Ukujoyina i-Novgorod eMoscow. Ngamiphi ikhulu uVeliky Novgorod ajoyina eMoscow

Phakathi nekhulu le-15 leminyaka, umsebenzi obaluleke kunawo wonke u-Ivan III okwakuzobhekana nawo kwakuwukufika eMoscow kaVeliky Novgorod. Kodwa wayengeyena kuphela ophikisana nala mazwe. I-Grand Duchy yaseLithuania nayo yazama ukuletha amalungelo ayo kubo.

Ukuqala kwengxabano

Akuyona imfihlo ukuthi umlando waseMoscow uhlale uhlobene kakhulu ne-Novgorod. Izimpande zempikiswano zibuyela emuva empini yama - feudal ephuma phakathi kweNkosana uDmitry Donskoy, eyadlula amashumi ambalwa-kusukela ngo-1425 kuya ku-1453.

Amacala amakhulu aphikisanayo nguVasily the Dark noDmitry Shemyaka. Ngemuva kokunqotshwa empini yamandla, lo wesifazane wasabela e-Novgorod. U-Vasily Omnyama uphumelele ngo-1449 ukuphetha isivumelwano esizuzisa yena nesikhulu saseLithuania bese iNkosi yasePoland Casimir IV ukuthi ohlangothini ngalunye ayengamukeli emphakathini wezombusazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iLithuania yavuma ukushiya inxanxathela e-Novgorod. Ngemuva kweminyaka engama-4, uBasil ngosizo lwabantu bakhe abathembekile ubuthi uShemyaka.

Izwe leJelizbitskiy

Umlando weVeliky Novgorod uyazi izimpi eziningi zamanzi. Omunye wabo wenziwa ngo-1456 eduze kwedolobha okuthiwa iRusa. Khona-ke amabutho aseMoscow akwazi ukuwuthatha kalula futhi cishe ngaphandle kokuphikisa. Kodwa maduzane bahlaselwa amahhashi akwaNovgorod. Ama-muscovites, aholwa yi-voivode eStriga naseBasenka, efihla ngemuva kwegquma elimbozwe iqhwa. Baqala ukudubula imicibisholo engekho kumabutho aseNovgorod, kodwa emahhashi abo. Kwakukhona ukudideka. Abakwa-Novgorodians babegqoke izikhali ezinzima, ngakho bebengakwazi ukulwa namanye amaMuscovites. Ngenxa yalokho, iningi lamakhanda laliboshwa noma labulawa.

Ngakho, iMoscow yathola ukunqoba okuphelele ku-Novgorod. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amandla amabutho eqembu lokuqala ayengaphansi kwezikhathi ezingu-20 kunesibili. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile kuJazhelbitsy Vasily the Dark wathatha umbuso, owawuphethwe umbhishobhi omkhulu we-Novgorodian Evfimiy II ngenhloso yokuphetha isivumelwano soxolo. Ngemuva kokuxoxisana okufushane, amaqembu asayine isivumelwano esisodwa. Ngokusho kwakhe, abalahlekile kwakudingeka bakhokhele umnikelo omkhulu ngokwanele, okuyizinkulungwane ezingu-8 ze-ruble. Kodwa ukufika kukaNovgorod eMoscow akuzange kwenzeke. Ngesikhathi esifanele, wahlala ozimele.

Isimo emva kwesiphetho sokuthula

Umlando we-Novgorod uthi kusukela ngasekupheleni kuka-1136 kwaba yi-republic yokuqala yamahhala ensimini ye-Kievan Rus. Yasebenza isikhungo esinjalo senkululeko yentando yeningi njengoVeche. Kwaqhubeka kuze kube yilapho izenzakalo eziholele ekuxhasweni kukaNovgorod eMoscow. Kodwa, naphezu kwalokhu, akubona bonke abantu bendawo abagqugquzela ukuzimela kwamazwe abo futhi bekulungele ukulwa nalo.

