunyelwa ukuba ahambisane nohambo lwakhe emhlabeni wonke ngenxa yokuthi wayekwazi ukuhamba emanzini angajwayelekile, njengomunye umuntu.

3. Ukuvakasha kokuqala kohambo lukaKaputeni Cook kwaba empeleni umsebenzi wemfihlo

Uhambo lokuqala lokuhlola olwenziwa nguCaptain Cook lwaqala ngo-Agasti 1768, uhulumeni waseBrithani wanikeza umyalo wakhe ngomkhumbi u-Endeavor, owawubalelwa ku-100 abasebenzi. Ngokusemthethweni, lolu hambo lunezinhloso zesayensi - ukugcina ukuhamba kweVenus ekujikelezeni kwelanga, kodwa empeleni uthisha wayenomsebenzi owengeziwe - ukufeza ukufuna "iNingizimu Yezwe Elikhulu". Ngokusho okucatshangwayo, le mhlaba yasemhlabeni yayikude kakhulu eningizimu. I-Cook igijimela ku-40s parallel, kodwa ayizange ithole isifiso sezwekazi. Wagijima azungeze iNew Zealand, efakazela ukuthi empeleni lezi ziqhingi ezimbili ezingaxhunyiwe komunye nomunye. Phakathi nohambo lwakhe lwesibili nxazonke emhlabeni, uPheka waphinde waqhubeka efuna izwekazi laseNingizimu. Ngomnyaka ka-1770, wagijima ngokumangalisayo eduze ne-Antarctica, kodwa iqhwa elinzima lamphoqa ukuba abuyele emuva.

4. Zama cishe ugule kwi-Great Barrier Reef

Ngemva kohambo lwakhe lokuqala, u-Cook wanquma ukuhamba ngomkhumbi ukusuka e-Australia kuya enyakatho. Njengoba akhetha amanzi angaziwa, umkhumbi wawudabula ngqo ema-corals we-Great Barrier Reef. NgoJuni 11, 1770 "Ukuzama" kwahlatshwa futhi kwaqala ukugcwalisa ngamanzi. Ithimba lakhe, esaba ngenxa yokuwa, laqala ukulwa nokuvuza futhi liphonsa ngisho nezibhamu ezinzima nezibhebhe olwandle. Ithimba limboze umgodi ngamahora angaba ngu-20, ngemuva kwalokho ukuzama ukubuyela echwebeni lase-Australia. Emva kwezinyanga ezimbili zokulungiswa, umkhumbi wawuphinde ulungele ukuhamba ngomkhumbi ukusuka ogwini.

5. UJames Cook wasebenzisa izindlela ezintsha zokuvimbela isikhumba

Esikhathini sekhulu le-XVIII, noma yiluphi uhambo olude lwaluhambisana nesifo esibulalayo - isikhumba, kepha uCheka wayengakugwema ukubonakala kwakhe kuzo zonke izinkambo zakhe ezintathu zesikhathi eside. UCaptain Cook wazama ukuthola ukudla okusha ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, waphawula ukuthi ukusetshenziswa njalo kweklabishi elimuncu elivuthiwe kunciphisa ingozi yezifo. Ngesikhathi sokulungiselela ukuhambela, i-Cook yayigcwele amathani eklabishi. Inkinga yodwa yayikuthola abagibeli ukuba badle isidlo esingavamile. UCheka waphenduka futhi wacela abapheki ukuthi bakhonze iklabishi yansuku zonke etafuleni lesiphathimandla. Abasolwandle, bebona ukuthi umyalo udla lesi sidlo, baqala ukuzibuza ukuthi bayengeze ekudleni kwabo.

6. Ngisho nezitha zaseBrithani zazihlonipha uKaputeni Cook

Naphezu kokuthi ukuhamba kukaCheka kwenzeka ngesikhathi iBrithani ilwa nezimpi eziningana, kuhlanganise ne-United States, iSpain neFrance, idumela lakhe njengendlela ehamba phambili ne-explorer yamvumela ukuba agijime emanzini esitha ngokuphepha okufanisa. NgoJulayi 1772, phakathi nohambo lwesibili nxazonke, i-squadron yaseSpain ibophe okwesikhashana imikhumbi yakhe, kodwa eqaphela ukuthi induna yabo yayiyiCheka, bavumela umkhumbi ukuba uhambe.