Kumele kuqaphele ukuthi amalungelo omphakathi, abahlali abampofu ayevame ukubhekwa, kanti abantu abampofu kakhulu, okwakubanjwe nabasolwa, ngokuvamile babenqatshelwe ilungelo lokuya e-veche. Igebe eliphakathi kwabampofu kanye nabacebile lalikhulu kakhulu, amaNovogoroders ajwayelekile awazange azimisele ukulwa noMoscow ngamalungelo ama-boyars.

Ngo-1460 uMkhulu uDuke Vasily Vasilyevich wafika ne-embassy e-Novgorod ngezinkulumo. Kodwa abantu basemadolobheni bamelana naye baze bazama nokumbulala. Ngakho kwavela enye impikiswano, eyayixazululwa nguBishop Iona, owasongela abaseNogorodi ngokuhlasela kwamaTatars kanye namaMuscovites.

Eminyakeni emithathu ngemva kokuhambela uNogorgorod ngesikhulu saseMoscow, leli phephandaba lalenqaba ukusekela amasosha kuPhukov, owamcela ukuba amsize ukuba alwe nokuhlaselwa kwama-Livonian knights. Usizo lwavela eMoscow. Ngemva kwalokhu, u-Novgorod wathatha isimo sengqondo sokuvukela u-Pskov. Ngalesi sikhathi impikiswano yaxazulula inqubomgomo ehlakaniphile ye-Prince Ivan III.

Ukungavumelani okusha

I-Novgorod elite yayilokhu ingaphansi kwengcindezi eqhubekayo evela emazweni amabili angomakhelwane anamandla kakhulu - eMoscow naseLithuania. Abafana baqonda ngokugcwele ukuthi bazokwazi ukulondoloza izimpahla zabo kuphela uma kwenzeka baphetha isivumelwano noyedwa wabo.

Umlando waseMoscow ukhomba ukuthi ukungavumelani mayelana nokutholakala komhlaba kwakukhona naseVeliky Novgorod uqobo. Ama-Boyars alwela ukubambisana ne-Lithuanian, ngoba babelindele ukugcina wonke amalungelo abo, kuyilapho izakhamuzi ezivamile zisekela i-tsar yaseMoscow, ngoba ebusweni bakhe babona kuqala umbusi wama-Orthodox.

Izimbangela zempi

Isizathu, esasisebenzela umkhankaso ngo-May 1471 ku-Veliky Novgorod, kwakuyizumanga okuthiwa iningi lamakhwenyana, aphethwe nguMarta Boretskaya, umfelokazi we-posadnik, wasayina isivumelwano nehlangothini laseLithuania ngokuxoshwa. Izazi-mlando eziningi zikholelwa ukuthi le nkulumo yayiyisizathu sokujeziswa kuphela. Kodwa nokho kukhona futhi ukuthi ama-Novgorodians acela ukuba abe umbusi wabo wesikhulu saseLithuania. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bazama ukudala isonto labo, abazimele eMoscow. Yingakho umkhankaso we-Novgorod the Great uthatha uhlobo lokulwa nezihlubuki nokubuyiselwa kokholo lobu-Orthodox.

Umkhankaso olandelayo

Ngalesi sikhathi izenzo zamabutho ezilwa ne-republic zaziholwa yisikhulu saseMoscow uDaniel Kholmsky. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi lokhu kwakuyingozi enkulu, ngoba entwasahlobo yayibanda kakhulu kulo nyaka, futhi inqwaba yeqhwa engazange ichithe ingakwazi ukuphuthuma kakhulu ukuqhubeka kwamabutho phambili. Kodwa kwakungeke kwenzeke ukuhlehlisa uhambo. I-Golden Horde nomthetho weLithuania base bekulungele ukusiza uNogorgorod.

Ezinsukwini zokuqala kohambo kwakungekho cishe ukulwa. Ibutho laseMoscow, ngaphandle kokuzikhandla okukhulu, lathumba imizi yaseRiphabhuliki ngayinye. Kuphela phakathi kukaJulayi kwakuyiMpi yamaSheloni. Emgodini wabuthana ndawonye ibutho laseNovgorod, elinabantu abayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amane, kanye nezitha eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-12 zezitha zabo. Umphumela wokugcina wale mpi wanconywa ngokuhlaselwa okunamandla kwamabutho aseMoscow. I-Novgorod ehlelekile kabi ayikwazanga ukumelana nokuhlasela okufanayo.