7. UCaptain Cook wayefuna ingxenye enyakatho-ntshonalanga

Ngo-1776, eneminyaka engu-47 ubudala, u-Cook waya ekuhambeni kwakhe kocwaningo lwesithathu. Ngalesi sikhathi umgomo wakhe kwakuwukuthola indawo engenyakatho-ntshonalanga ehlanganisa i-Pacific ne-Atlantic yolwandle. Ngemva kokujikeleza isigamu somhlaba wonke, imikhumbi kaCheka yahamba eya enyakatho yeNtshonalanga Canada nase-Alaska. I-Cook yafika cishe esiteshini, ingafinyeleli amakhilomitha angu-50 kuphela. Ukusesha okungeziwe kwakungenakwenzeka ngenxa yeqhwa elisheshayo. Izimo ezimbi kakhulu, phakathi kwazo kwakukhona izimpande ezinamandla kanye ne-icebergs ezinzima kakhulu, kwaholela ithimba esiteshini ngaphambi kwesiteleka. Ebona isimo sabasolwandle bakhe, uCheka wayefanele abuyele emuva.

8. Abomdabu baseHawaii bathatha uCaptain Cook for God

Phakathi nohambo lwesithathu, uJames Cook waba ngowokuqala waseYurophu ukuhamba ngezinyawo eziqhingini zaseHawaiian. Okungahle kwenzeke ukuthi ukufika kwemikhumbi yaseRoyal Navy eHawaii kwakuhambisana nomkhosi waminyaka yonke ngokuhlonipha unkulunkulu wokuzala. Njengoba abantu bendawo bengakaze babone abantu abamhlophe noma imikhumbi emikhulu abahamba ngayo ngomkhumbi, uCheka kanye nabangane bakhe babephutha ngenxa yonkulunkulu, abaye banquma ukuhla bese bethola izipho. Abantu baseYurophu babingelela ngezipho zombili ukudla nokudla, ngokungafani nokunciphisa izakhamuzi. Ukuphila kwabo "kwaphezulu" kwaphela lapho omunye wabasolwandle efa ngenxa yokuhlaselwa yinhliziyo. Abomdabu babona ukuthi abantu abamhlophe abangajwayelekile babengafi. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ubudlelwane phakathi kukaCaptain Cook kanye nezizwe zaseHawaii kuye kwaba nzima kakhulu.

9. UCaptain James Cook wabulawa ngokufa okukhulu

Ngo-1779 imikhumbi kaCaptain Cook yaphoqeleka ukuba imise ukulungiswa echwebeni leziQhingi zaseHawaiian. Ngaleso sikhathi, izakhamuzi zendawo zaqala ukuphatha izakhamuzi zaseYurophu kakhulu. Ngemuva kokuthi abakwa-Aborigines babambe isikebhe esikhulu esivela komunye wemikhumbi, induna yalahlekelwa ukuthula futhi yahlaselwa ezweni ngokufuna ukubuyisela leyo ndawo. Ukupheka kanye neqembu elincane lamadoda ahlomile lazama ukuthatha umholi, kodwa abantu bafika ngesikhathi sokusiza. Ukuzama ukushayela abantu bendawo kude nenduna kanye namadoda akhe, baqala ukudubula izibhamu emikhumbi, okwakwethusa ngisho nokuthukuthelisa abantu bakubo. UCheka waphindela emuva emanzini, kepha akazange asebenze ukuwafinyelela. Abomdabu bamkhanda amatshe, futhi ngemva kokubamba, baqala ukumshaya ngamagumbi aphakeme ngokhuni. Umholi, owayengumphathi wezamazama ukubamba, walimala i-Cook ngommese. Ngemva kokuba abantu bendawo beqaphele ukuthi induna yayiphelile, balungiselela isidumbu somhloli ukuba bangcwatshwe ngokuhlonipha inkosi efanelekile.

10. I-NASA yabiza ama-shuttles ayo ngokuhlonipha imikhumbi kaCaptain Cook

Phakathi nokuphila kwakhe, i-Cook yahlola futhi yabalaza inombolo eningi kakhulu yezindawo, ngaphezu kwanoma yimuphi omunye umnikazi wezilwandle wekhulu le-XVIII. Ukuphumelela kwakhe okumangalisayo akumangazanga nje kuphela abagibeli, kepha futhi ososayensi nabanjiniyela be-NASA. I-NASA yokuhamba isikhala esithathu yabizwa ngokuthi ngumkhumbi wesithathu we-Discovery Cook. I-shuttle yabo yokugcina ibizwa ngokuthi "Ukuzikhandla", ngokuhlonipha umkhumbi wokuqala kaKaputeni Cook, lapho enza khona uhambo lwakhe lokuqala emhlabeni wonke.