Ngemva kwamasonto amabili i-Battle of Shilon, enye impi yenzeke eduze noMfula iShilenga. Kwaphela nasekunqobeni amaMuscovites. Ngemva kwalokho, izingxoxo zaqala ukuphetha ukuthula ku-Korostyn.

Imiphumela ye-truce

Ngenxa yalokho, u-Novgorod kwadingeka ayeke ukuxoshwa kwenkosi yasePolish-isiLithuania uCasimir IV. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunqotshwa kwakhokha ama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingu-15, futhi empeleni kwaqaphela ukuphakama kwesikhulu saseMoscow. Ngakho umkhankaso we-1471 wabonakala waphumelela. Wabonisa ukuthi ama-Novgorodians ajwayelekile, ngokungafani nama-boyars, awafuni ukulwa nomakhelwane bawo.

Ngokwengxenye isiphetho salesi republikhi sesivele sesisindiwe. Kodwa ukufika kokugcina kukaNovogorod eMoscow kuzokwenzeka ngemva kweminyaka engu-7 kuphela.

Umkhankaso Wokugcina

Entwasahlobo ka-1477, kwakungeyona eyisivumelwano sokuqala se-Novgorod esifikile eMoscow. Kodwa kwavela ukuthi ayithunyelwanga ngekhulu, kodwa ngeqembu lama-boyars. Babefuna ukuqashelwa okusheshayo nokugcina kokuphakama kukaMoscow, okuzobanika ilungelo lokulondoloza wonke amazwe namagugu abo. Lokhu kwafundwa kuNovgorod. Kulezi zinsuku ezilandelayo i-pro-Moscow i-boyars yabulawa, kanti abalandeli besikhulu saseLithuania baqala ukubusa. Kodwa ukubusa kwabo kwakunesikhathi esifushane.

Ngo-Okthoba 1477 uhambo lokugcina e-republic lwenzeka ngaphansi kobuholi buka-Ivan III. Ngalesi sikhathi ibutho le-Novgorod alizange lihambe ngaphezu kwemingcele yedolobha. Izingxoxo ezinde zaqala. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbili, amaMuscovites afakazela izidingo zokugcina. Zazihlanganisa ekuqedeni kokuthunyelwa komninikhaya kanye nokuqedwa kokukhona kwe-veche. Ngenxa yalezi zidingo ezimbili, ama-Novgorodians avumelana, kodwa ingxoxo mayelana nokulondolozwa kwemindeni yabo ngama-boyars yayilibazisekile. Ekugcineni, kwakudingeka banikeze isikhulu saseMoscow isikhulu sezindela kanye nezwe elibusayo. Izingxoxo zaphetha. NgoJanuwari 15, isikhulu saseMoscow nesigodlo sakhe, sihamba nomuzi wakhe, sangena emzini ngaphandle kokulwa.

Imiphumela

Emlandweni we-1478 - lo unyaka wokujoyina i-Novgorod eMoscow. Izimpi seziphelile. Lesi sikhathi kwakungekho ukubulawa, kodwa imindeni eminingi yomfana yaxoshwa ngaphandle kweNovgorod. Phakathi kwabo kwakuyi-posadnitsa uMarfa Boretskaya nomzukulu wakhe. Kamuva waxoshwa ku-nun, futhi impahla yakhe yathathwa.

Lapho u-Novgorod ejoyina eMoscow, ababusi abane baqala ukubusa wonke amazwe, anelungelo lokulahla ijaji futhi aqhube izinkantolo. Ukuhweba, ezolimo kanye nomkhakha manje sekusetshenziswe ngaphansi kohulumeni abasha.

Ubuholi be-boyar kanye ne-veche baxoshwa. Uphawu lokuzimela kweVeliky Novgorod - insimbi ye-veche - ikhishwe. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kwaba idolobha lesibili, futhi impahla kaMuscovy yanda cishe izikhathi ezimbili. Ngakho kwaphela umlando we-Veliky Novgorod njenge-republic, okwahlala iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu.